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Created article "Mongolian wolf" as a WP:SPINOFF from the Tibetan wolf. For reasons please refer to the section "Taxonomy" or refer to Talk:Tibetan wolf#Tibetan wolf vs Mongolian wolf
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{{Taxobox
#REDIRECT [[Tibetan wolf]]
| name = Tibetan wolf
| image = Le dernier loup - Les coulisses - l'entraînement des loups 2.png
| image_caption =
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Mammal]]ia
| ordo = [[Carnivora]]
| familia = [[Canidae]]
| genus = ''[[Canis]]''
| species = ''[[Gray wolf|C. lupus]]''
| subspecies = '''''C. l. chanco'''''
| trinomial = ''Canis lupus chanco''<ref name=wozencraft2005/>
| trinomial_authority = [[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1863<ref name=gray1863/>
| synonyms=
* ''chanco'' ([[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1863)
* ''coreanus'' (Abe, 1923)<ref name=abe1923/>
* ''dorogostaiskii'' (Skalon, 1936)
* ''karanorensis'' ([[Paul Matschie|Matschie]], 1907)
* ''niger'' ([[Philip Sclater|Sclater]], 1874)
* ''tschillensis'' (Matschie, 1907))
}}

The '''Mongolian wolf''' (''Canis lupus chanco'') is a [[Subspecies of Canis lupus|subspecies of the grey wolf]] which is native to Mongolia, northern and central China, Korea, and the Ussuri region of Russia.

==Taxonomy==
The Mongolian wolf was first described by [[John Edward Gray]] in 1863 as ''Canis chanco''. Gray based his description on the skin of a wolf that had been shot by Lieut. W. P. Hodnell in [[Chinese Tartary]] and later presented by Lady A. Harvey to the British Museum,<ref name=mivart1890/><ref name=gray1863/> where it had been named by Dr. Gray F Cants as ''chanco''.<ref name=mivart1890/> The common Mongolian word for wolf is "chono".<ref name=fijn2011/> [[St. George Jackson Mivart]] classified the wolf as ''Canis lupus chanco'' in 1880 based on an examination of Gray's specimen.<ref name=mivart1890/> In 1923, Japanese zoologist [[Yoshio Abe]] proposed separating the wolves of the [[Korean Peninsula]] from ''C. chanco'' as a separate species, ''C. coreanus'', due to their comparatively narrower muzzles.<ref name=abe1923/> This distinction was contested by [[Reginald Pocock]], who dismissed it as a local variant of ''C. chanco''.<ref name=walker2008/><ref name=pocock1941/> In the third edition of ''[[Mammal Species of the World]]'' published in 2005, the mammalogist W. Christopher Wozencraft listed under the wolf ''Canis lupus'' the [[Synonym (taxonomy)|taxonomic synonyms]] for the subspecies ''Canis lupus chanco''. Wozencraft classified ''C. coreanus'' (Abe, 1923) as one of its synonyms.<ref name=wozencraft2005/>

There remains taxonomic confusion over the Mongolian wolf. In 1941, Pocock had referred to the [[Tibetan wolf]] as ''C. l. laniger'' and classified it as a synonym under ''C. l. chanco''.<ref name=pocock1941/> However, Wozencraft included ''C. l. laniger'' as a synonym for ''C. l. filchneri'' Matschie (1907).<ref name=wozencraft2005/> There are some researchers who still refer to Pocock's classification of the Tibetan wolf as ''C. l. chanco'', which has caused taxonomic confusion. The [[National Center for Biotechnology Information|NCBI]]/[[Genbank]] lists ''C. l. chanco'' <ref>{{cite web|title=Canis lupus chanco|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=246881}}</ref> as the Mongolian wolf and separately ''C. l. laniger''<ref>{{cite web|title=Canis lupus laniger|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=554455}}</ref> as the Tibetan wolf, and there are academic works that refer to ''C. l. chanco'' as the Mongolian wolf.<ref name=chen2010/><ref name=zhang2010/><ref name=wrobel2006/><ref name=heptner1998/>

==Physical description==
Gray described his [[type specimen]] as follows:

<blockquote>The fur [[fulvous]], on the back longer, rigid, with intermixed black and grey hairs; the throat, chest, belly, and inside of the legs pure white; head pale gray-brown; forehead grizzled with short black and grey hairs. ''Hab.'' Chinese Tartary. Called ''Chanco''. The skull is very like, and has the same teeth as, the European wolf (''C. lupus''). The animal is very like the Common Wolf, but rather shorter on the legs; and the ears, the sides of the body, and outside of the limbs are covered with short, pale fulvous hairs. The length of its head and body are {{convert|42|inch|cm|abbr=on}}; tail {{convert|15|inch|cm|abbr=on}}.<ref name=gray1863/></blockquote>

The prominent Russian zoologist, Vladimir Georgievich Heptner, described Mongolian wolves from the [[Ussuri River|Ussuri region]] of Russia as follows:
<blockquote>Dimensions are not large – like ''C. l. desertorum'', or somewhat larger, but markedly smaller than the Siberian forest wolves. Coloration is dirty gray, frosted with a weak admixture of ocherous color and without pale-yellow or chestnut tones. The fur is coarse and stiff. Total body length of males {{convert|93|cm|in|abbr=on}} – {{convert|158|cm|in|abbr=on}}; tail length {{convert|30|cm|in|abbr=on}} – {{convert|40|cm|in|abbr=on}}; hind foot lenth {{convert|16|cm|in|abbr=on}} – {{convert|24|cm|in|abbr=on}}; ear height {{convert|10|cm|in|abbr=on}} – {{convert|14.5|cm|in|abbr=on}}; shoulder height {{convert|58|cm|in|abbr=on}} – {{convert|89|cm|in|abbr=on}}; and weight {{convert|26|kg|lb|abbr=on}} – {{convert|37|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. Total body length of females {{convert|90|cm|in|abbr=on}} – {{convert|109|cm|in|abbr=on}}; tail length {{convert|30|cm|in|abbr=on}} – {{convert|40|cm|in|abbr=on}}; hind foot lenth {{convert|16|cm|in|abbr=on}} – {{convert|23|cm|in|abbr=on}}; ear height {{convert|9.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} – {{convert|13|cm|in|abbr=on}}; shoulder height {{convert|57|cm|in|abbr=on}} – {{convert|75|cm|in|abbr=on}}; and weight {{convert|22|kg|lb|abbr=on}} – {{convert|30|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name=heptner1998/></blockquote>

==Range==
The range of ''C. l. chanco'' includes [[Mongolia]],<ref name=mivart1890/> northern and central [[China]],<ref name=smith2008/><ref name=wang2003/> [[Korea]],<ref name=abe1923/> and the [[Ussuri River|Ussuri region]] of Russia, which they have expanded into from northern China recently due to human settlement and its removal of their competitor the tiger.<ref name=heptner1998/> Their range is bounded in the east by the [[Altai mountains]]/[[Tien shan]] mountains with ''C. l. lupus'',<ref name=smith2008/> in the south by the [[Tibetan Plateau]] with ''C. l. filchneri'', and in southern China by a yet to be named wolf.<ref name=smith2008/><ref name=wang2003/> The taxonomic synonym authors have described their specimens in the following locations: ''chanco'' Gray (1863) Chinese Tartary; ''coreanus'' Abe (1923) Korea; ''karanorensis'' Matschie (1907) Kara-nor in the [[Gobi desert]]; and ''tschillensis'' Matschie (1907) the coast of [[Zhili|Chihli]].<ref name=pocock1941/>

==Relationship with humans==
In Mongolia, the wolf is seen as a spirit animal whereas the dog is seen as a family member. Mongolians do not fear the wolf and understand that it is afraid of humans. It is sometimes called "the sheep's assassin". In legend, the Mongolian herders' first father was a wolf from which they had descended, and yet they are required to kill wolves to protect their flocks of sheep.<ref name=fijn2011/>

There is sustainable utilization of the wolf's fur in Mongolia.<ref name=iucn2010/> In 1928 [[Japanese Korea]], wolves claimed more human victims than [[tiger]]s, [[leopard]]s, [[bear]]s and [[boar]]s combined.<ref name=neff2007/>

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=

<ref name=abe1923>Abe Yoshio, "Nukutei ni tisuit" (On Nuketei) ''Dobutsugaku zasshi'' (Zoological Magazine) 35 (1923): 320-86</ref>

<ref name=chen2010>L Chen, HH Zhang, JZ Ma, The mitochondrial genome of the Mongolian wolf Canis lupus chanco and a phylogenetic analysis of Canis. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2010</ref>

<ref name=fijn2011>[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=X8K1kGee4XsC&pg=PA208 Living with Herds: Human-Animal Coexistence in Mongolia] by Natasha Fijn. Cambridge University Press (2011) p 208</ref>

<ref name=gray1863>Gray, J. E. (1863). [https://archive.org/stream/proceedingsofgen63busi#page/94/mode/1up ''Notice of the Chanco or Golden Wolf (Canis chanco) from Chinese Tartary'']. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London: 94</ref>

<ref name=heptner1998>Heptner, V.G. and Naumov, N.P. (1998). [https://archive.org/details/mammalsofsov211998gept Mammals of the Soviet Union Vol.II Part 1a, SIRENIA AND CARNIVORA (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears)], Science Publishers, Inc. USA., pp. 164-270, ISBN 1-886106-81-9</ref>

<ref name=iucn2010>{{IUCN |assessor=Mech, L.D., Boitani, L. |assessor2=IUCN SSC Wolf Specialist Group |year=2010 |id=3746 |title=Canis lupus|version=2011.2}}</ref>

<ref name=mivart1890>[https://archive.org/stream/dogsjackalswolv00keulgoog/dogsjackalswolv00keulgoog_djvu.txt Canis lupus var. chanco Mivart]] Monograph of Canidae, p. 8, pi. 3, 1890.</ref>

<ref name=neff2007>Neff, R. (2007). [http://english.ohmynews.com/articleview/article_view.asp?article_class=2&no=362934&rel_no=1 ''Devils in the Darkness: Korea’s Gray Wolves'']. OhmyNews, 23 May 2007.</ref>

<ref name=pocock1941>Pocock, R. I. (1941). [https://archive.org/stream/PocockMammalia2/pocock2#page/n101/mode/2up ''Canis lupus chanco''] Pages 86–90 in: ''Fauna of British India: Mammals Volume 2''. Taylor and Francis, London</ref>

<ref name=smith2008>{{cite book|title=A Guide to the Mammals of China|publisher=Princeton University press|editors=Andrew T. Smith, Yan Xie, Robert S. Hoffmann, Darrin Lunde, John MacKinnon, Don E. Wilson, W. Chris Wozencraft|series=|volume=|edition=|year=2008|pages=416–418|url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ka-9f68nPT4C&pg=PA416|isbn=978-0691099842}}</ref>

<ref name=walker2008>{{cite book|last=Walker|first=Brett|year=2008|title=The Lost Wolves of Japan|publisher=University of Washington Press, Seattle|isbn=9780295988146|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NBUTCgAAQBAJ}}</ref>
<ref name=wang2003>{{cite book|last1=Wang|first1=Yingxiang|title=A Complete Checklist of Mammal Species and Subspecies in China (A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference)|publisher=China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing, China|year=2003|isbn=7503831316}}</ref>
<ref name=wozencraft2005>{{MSW3 Wozencraft|id=14000751|pages=575–577}} url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA576</ref><!--Note: the url must be kept outside of the MSW3 template for the link to arrive on the correct page-->
<ref name=wrobel2006>{{cite book|title=Elsevier's Dictionary of Mammals|editor=Murray Wrobel|year=2006|publisher=Elsevier|url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=Qn1A9Y1OA2oC&pg=PA70&lpg=PA70|pages=840–857}}</ref>

<ref name=zhang2010>{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/s11033-010-0276-y|pmid=20859694|title=The complete mitochondrial genome of dhole Cuon alpinus: Phylogenetic analysis and dating evolutionary divergence within canidae|journal=Molecular Biology Reports|volume=38|issue=3|pages=1651|year=2010|last1=Zhang|first1=Honghai|last2=Chen|first2=Lei}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{wikispecies|Canis lupus chanco}}

{{Carnivora|Ca.}}
[[Category:Fauna of East Asia|Wolf, Mongolian]]
[[Category:Mammals of Mongolia|Wolf, Mongolian]]
[[Category:Mammals of China|Wolf, Mongolian]]
[[Category:Mammals of Korea|Wolf, Mongolian]]
[[Category:Mammals of Russia|Wolf, Mongolian]]
[[Category:Subspecies of Canis lupus]]

Revision as of 08:58, 22 March 2017

Tibetan wolf
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Order:
Carnivora
Family:
Canidae
Genus:
Canis
Species:
C. lupus
Subspecies:
C. l. chanco
Trinomial name
Canis lupus chanco[1]
Gray, 1863[2]
Synonyms
  • chanco (Gray, 1863)
  • coreanus (Abe, 1923)[3]
  • dorogostaiskii (Skalon, 1936)
  • karanorensis (Matschie, 1907)
  • niger (Sclater, 1874)
  • tschillensis (Matschie, 1907))

The Mongolian wolf (Canis lupus chanco) is a subspecies of the grey wolf which is native to Mongolia, northern and central China, Korea, and the Ussuri region of Russia.

Taxonomy

The Mongolian wolf was first described by John Edward Gray in 1863 as Canis chanco. Gray based his description on the skin of a wolf that had been shot by Lieut. W. P. Hodnell in Chinese Tartary and later presented by Lady A. Harvey to the British Museum,[4][2] where it had been named by Dr. Gray F Cants as chanco.[4] The common Mongolian word for wolf is "chono".[5] St. George Jackson Mivart classified the wolf as Canis lupus chanco in 1880 based on an examination of Gray's specimen.[4] In 1923, Japanese zoologist Yoshio Abe proposed separating the wolves of the Korean Peninsula from C. chanco as a separate species, C. coreanus, due to their comparatively narrower muzzles.[3] This distinction was contested by Reginald Pocock, who dismissed it as a local variant of C. chanco.[6][7] In the third edition of Mammal Species of the World published in 2005, the mammalogist W. Christopher Wozencraft listed under the wolf Canis lupus the taxonomic synonyms for the subspecies Canis lupus chanco. Wozencraft classified C. coreanus (Abe, 1923) as one of its synonyms.[1]

There remains taxonomic confusion over the Mongolian wolf. In 1941, Pocock had referred to the Tibetan wolf as C. l. laniger and classified it as a synonym under C. l. chanco.[7] However, Wozencraft included C. l. laniger as a synonym for C. l. filchneri Matschie (1907).[1] There are some researchers who still refer to Pocock's classification of the Tibetan wolf as C. l. chanco, which has caused taxonomic confusion. The NCBI/Genbank lists C. l. chanco [8] as the Mongolian wolf and separately C. l. laniger[9] as the Tibetan wolf, and there are academic works that refer to C. l. chanco as the Mongolian wolf.[10][11][12][13]

Physical description

Gray described his type specimen as follows:

The fur fulvous, on the back longer, rigid, with intermixed black and grey hairs; the throat, chest, belly, and inside of the legs pure white; head pale gray-brown; forehead grizzled with short black and grey hairs. Hab. Chinese Tartary. Called Chanco. The skull is very like, and has the same teeth as, the European wolf (C. lupus). The animal is very like the Common Wolf, but rather shorter on the legs; and the ears, the sides of the body, and outside of the limbs are covered with short, pale fulvous hairs. The length of its head and body are 42 in (110 cm); tail 15 in (38 cm).[2]

The prominent Russian zoologist, Vladimir Georgievich Heptner, described Mongolian wolves from the Ussuri region of Russia as follows:

Dimensions are not large – like C. l. desertorum, or somewhat larger, but markedly smaller than the Siberian forest wolves. Coloration is dirty gray, frosted with a weak admixture of ocherous color and without pale-yellow or chestnut tones. The fur is coarse and stiff. Total body length of males 93 cm (37 in) – 158 cm (62 in); tail length 30 cm (12 in) – 40 cm (16 in); hind foot lenth 16 cm (6.3 in) – 24 cm (9.4 in); ear height 10 cm (3.9 in) – 14.5 cm (5.7 in); shoulder height 58 cm (23 in) – 89 cm (35 in); and weight 26 kg (57 lb) – 37 kg (82 lb). Total body length of females 90 cm (35 in) – 109 cm (43 in); tail length 30 cm (12 in) – 40 cm (16 in); hind foot lenth 16 cm (6.3 in) – 23 cm (9.1 in); ear height 9.5 cm (3.7 in) – 13 cm (5.1 in); shoulder height 57 cm (22 in) – 75 cm (30 in); and weight 22 kg (49 lb) – 30 kg (66 lb).[13]

Range

The range of C. l. chanco includes Mongolia,[4] northern and central China,[14][15] Korea,[3] and the Ussuri region of Russia, which they have expanded into from northern China recently due to human settlement and its removal of their competitor the tiger.[13] Their range is bounded in the east by the Altai mountains/Tien shan mountains with C. l. lupus,[14] in the south by the Tibetan Plateau with C. l. filchneri, and in southern China by a yet to be named wolf.[14][15] The taxonomic synonym authors have described their specimens in the following locations: chanco Gray (1863) Chinese Tartary; coreanus Abe (1923) Korea; karanorensis Matschie (1907) Kara-nor in the Gobi desert; and tschillensis Matschie (1907) the coast of Chihli.[7]

Relationship with humans

In Mongolia, the wolf is seen as a spirit animal whereas the dog is seen as a family member. Mongolians do not fear the wolf and understand that it is afraid of humans. It is sometimes called "the sheep's assassin". In legend, the Mongolian herders' first father was a wolf from which they had descended, and yet they are required to kill wolves to protect their flocks of sheep.[5]

There is sustainable utilization of the wolf's fur in Mongolia.[16] In 1928 Japanese Korea, wolves claimed more human victims than tigers, leopards, bears and boars combined.[17]

References

  1. ^ a b c Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 575–577. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA576
  2. ^ a b c Gray, J. E. (1863). Notice of the Chanco or Golden Wolf (Canis chanco) from Chinese Tartary. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London: 94
  3. ^ a b c Abe Yoshio, "Nukutei ni tisuit" (On Nuketei) Dobutsugaku zasshi (Zoological Magazine) 35 (1923): 320-86
  4. ^ a b c d Canis lupus var. chanco Mivart] Monograph of Canidae, p. 8, pi. 3, 1890.
  5. ^ a b Living with Herds: Human-Animal Coexistence in Mongolia by Natasha Fijn. Cambridge University Press (2011) p 208
  6. ^ Walker, Brett (2008). The Lost Wolves of Japan. University of Washington Press, Seattle. ISBN 9780295988146.
  7. ^ a b c Pocock, R. I. (1941). Canis lupus chanco Pages 86–90 in: Fauna of British India: Mammals Volume 2. Taylor and Francis, London
  8. ^ "Canis lupus chanco".
  9. ^ "Canis lupus laniger".
  10. ^ L Chen, HH Zhang, JZ Ma, The mitochondrial genome of the Mongolian wolf Canis lupus chanco and a phylogenetic analysis of Canis. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2010
  11. ^ Zhang, Honghai; Chen, Lei (2010). "The complete mitochondrial genome of dhole Cuon alpinus: Phylogenetic analysis and dating evolutionary divergence within canidae". Molecular Biology Reports. 38 (3): 1651. doi:10.1007/s11033-010-0276-y. PMID 20859694.
  12. ^ Murray Wrobel, ed. (2006). Elsevier's Dictionary of Mammals. Elsevier. pp. 840–857.
  13. ^ a b c Heptner, V.G. and Naumov, N.P. (1998). Mammals of the Soviet Union Vol.II Part 1a, SIRENIA AND CARNIVORA (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears), Science Publishers, Inc. USA., pp. 164-270, ISBN 1-886106-81-9
  14. ^ a b c A Guide to the Mammals of China. Princeton University press. 2008. pp. 416–418. ISBN 978-0691099842. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ a b Wang, Yingxiang (2003). A Complete Checklist of Mammal Species and Subspecies in China (A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference). China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing, China. ISBN 7503831316.
  16. ^ Template:IUCN
  17. ^ Neff, R. (2007). Devils in the Darkness: Korea’s Gray Wolves. OhmyNews, 23 May 2007.
Wikispecies has information related to Canis lupus chanco.
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