Jump to content

2017 Turkish constitutional referendum: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Line 362: Line 362:
| Önder Aksakal
| Önder Aksakal
| Centre-left
| Centre-left
⚫
|-
⚫
| style="background:{{Motherland Party (Turkey)/meta/color}}; width:4px; text-align:center;"| || ANAP || [[Motherland Party (Turkey)|Motherland Party]]
⚫
| İbrahim Çelebi
⚫
| Centre-right
|-
|-
| style="background:{{Liberal Democratic Party (Turkey)/meta/color}}; width:4px; text-align:center;"| || LDP || [[Liberal Democratic Party (Turkey)|Liberal Democratic Party]]
| style="background:{{Liberal Democratic Party (Turkey)/meta/color}}; width:4px; text-align:center;"| || LDP || [[Liberal Democratic Party (Turkey)|Liberal Democratic Party]]
| [[Cem Toker]]
| [[Cem Toker]]
| Liberalism
| Liberalism
⚫
|-
⚫
| style="background:{{Motherland Party (Turkey)/meta/color}}; width:4px; text-align:center;"| || ANAP || [[Motherland Party (Turkey)|Motherland Party]]
⚫
| İbrahim Çelebi
⚫
| Centre-right
|-
|-
| style="background:#000000; width:4px; text-align:center;"| || HEPAR || [[Rights and Equality Party]]
| style="background:#000000; width:4px; text-align:center;"| || HEPAR || [[Rights and Equality Party]]
| Osmancan Tekeşin
| Osmancan Tekeşin
| Nationalism
| Third position
|-
|-
! rowspan=2|Neutral
! rowspan=2|Neutral

Revision as of 14:37, 21 January 2017

Turkish constitutional referendum, 2017
April 2, 2017 (2017-04-02) or later
Constitutional referendum for introducing a presidential system
Results by province
Politics of Turkey
Constitution
Legislature
Executive
Judiciary
Elections
Foreign relations
See also
flag Turkey portal

A constitutional referendum is planned to be held in Turkey in 2 April 2017 or later.[1][2] Voters are expected to vote on 18 proposed amendments of the Constitution of Turkey. The amendments have long been a policy of the governing Justice and Development Party (AK Party) and its founder, President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, as well as being agreed to by the opposition Nationalist Movement Party (MHP). The amendments include the introduction of an executive presidency that would replace the existing parliamentary system of government, the abolition of the Office of the Prime Minister, the raising of the number of seats in Parliament from 550 to 600 and reforms to the Supreme Board of Judges and Prosecutors (HSYK).

Proposals for constitutional reform were initially announced by the AK Party following their victory in the 2011 general election, but were pushed back after the all-party parliamentary constitutional committee were unable to reach a consensus. Following the election of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan as President in 2014, proposals for constitutional reform and an executive presidency gained strength and were key AKP policy proposals in both the June 2015 general election and the November 2015 snap general election. On 24 May 2016, Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu was succeeded by Binali Yıldırım, with the former having resigned allegedly due to disagreements with Erdoğan regarding constitutional change that would reduce the powers or eliminate the Office of the Prime Minister. In October 2015, the MHP, which have historically been opposed to an executive presidency, called on the government to bring forward their proposals to Parliament, with party leader Devlet Bahçeli announcing that he would co-operate in the drafting process. The AK Party and MHP reached an agreement regarding a proposed new constitution on 8 December after a month of negotiations, beginning the parliamentary process of initiating a referendum on the proposals.

On 20 January 2017, Parliament voted to put forward the proposed amendments to a referendum with 339 votes in favour, surpassing the required three-fifths majority of 330 votes. The main opposition Republican People's Party (CHP) declared that they would seek to annul the parliamentary vote through the Constitutional Court, citing irregularities such as open voting and intimidation of MPs during the voting process. President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan will declare the referendum date, which is expected to be between March 26 and April 23, 2017.

Background

Introducing a presidential system was proposed by then-Minister of Justice Cemil Çiçek and backed by then-Prime Minister Erdoğan in 2005.[3] Since then, presidential system has been openly supported by Justice and Development Party leaders several times, along with a "new constitution". Justice and Development Party vice-president Hayati Yazıcı proposed April 2017 as a date for the referendum.[4]

Constitutional amendments

Initial proposals

On 10 December 2016, the AKP and MHP brought forward 21 proposed amendments to the constitution and began collecting signatures from MPs in order to begin the parliamentary procedures for initiating a referendum. Details regarding the 21 amendments are listed below.[5][6] After Assembly Commission talks, 3 proposals were withdrawn.

Description of proposed ammendments
Proposal # Article Description of change
1 Article 9 The judiciary is required to act on condition of impartially.
2 Article 75 The number of seats in the Grand National Assembly of Turkey is raised from 550 to 600.
3 Article 76 The age requirement to stand as a candidate in an election was lowered from 25 to 18, while the condition of having to complete compulsory military service is removed. Individuals with relations to the military are ineligible to run for election.
4 Article 77 Parliamentary terms are extended from four to five years. Parliamentary and presidential elections will be held on the same day every five years, with presidential elections going to a run-off if no candidate wins a simple majority in the first round.
(Rejected) Article 78 All parliamentary candidates on a party's list that were not elected obtain the status of 'reserve' MPs. If an MP for their constituency dies or has their membership terminated, then reserve MPs fill the vacant seat in accordance to their rank on their party's list. In addition, all parties are required to field 5% more candidates than there are seats available in a given constituency, with a minimum of two extra candidates, in case all the constituency candidates of a party are elected. Independent candidates are required to field one reserve independent candidate when running for election. Reserve MPs do not have any additional rights or privileges that are enjoyed by serving MPs unless they become sitting MPs by filling a vacant seat. Parliamentary or presidential elections can be delayed for a maximum of one year if a state of war prevents elections from being held.
5 Article 84 The powers of Parliament to scrutinise ministers and hold the government to account, as well has granting ministers the power to issue decrees regarding certain matters, are abolished.
6 Article 98 The obligation of ministers to answer questions orally in Parliament is abolished.
7 Article 101 In order to stand as a presidential candidate, an individual requires the endorsement of one or more parties that won 5% or more in the preceding parliamentary elections and 100,000 voters. The elected president no longer needs to terminate their party membership if they have one.
8 Article 104 The President becomes both the head of state and head of government, with the power to appoint and sack ministers and vice presidents. The president can call referendums and issue decrees at will, though decrees will only hold if they concern certain parts of the constitution and are not overridden by parliamentary legislation.
9 Article 105 Parliamentary investigations into possible crimes committed by the President can begin in Parliament with a three-fifths vote in favour. Following the completion of investigations, the parliament can vote to indict the President with a two-thirds vote in favour.
10 Article 106 The President can appoint one or more Vice Presidents. If the Presidency falls vacant, then fresh presidential elections must be held within 45 days. If parliamentary elections are due within less than a year, then they too are held on the same day as early presidential elections. If the parliament has over a year left before its term expires, then the newly elected president serves until the end of the parliamentary term, after which both presidential and parliamentary elections are held. This does not count towards the President's two-term limit. Parliamentary investigations into possible crimes committed by Vice Presidents and ministers can begin in Parliament with a three-fifths vote in favour. Following the completion of investigations, the parliament can vote to indict Vice Presidents or ministers with a two-thirds vote in favour. If found guilty, the Vice President or minister in question is only removed from office if their crime is one that bars them from running for election. If a sitting MP is appointed as a minister or Vice President, their parliamentary membership is terminated and is taken by a reserve MP.
11 Article 116 The President and five-third of the Parliament can decide to renew elections. In this case, the enactor also dissolves itself until elections.
12 Article 119 The ability to declare a state of emergency is given to the President, taking effect following parliamentary approval. States of emergency can be extended for up to four months at a time except during war, where the state of emergency is indefinite.
(Rejected) Article 123 The President is given the right to appoint senior bureaucratic officials, as well as define their roles.
(Rejected) Article 126 The functions, structure, powers and responsibilities of the civil service are shaped according to presidential decree, with Parliament having its powers in shaping the civil service through law revoked.
13 Article 142 Military courts are abolished unless they are erected to investigate actions of soldiers under conditions of war.
14 Article 159
15 Article 161
16 Several articles
17 Temporary Article 21
18 Several articles

Parliamentary Constitutional Commission

The AKP presenting their constitutional proposals to Parliament Speaker İsmail Kahraman, December 2016
The Parliamentary Constitutional Commission scrutinising the proposed changes

After being signed by the AKP's 316 MPs, the 21 proposed changes were submitted to the Speaker of the Grand National Assembly and were then referred to the Parliamentary Constitutional Commission.[7] The Parliamentary Constitutional Commission, headed by AK Party MP Mustafa Şentop, began scrutinising the proposals in December 2016, earlier than the planned date of January 2017. The Constitutional Commission is formed of 25 Members of which 15 are from the AKP, 5 are from the CHP, 3 are from the HDP and 2 are from the MHP, as per the composition of parliament. Since the AKP held a large majority of the commission's seats, it was expected by media commentators that there would be minimal surprise developments at the scrutiny stage.[8] Debates in the commission were heated, with occasional fights being observed between MPs.[9]

The Constitutional Commission has the power to amend or reject the proposed changes before they are put to a vote for all MPs. The Commission made minor changes to numerous proposals, such as raising the number of members of the Supreme Board of Judges and Prosecutors from 12 to 13.[10] So far, the commission has rejected three of the 21 proposed changes, reducing the constitutional package from 21 proposals to 18. The 5th proposal, which created 'reserve MPs' to take the parliamentary seats that fall vacant between elections, was controversially rejected with just three signatures, well short of the support of 25 commission members or 184 total MPs necessary.[11] It was reported that AKP MPs opposed the creation of 'reserve MPs' on the grounds that it threatened the security of sitting MPs by incentivising reserves to incapacitate them in order to take their seat.[12] The 15th proposal that gave the President the right to structure the civil service and state institutions through executive decrees was also rejected.[13] A day later on 29 December, the 14th proposal which gave the right for the President to appoint senior bureaucratic officials was rejected.

The Commission completed the approval process on 30 December, rejecting 3 of the 21 proposals in total.[14]

Parliamentary Constitutional Commission scrutiny process results
Proposal 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Result checkY checkY checkY checkY ☒N checkY checkY checkY checkY checkY checkY checkY checkY ☒N ☒N checkY checkY checkY checkY checkY checkY

Parliamentary voting

MPs voting on the proposed amendments, January 2017

Following the completion of the Constitutional Commission hearings, the 18 proposals were presented to parliament for ratification. Constitutional amendments need a three fifths majority (330 votes) to be put forward to a referendum and a two-thirds majority (367 votes) to be ratified directly. Justice and Development Party (AKP) officials claimed before the vote that even if the 367-threshold was reached, the government would not ratify the changes without a referendum.

Parliament voted on each of the 18 proposals separately in two rounds. The first round served as an indicator of whether the amendments would gather sufficient support, with amendments being proposed by all parties present in the chamber. In the second round, parties are no longer permitted to propose changes to the proposals. The results of the second round are taken into account, with 330 votes needed to send them to a referendum or 367 for direct implementation. A final vote on all of the approved proposals at large, with the same thresholds, was undertaken at the end of the second round, with the entire process being disbanded if votes in favour fell below 330.[15]

Of the total 550 Members of Parliament, 537 were entitled to a vote. 11 MPs from the People's Democratic Party (HDP) were under arrest for terrorism charges and were unable to partake in the vote, with the remaining 48 HDP MPs boycotting the vote after their motion calling for the arrested MPs to be brought to parliament to vote was rejected.[16] The Parliamentary Speaker İsmail Kahraman, who is unable to take part in the vote by virtue of being the Speaker, was hospitalised during the vote, meaning that AKP deputy speaker Ahmet Aydın presided over the proceedings and was therefore unable to cast a vote.

Of the 537 MPs eligible to vote, the AKP held 315, the CHP 133, the MHP 39, the HDP 48 and 2 were independent. Of the MHP's 39 MPs, 6 had openly stated that they would vote against the amendments, leaving the total number of MPs expected to vote 'Yes' at 348. The CHP's 133 MPs and the two independents, which consisted of Aylin Nazlıaka and Ümit Özdağ, voted 'No' while the HDP boycotted the votes.

Theoretical distribution of votes according to party lines
Party Leader Party position Total MPs Eligible to vote Voting yes Voting no Graphical representation
AKP Justice and Development Party Binali Yıldırım checkY Yes 317 315 315 0
CHP Republican People's Party Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu ☒N No 133 133 0 133
MHP Nationalist Movement Party Devlet Bahçeli checkY Yes 39 39 33 6
HDP Peoples' Democratic Party Selahattin Demirtaş / Figen Yüksekdağ ☒N No 59 48
Boycotting
style="background:Template:Independent (politician)/meta/color; width:4px; text-align:center;"| Independents ☒N No (both) 2 2 0 2 MPs ordered by party line. Black denotes MPs ineligible to vote
Total 550 537 348 135 checkY Referendum

Parliamentary voting began on 9 January, with the first round of voting being completed on 15 January. Opposition politicians criticised the rushed way in which the votes were conducted, with four to five votes taking place in a day with no adjournments.[17] The votes were marred by numerous irregularities, with CHP Members of Parliament filming AKP MPs openly casting their vote or intimidating uncertain MPs to vote 'Yes'.[18][19] The Minister of Health, Recep Akdağ, was filmed casting an open vote, which is disallowed by the constitution, and openly admitting that he had committed a crime afterwards.[20] AKP MPs responded to attempts to film them with hostility, with fights occasionally breaking out between government and opposition MPs.[21] CHP MP Fatma Kaplan Hürriyet was allegedly strangled by AKP Parliamentary Group Leader Mustafa Elitaş after she filmed Elitaş and Prime Minister Binali Yıldırım casting open votes.[22] Several MPs were hospitalised, while the podium where MPs rose to make speeches was dislocated with one of its €15,000 microphones being reported as missing.[23] The second round of voting was completed on 20 January, with all of the proposed amendments being approved. A final motion to enact the approved amendments was approved by 339 votes, surpassing the 330-vote threshold to hold a referendum but falling short of the 367-vote threshold needed to enact the amendments directly.

Proposal Issue First round Second round Results
MP turnout Yes No Other MP turnout Yes No Other
Motion to begin the voting process 480 338 134 3
1 Neutrality of the judiciary 484 347 132 5 486 345 140 1 checkY
2 Increasing the number of MPs 480 343 133 3 485 342 139 4 checkY
3 Eligibility for parliamentary candidacy 485 341 139 5 486 342 137 6 checkY
4 Elections every five years 486 343 139 4 486 342 138 6 checkY
5 Powers and responsibilities of Parliament 354 343 7 4 486 342 140 4 checkY
6 Abolition of parliamentary interpellations 483 343 137 3 485 342 138 5 checkY
7 Election of the President 482 340 136 6 484 340 136 8 checkY
8 Duties of the President 481 340 135 6 483 339 138 6 checkY
9 Penal responsibility of the President 485 343 137 5 483 341 137 5 checkY
10 Vice-presidency and ministries 483 343 135 5 481 340 136 5 checkY
11 Renewal of elections 483 341 134 8 481 342 135 4 checkY
12 State of Emergency 482 344 133 5 484 342 138 4 checkY
13 Aboltion of military courts 482 343 133 6 484 343 136 5 checkY
14 High council of judges and prosecutors 483 341 133 9 487 342 139 6 checkY
15 Budget regulation 483 341 134 8 486 342' 141 3 checkY
16 Adaptation of other articles 482 341 134 7 486 342 141 3 checkY
17 Temporary article for transition to new system 484 342 135 7 485 341 139 5 checkY
18 President can be party member &
when changes would be effective		 481 344 131 6 488 343 142 3 checkY
Motion to enact the approved changes (330 for referendum, 367 for direct implementation) 488 339 142 7 checkY

Several AKP MPs voted openly for the changes, violating the constitutional requirement of a secret vote, presumably to exert pressure on possible dissident MPs.[24]

Reception

Negative reception

MHP MPs Özcan Yeniçeri, Ümit Özdağ and Yusuf Halaçoğlu announcing their opposition to the proposed constitutional changes
CHP Parliamentary Group Leader Özgür Özel announcing his party's opposition to the proposals

The amendments were received with heavy criticism from opposition parties and non-governmental organisations, with criticism focusing particularly on the erosion of the separation of powers and the abolition of parliamentary accountability. Constitutional legal experts such as Kemal Gözler and İbrahim Kaboğlu claimed that the changes would result in the Parliament becoming effectively powerless, while the executive president would have controls over the executive, legislative and judiciary.[25][26] On 4 December, the Atatürkist Thought Association (ADD), Association for the Support of Contemporary Living (ÇYDD) and the Trade Union Confederation held a rally in Ankara despite having their permissions revoked by the Governor of Ankara, calling for a rejection of the executive presidential system on the grounds that it threatened judicial independence and secular democratic values.[27]

The amendments were initially received with mixed responses from the opposition CHP, which have long been critical of the AKP's constitutional plans. Shortly after the proposals were made public and submitted to Parliament on 10 December, Prime Minister Binali Yıldırım reported that the CHP was in agreement with 5 of the proposed changes.[28] However, reception by the CHP was negative, with the party's deputy leader Selin Sayek Böke claiming that the proposals essentially created a 'sultanate'.[29] Parliamentary group leader Levent Gök, one of the first to comment on the released proposals, claimed that the changes would revert 140 years of Turkish parliamentary democracy, calling on all parties to reject the proposals.[30] Another of the CHP's parliamentary group leaders, Özgür Özel, called the proposals a 'regime change', with the parliament being left essentially powerless in scrutinising ministers and holding them to account.[31] Özel claimed that the AKP were unlikely to obtain the 330 votes necessary to put the changes to a referendum, stating that he would be surprised if the number of MPs voting in favour reached 275.[32] CHP MP Selina Doğan claimed that the authoritarian nature of the proposals would effectively end Turkey's EU accession negotiations, citing the lack of any relevance to European values.[33] CHP MP Cemal Oktan Yüksel claimed that the proposals resembled the constitution of Assad's Syria, stating that it wouldn't be a national constitution but 'Syria's constitution translated'.[34]

Despite having the nationalist MHP's official support, it was reported that Turkish nationalists were also overwhelmingly critical of both the proposals and their party's involvement in their drafting.[35] Bahçeli, who has historically lent support to the AKP in controversial situations, was subject to criticism from all major parties for his decision to support the constitutional amendments, being described as the AKP's 'back garden', 'life-line' or 'spare tyre' by critics.[36][37][38] On 24 October 2016, 5 of the 40 MHP Members of Parliament declared that they would reject the constitutional proposals, against their party line.[39] Ümit Özdağ, who was a leadership candidate against Bahçeli and one of the 5 MPs critical of the changes, had his party membership revoked in November.[40] A poll released by Gezici in December showed that almost two-thirds of MHP supporters were against the proposed changes, though MHP supporters were also the most undecided amongst the other parties.[41] On 27 December, MHP MP Kadir Koçdemir became the fifth MP from his party to publicly state his opposition to the proposals.[42]

Speaking shortly after the proposals were released, the HDP's spokesperson Ayhan Bilgen criticised the proposed changes for being anti-democratic and against the principle of judicial independence. Citing the proposed creation of 'executive orders' that can be decreed by the President at will without parliamentary scrutiny, Bilgen criticised the nature of the changes, calling them poorly written and an attempt to cover up constitutional violations that had taken place under the current constitution.[43] However, on 18 December, HDP MP Kadri Yıldırım claimed that there would be no reason to reject the proposals if the changes included a separate 'status' for Turkish Kurds and a constitutional entitlement to education for Kurdish citizens in their native Kurdish language.[44] This led to speculation that the HDP could be convinced to support the changes by the AKP government, though the MHP would be unlikely to jointly support any changes that are also endorsed by the HDP.[45] On 21 December, the CHP and HDP issued a parliamentary motion that would declare the proposals 'unconstitutional', but the motion was rejected by MPs.[46]

Position of main political parties

Ruling party AKP and opposition MHP are the signatories of the amendments. MHP has provided their conditional support until their conditions are met.[47] Main opposition CHP's initial position was to wait until the amendments were finalized. CHP leader Kılıçdaroğlu once mentioned of bringing the changes into Grand Assembly.[48] Later, CHP decided to favor No vote and started "Türkiye'yi Böldürmeyeceğiz" (Turkish: We'll not partition Turkey) rallies. Parliament's fourth party HDP is against the changes.

Choice Party Leader Political orientation
checkY Yes AKP Justice and Development Party Binali Yıldırım Right-wing
MHP Nationalist Movement Party Devlet Bahçeli Nationalism
☒N No CHP Republican People's Party Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu Kemalism
HDP Peoples' Democratic Party Selahattin Demirtaş / Figen Yüksekdağ Left-wing
style="background:Template:Felicity Party/meta/color; width:4px; text-align:center;"| Saadet Felicity Party Temel Karamollaoğlu Milli Görüş
Vatan Patriotic Party Doğu Perinçek Kemalism
style="background:Template:People's Liberation Party/meta/color; width:4px; text-align:center;"| HKP People's Liberation Party Nurullah Ankut Communism
DP Democrat Party Gültekin Uysal Centre-right
style="background:Template:Independent Turkey Party/meta/color; width:4px; text-align:center;"| BTP Independent Turkey Party Haydar Baş Centre
style="background:Template:Communist Party (Turkey, 2014)/meta/color; width:4px; text-align:center;"| KP Communist Party Özlem Şen Abay Communism
style="background:Template:Democratic Left Party (Turkey)/meta/color; width:4px; text-align:center;"| DSP Democratic Left Party Önder Aksakal Centre-left
style="background:Template:Liberal Democratic Party (Turkey)/meta/color; width:4px; text-align:center;"| LDP Liberal Democratic Party Cem Toker Liberalism
style="background:Template:Motherland Party (Turkey)/meta/color; width:4px; text-align:center;"| ANAP Motherland Party İbrahim Çelebi Centre-right
HEPAR Rights and Equality Party Osmancan Tekeşin Nationalism
Neutral style="background:Template:Great Union Party/meta/color; width:4px; text-align:center;"| BBP Great Union Party Mustafa Destici Right-wing

Polls

See also: Opinion polls in Turkey
Date(s)
conducted 		Polling organisation/client Sample size Considering undecided vote Considering Yes/No vote
Yes No Undecided Yes No
1-11 Jan 2017 ORC 2,340 62.0 38.0 – 62.0 38.0
1-25 Dec 2016 Sonar 5,000 42.3 44.6 13.1 48.7 51.3
7-16 Dec 2016 KHAS 1,000 36.9 42.2 20.9 46.6 53.4
15 Dec 2016 ORC 2,450 61.0 39.0 – 61.0 39.0
25 Nov - 3 Dec 2016 Gezici – 42.0 58.0 – 42.0 58.0
1-8 Dec 2016 The AK Party and the MHP agree on draft constitutional proposals and refer them to Parliament for consultation[49][50]
30 Nov 2016 MetroPoll – 49.0 51.0 - 43.3 56.7
26-27 Nov 2016 A&G 3,010 45.7 41.6 12.7 52.4 47.6
15-17 Nov 2016 Andy-AR 1,516 47.1 41.3 8.5 53.3 46.7
31 Oct 2016 The AK Party present their constitutional proposals to the MHP, beginning negotiations between the two parties[51]
10-16 Oct 2016 ORC 21,980 55.9 36.2 7.9 60.7 39.3
11-12 Oct 2016 Prime Minister Binali Yıldırım accepts the MHP's calls for the AK Party to bring their proposals to Parliament[52]
5-12 Jun 2016 ORC 2,240 58.9 41.1 – 58.9 41.1
1 June 2016 MetroPoll 1,200 41.9 47.5 10.5 46.9 53.1
30 May 2016 Optimar 1,508 49.3 41.6 9.1 54.2 45.8
5-6 May 2016 ORC 1,265 58.4 41.6 – 58.4 41.6
25-29 Apr 2016 MAK 5,500 57.0 33.0 10.0 63.3 36.7
25 Apr 2016 AKAM 1,214 35.0 45.7 19.3 43.4 56.6
19 Apr 2016 Gezici – 55.2 35.5 9.3 60.9 39.1
2-6 Mar 2016 ORC 4,176 57.0 43.0 – 57.0 43.0
27 Jan-3 Feb 2016 ORC 8,329 56.1 43.9 – 56.1 43.9
1 Jan 2016 GENAR 4,900 55.0 40.8 4.2 57.4 42.6
18 May 2015 Gezici 4,860 23.8 76.2 – 23.8 76.2
23 Feb 2015 Gezici 3,840 23.2 76.8 – 23.2 76.8
3 Feb 2015 MetroPoll – 34.3 42.2 23.5 44.8 55.2

References

  1. ^ "Referandum için hedef 2 Nisan" (in Turkish). CNN Türk. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
  2. ^ "İşte AK Parti'nin tam başkanlık modeli" (in Turkish). Ahaber. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  3. ^ "Gündem başkanlık tartışması" (in Turkish). NTV Turkey. 3 January 2005. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  4. ^ "AKP'den başkanlık açıklaması: Nisan ayında referanduma gidilebilir" (in Turkish). BirGün. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  5. ^ "21 maddelik anayasa teklifi Meclis'te: Cumhurbaşkanı yürütmenin başı - Diken". 10 December 2016.
  6. ^ "18 maddelik anayasa değişikliği teklifinin tam metni". Evrensel.net (in Turkish). 10 January 2017.
  7. ^ Gazetesi, Aydınlık. "Yeni anayasa teklifi Meclis Başkanlığı'nda - Aydınlık".
  8. ^ http://www.amerikaninsesi.com/a/tbmm-anayasa-komisyonunda-gerilimli-gorusme/3651582.html
  9. ^ "Anayasa Komisyonu'nda tansiyon yükseldi".
  10. ^ Sputnik. "Cumhurbaşkanının kararname yetkisi anayasa teklifinden çıkarıldı".
  11. ^ "Yedek milletvekilliği iptal". 27 December 2016.
  12. ^ http://t24.com.tr/haber/anayasa-degisikligi-teklifi-18-maddeye-dusuruldu,380048
  13. ^ "Anayasa teklifi değişti: 21 maddeden ikisi iptal".
  14. ^ http://uk.businessinsider.com/r-plans-for-stronger-turkish-presidency-pass-first-hurdle-2016-12?r=US&IR=T
  15. ^ http://www.konhaber.com/haber-anayasa_degisikligi_sureci_nasil_isleyecek-640988.html
  16. ^ http://www.diken.com.tr/tutuklu-hdp-vekillerinden-itiraz-anayasa-gorusmeleri-ic-tuzuge-aykiri-durdurun/
  17. ^ http://www.internethaber.com/baykaldan-cok-sert-anayasa-cikisi-1745505h.htm
  18. ^ http://nediyor.com/chpli-ozkanin-oylamaya-mudahale-isyani/
  19. ^ https://tr.sputniknews.com/bidebunudinle/201701101026712149-akparti-orhan-deligiz-anayasa-oylamasi-acik-oy/
  20. ^ http://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/video/video/657859/AKP_liler_acik_oy_kullandi_ortalik_karisti...__Saglik_Bakani_Akdag__Sana_mi_soracagim_lan_.html
  21. ^ http://www.sozcu.com.tr/2017/gundem/saglik-bakani-recep-akdag-acik-oy-kullandi-1613271/
  22. ^ https://www.evrensel.net/haber/303753/fatma-kaplan-hurriyet-bu-goruntuleri-cektigi-icin-darbedildi
  23. ^ http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/meclis-kursusundeki-15-bin-euroluk-mikrofon-kayip-40334862
  24. ^ http://web.hurriyetdailynews.com/secret-ballot-debate-grows-as-charter-talks-proceed.aspx?PageID=238&NID=108381&NewsCatID=338
  25. ^ "Kemal Gözler, Elveda Kuvvetler Ayrılığı, Elveda Anayasa: 10 Aralık 2016 Tarihli Anayasa Değişikliği Teklifi Hakkında Bİr Eleştiri". {{cite web}}: line feed character in |title= at position 73 (help)
  26. ^ Sputnik. "'AKP'nin anayasa teklifi en büyük kırılma, padişahlık ötesi bir durum söz konusu'".
  27. ^ "HALK BAŞKANLIK SİSTEMİNE "HAYIR" DİYEREK ANITKABİR'E YÜRÜDÜ". 4 December 2016.
  28. ^ "Başbakan Yıldırım'dan Yeni Anayasa Teklifiyle İlgili İlk Açıklama: CHP'nin de Mutabık Olduğu Maddeler Var".
  29. ^ Sputnik. "CHP'li Böke: Meclis'e sunulan padişahlık teklifidir".
  30. ^ "CHP'den anayasa teklifine ilişkin ilk açıklama".
  31. ^ "CHP'li Özgür Özel'den başkanlık karşıtı "kefenli hodri meydan" konuşması".
  32. ^ "CHP'li Özgür Özel: 275'in üzerine çıkamazlar".
  33. ^ "CHP'li Doğan: Anayasa teklifi yasalaşırsa AB süreci biter".
  34. ^ https://t24.com.tr/haber/chpli-vekil-bu-teklif-diktator-esadin-suriye-anayasasinin-kopyasi-dedi-karsilastirmali-metin-sundu,378834
  35. ^ "Yeni Anayasa teklifi Ülkücüleri ayağa kaldırdı".
  36. ^ "CHP'nin 'Saray'ın yedek lastiği' sözlerine MHP'den yanıt: PKK'nın don lastiği - Diken". 14 October 2016.
  37. ^ sitesi, milliyet.com.tr Türkiye'nin lider haber. "CHP'li Gök: MHP, AKP'ye can simidi olmuş".
  38. ^ Gazete2023. "Ülkücüler MHP'yi AKP'nin arka bahçesi yaptırmayacak".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  39. ^ "MHP'li 5 milletvekili başkanlık teklifine hayır diyecek". 24 October 2016.
  40. ^ "MHP'den ihraç edilen Ümit Özdağ konuştu - Gündem Haberleri".
  41. ^ "Yeni Anayasa anketinden çok konuşulacak sonuçlar".
  42. ^ http://61hayat.com/tr-TR/haberler/15439/mhpli-vekil-tweet-atti-anayasa-hesabi-karisti
  43. ^ "HDP'den yeni anayasa teklifi açıklaması - Gündem Haberleri".
  44. ^ "HDP'li Yıldırım'dan başkanlık sistemi için iki şart".
  45. ^ "Başkanlık sistemine HDP bombası".
  46. ^ Sputnik. "CHP ve HDP'nin 'değişiklik teklifi Anayasa'ya aykırı' önergeleri kabul edilmedi".
  47. ^ "İşte MHP'nin başkanlık şartları" (in Turkish). Ulusal Kanal. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  48. ^ "Kılıçdaroğlu, 'başkanlık' için Meclis'i bekleyecek: Hele bir gelsin görelim - Diken". Diken (in Turkish). 12 October 2016. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
  49. ^ http://www.dw.com/tr/başkanlık-sistemi-haftaya-meclise-geliyor/a-36604491
  50. ^ "AKP ve MHP Anayasa metninde uzlaştı... Uzmanlar uyarıyor: 15 Temmuz anayasası".
  51. ^ "AKP'nin MHP'ye götüreceği başkanlık teklifi belli oldu".
  52. ^ "Başbakan: Bahçeli'nin referandum teklifini kabul ediyoruz; başkanlık için derhal adım atacağız, kararı millet verecek!".
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_Turkish_constitutional_referendum&oldid=761193807"