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Common genet

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Common genet
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Feliformia
Family: Viverridae
Genus: Genetta
Species:
G. genetta
Binomial name
Genetta genetta
Common genet range
(green – native,
red – extant introduced,
black – extinct introduced)
Synonyms

Viverra genetta (Linnaeus, 1758)

The common genet (Genetta genetta) is a small viverrid indigenous to Africa that was introduced to southwestern Europe. It is widely distributed north of the Sahara, in savanna zones south of the Sahara to southern Africa and along the coast of Arabia, Yemen and Oman. It is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List.

Characteristics

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Skeleton of a common genet

The common genet has a slender, cat-like body, a small head with a pointed muzzle, large oval ears, large eyes and well-developed whiskers up to 7 cm (2.8 in) in length. Its legs are short, with cat-like feet and semi-retractile claws. Its fur is dense and soft, and the coat is pale grey, with numerous black markings. The back and flanks are marked with about five rows of black spots, and a long black stripe runs along the middle of the back from the shoulders to the rump. There is also a black stripe on the forehead, and dark patches beneath the eyes, which are offset against the white fur of the chin and throat. The tail is striped, with anything from eight to thirteen rings along its length. Its body is 43 to 55 cm (17 to 22 in) long with a 33 to 52 cm (13 to 20 in) long tail. Males weigh an average of 2 kg (4.4 lb) and are about 10% larger than females.[2] It has an erectile crest of hair from the shoulder to the base of the tail, a white tail tip and black hind feet.[3]

A melanistic individual was recorded in 2019 in southern Portugal.[4]

Distribution and habitat

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In North Africa, the common genet occurs along the western Mediterranean coast, and in a broad band from Senegal and Mauritania in the west throughout the savannah zone south of the Sahara to Somalia and Tanzania in the east. On the Arabian Peninsula, it was recorded in coastal regions of Saudi Arabia, Yemen and Oman. Another discontinuous population inhabits Southern Africa, from southern Angola across Zambia, Zimbabwe to Mozambique. It inhabits a wide range of deciduous and evergreen habitats that provide plentiful shelter such as rocky terrain with caves and dense scrub land, but also come close to settlements and agricultural land.[1]

It is common in Morocco[5] and Algeria but rare in Libya, Egypt and Zambia.[2] In South Africa, it is common in west-central KwaZulu-Natal,[6] in the Cape Province,[7] and in QwaQwa National Park in the Free State province.[8]

It was brought to the Mediterranean region from Maghreb as a semi-domestic animal about 1,000 to 1,500 years ago. It spread from the Iberian Peninsula to the Balearic Islands and southern France.[9] Its range in Europe has historically been considered bounded by the rivers Loire and Rhône, which were believed to form barriers to its expansion north and east, respectively; specimens encountered beyond the southwest of France have consequently been considered escapees from captivity instead of signs of breeding populations. However, genets have been recorded east of the Rhône in numbers too large to be accounted for through the casual dispersal of escaped exotic pets. Due to this and the presence of large breeding populations of genets at the edge of their traditional range, the trans-Rhône specimens are believed to represent established populations descended from specimens that crossed the river using bridges built in urban areas. Sporadic sightings have been recorded as far east as Italy, where individuals have been sighted in mountainous areas in the Piedmont region and in the Aosta Valley. Individuals sighted in Switzerland, Germany and the Netherlands are still considered to have escaped or been released from captivity.[10] In southwestern Europe, it thrives in oak and pine forests, but also lives in olive groves, riparian zones, ash groves, rocky areas, and shrublands. It is rare in open areas, marshes, and cereal croplands. Despite its abundance along watercourses, presence of water is not considered essential.[2] Specimens have been encountered in high altitude areas in the Alps, but it is not clear if this demonstrates casual occurrence or true habit suitability.[10]

It prefers to live in areas with dense vegetation, such as bushes, thickets, and evergreen oak forests.[11] As resting sites it uses trees with dense foliage in the canopy and dense thickets overgrown with climbing plants.[12] In northern areas, it prefers low elevations with high temperatures and low rainfall.[13] In Manzanares Park in central Spain, it lives foremost in areas of 1,000–1,200 m (3,300–3,900 ft) elevation with many rocks and shrubs. It tolerates proximity to settlements.[14]

The common genet and wood mouse share the same habitats and niches, specifically Mediterranean forests.[15][16]

In the East Sudanian Savanna, it was recorded in the transboundary Dinder–Alatash protected area complex during surveys between 2015 and 2018.[17] In northern Ethiopia, it was recorded in the mountainous Degua Tembien district.[18]

Ecology and behaviour

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The common genet is solitary. Adults are nocturnal and crepuscular, with their highest levels of activity following sunset and just prior to sunrise; juveniles may be active during the day. They rest during the day in hollow trees or among thickets, and frequently use the same resting sites. In southern Spain, adult individuals occupy home ranges of about 7.8 km2 (3.0 sq mi) in average. The ranges of males and females overlap, but those of members of the same sex do not.[19] In northern Spain, home ranges of three females ranged from 2.1 to 10.2 km2 (0.81 to 3.94 sq mi).[20]

During a study in northeastern Spain, males have been found to be more active than females at night because of their greater size, which indicates that males have greater energy requirements to satisfy their physiological needs. Females typically weigh less, and they have been found to be less active overall. Females' home ranges are also smaller than those of males.[21] Males had a mean annual home range of 113 ha (280 acres), and females of 72 ha (180 acres). While males have larger home ranges in all seasons, the differences between males' and females' territories are most significant during the winter. Their home ranges are slightly larger during the spring because they are more active, not only nocturnally, but in seeking a mate. Because of their increased activity, they require more energy and are more active to acquire the necessary sustenance.[22]

Both male and females scent mark in their home ranges. Females mark their territory using scent glands on their flanks, hind legs, and perineum. Males mark less frequently than females, often spraying urine, rather than using their scent glands, and do so primarily during the breeding season. Scent marks by both sexes allow individuals to identify the reproductive and social status of other genets. Common genets also defecate at specific latrine sites, which are often located at the edge of their territories, and perform a similar function to other scent marks.[2]

Five communication calls have been reported. The hiccup call indicates friendly interactions; it is used by males during the mating period and by females to call the litter. Kits purr during their first week of life and, during their dependent weeks, moan or mew.[2] Kits also growl after the complete development of predatory behavior and during aggressive interactions. Finally, genets utter a click as a threat. The clicks, or, in younger individuals, growls, are used to indicate aggression. Threatening behavior consists of erection of the dark central dorsal band of hair, an arched-back stance, opening the mouth, and baring the teeth.[2]

It has a varied diet comprising small mammals, lizards, birds, bird eggs, amphibians, centipedes, millipedes, scorpions, insects and fruit, including figs and olives. The wood mouse is a favourite prey.[23] Genets locate their prey primarily by scent, and kill with a bite to the neck, like cats. Small rodents are captured by the back and killed with a bite at the head, then eaten starting with the head.[2][24]

In Spain, common genets can suffer from infestation of parasitic worms as well as ticks, fleas and lice. Common genets also host the phthirapteran Eutrichophilus genettae and Lorisicola (Paradoxuroecus) genettae.[25]

In Africa, predators include African leopard, serval, caracal, honey badger, and large owl species.[26] Potential predators are also red fox and Eurasian goshawk.[12]

Reproduction and development

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In Spain, common genets breed between January and September, with a peak in February and March and another one in the summer.[24] Mating behaviour and development of young has been studied in captive individuals. Copulation lasts about two to three minutes, and is repeated up to five times in the same night. After a gestation period of 10 to 11 weeks, up to four young are born. Newborn common genets weigh 60 to 85 g (2.1 to 3.0 oz). They start eating meat at around seven weeks of age, and are fully weaned at four months of age. When five months old, they are skilled in hunting on their own. When 19 months old, they start marking, and are thought to be sexually mature at the age of two years. Captive common genets have lived up to 13 years.[27][28]

Threats

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No major threats to common genets are known. In North Africa and some localities in southern Africa, they are hunted for their fur. In Portugal, they get killed in predator traps. On Ibiza, urbanization and development of infrastructure cause loss and fragmentation of habitat.[1]

Conservation

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Genetta genetta is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention and in Annex V of the Habitats and Species Directive of the European Union.[29]

Taxonomy

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Viverra genetta was the scientific name proposed by Carl Linnaeus in 1758.[30]

More than 30 subspecies of the common genet have been described. The following are considered valid:[31]

Genetta felina has been reclassified as a species based on morphological diagnoses comparing 5500 Viverrinae specimens in zoological collections.[35]

Along with other viverrids, genets are among living carnivorans considered to be the morphologically closest to the extinct common ancestor of the whole order.[36][37]

References

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  1. ^ a b c Gaubert, P.; Carvalho, F.; Camps, D.; Do Linh San, E. (2015). "Genetta genetta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T41698A45218636. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41698A45218636.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Larivière, S. & Calzada, J. (2001). "Genetta genetta" (PDF). Mammalian Species. 680: 1–6. doi:10.1644/1545-1410(2001)680<0001:GG>2.0.CO;2. S2CID 198968676. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
  3. ^ Skinner, J.D. & Smithers, R.H.N. (1990). The Mammals of the Southern African Subregion. University of Pretoria. p. 472. ISBN 978-0869798027.
  4. ^ Barbosa, A.M. & Perry, P. (2020). "First record of a melanistic Common Genet Genetta genetta in southern Portugal extends the geographic range of this variant in Europe". Small Carnivore Conservation. 58: e58005.
  5. ^ Cuzin, F. (1996). "Répartition actuelle et statut des grands mammifères sauvages du Maroc (Primates, Carnivores, Artiodactyles)" (PDF). Mammalia. 60: 101. doi:10.1515/mamm.1996.60.1.101. S2CID 83957128.
  6. ^ Pringle, J. A. (1977). "The Distribution of Mammals in Natal. Part 2: Carnivora". Annals of the Natal Museum. 23: 93–115. hdl:10520/AJA03040798_588.
  7. ^ Stuart, C. T. (1981). "Notes on the Mammalian Carnivores of the Cape Province, South Africa" (PDF). Bontebok. 1: 20–23.
  8. ^ Avenant, N. L. (1997). "Mammals recorded in the QwaQwa National Park (1994–1995)". Koedoe. 40: 34. doi:10.4102/koedoe.v40i1.261.
  9. ^ Morales, A. (1994). "Earliest genets in Europe". Nature. 370 (6490): 512–513. Bibcode:1994Natur.370..512M. doi:10.1038/370512b0. S2CID 4338977.
  10. ^ a b Gaubert, P.; Jiguet, F.; Bayle, P. & Angelici, F. M. (2008). "Has the common genet (Genetta genetta) spread into south-eastern France and Italy?". Italian Journal of Zoology. 75 (1): 43–57. doi:10.1080/11250000701691812. S2CID 53056807.
  11. ^ Zabala, J. & Zuberogoitia, I. (2010). "Late summer-early winter reproduction in common genets, Genetta genetta". Mammalia. 74: 89–91. doi:10.1515/mamm.2010.013. S2CID 83797386.
  12. ^ a b Camps, D. (2011). "Resting site selection, characteristics and use by the common genet Genetta genetta (Linnaeus 1758)". Mammalia. 75 (1): 23–29. doi:10.1515/mamm.2010.061. S2CID 83734517.
  13. ^ Galantinho, A. & Mira, A. (2009). "The Influence of Human, Livestock, and Ecological Features on the Occurrence of Genet (Genetta genetta): A case study on Mediterranean farmland". Ecological Research. 24 (3): 671–685. Bibcode:2009EcoR...24..671G. doi:10.1007/s11284-008-0538-5. S2CID 35784831.
  14. ^ Virgós, E.; Casanovas, J. G. (1997). "Habitat selection of genet Genetta genetta in the Mountains of Central Spain". Acta Theriologica. 42: 173–175. doi:10.4098/AT.arch.97-19.
  15. ^ Ribas, A.; Felui, C. & Casanova, J.C. (2009). "Distribution of the cestode Taenia parva (Taeniidae) along the digestive tract of the common genet (Genetta genetta)". Helminthologia. 46 (1): 35–38. doi:10.2478/s11687-009-0007-x. S2CID 6208822.
  16. ^ Camps, D.; Villero, D.; Ruiz-Olmo, J. & Brotons, L. (2016). "Niche constraints to the northwards expansion of the common genet (Genetta genetta, Linnaeus 1758) in Europe". Mammalian Biology. 81 (4): 399–409. Bibcode:2016MamBi..81..399C. doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2016.03.003.
  17. ^ Bauer, H.; Mohammed, A.A.; El Faki, A.; Hiwytalla, K.O.; Bedin, E.; Rskay, G.; Sitotaw, E. & Sillero-Zubiri, C. (2018). "Antelopes of the Dinder-Alatash transboundary Protected Area, Sudan and Ethiopia" (PDF). Gnusletter. 35 (1): 26–30. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
  18. ^ Aerts, R. (2019). "Forest and woodland vegetation in the highlands of Dogu'a Tembien". In Nyssen J.; Jacob, M.; Frankl, A. (eds.). Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains: The Dogu'a Tembien District. GeoGuide. Springer International Publishing. pp. 233–250. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_15. ISBN 9783030049546.
  19. ^ Palomares, F.; Delibes, M. (1994). "Spatio-temporal ecology and behavior of European genets in southwestern Spain". Journal of Mammalogy. 75 (3): 714–724. doi:10.2307/1382521. hdl:10261/50896. JSTOR 1382521.
  20. ^ Zuberogoitia, I.; Zabala, J.; Garin, I. & Aihartza, J. (2002). "Home range size and habitat use of male common genets in the Urdaibai Biosphere Reserve, Northern Spain". Zeitschrift für Jagdwissenschaft. 48 (2): 107–113. doi:10.1007/BF02193549.
  21. ^ Camps, D. (2008). "Activity patterns of adult common genets Genetta genetta (Linnaeus, 1758) in Northeastern Spain". Galemys. 20 (1): 47–60. doi:10.7325/galemys.2008.1.a2. ISSN 1137-8700.
  22. ^ Camps Munuera, D.; Llobet, F. L. (2004). "Space use of common genets Genetta genetta in a Mediterranean habitat of northeastern Spain: differences between sexes and seasons". Acta Theriologica. 49 (4): 491–502. doi:10.1007/BF03192593.
  23. ^ Virgós, E.; Llorente, M. & Cortes, Y. (1999). "Geographical variation in genet (Genetta genetta L.) diet: a literature review". Mammal Review. 29 (2): 117–126. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2907.1999.00041.x.
  24. ^ a b Delibes, M. (1974). "Sobre alimentación y biología de la gineta (Genetta genetta L.) en España" [On feeding and biology of the genet (Genetta genetta L.) in Spain] (PDF). Doñana: Acta Vertebrata (in Spanish). 1 (1): 143–199. hdl:10261/129854.
  25. ^ Pérez-Jiménez, J. M.; Soler-Cruz, M. D.; Benítez-Rodríguez, R.; Ruíz-Martínez, I.; Díaz-López, M.; Palomares-Fernández, F. & Delibes-de Castro, M. (1990). "Phthiraptera from some Wild Carnivores in Spain". Systematic Parasitology. 15 (2): 107–117. doi:10.1007/bf00009987. hdl:10261/50953. S2CID 9624468.
  26. ^ Delibes, M. & Gaubert, P. (2013). "Genetta genetta Common Genet (Small-spotted Genet)". In Kingdon, J. & Hoffmann, M. (eds.). The Mammals of Africa. Vol. V. Carnivores, Pangolins, Equids and Rhinoceroses. London: Bloomsbury. pp. 223–229. ISBN 9781408122570.
  27. ^ Roeder, J.-J. (1979). "La reproduction de la genette (G. genetta L.) en captivité". Mammalia (in French). 43 (4): 531–542. doi:10.1515/mamm.1979.43.4.531. ISSN 0025-1461.
  28. ^ Roeder, J.-J.; Pallaud, B. (1980). "Ontogenèse des comportements alimentaires et de prédation chez trois genettes (Genetta genetta L.) nées et élevées en captivité : rôle de la mère" [Ontogeny of feeding and predation behaviour in three captive-born and bred genets (Genetta genetta L.): the role of the mother]. Mammalia (in French). 44 (2): 183–194. doi:10.1515/mamm.1980.44.2.183.
  29. ^ Delibes, M. (1999). "Genetta genetta". In Mitchell-Jones, A.J.; Amori, G.; Bogdanowicz, W.; Kryštufek, B.; Reijnders, P.J.H.; Spitzenberger, F.; Stubbe, M.; Thissen, J.B.M.; Vohralík, V.; Zima, J. (eds.). The Atlas of European Mammals. London: T & AD Poyser, Societas Europea Mammalogica. pp. 352–353. ISBN 9780856611308.
  30. ^ Linnaeus, C. (1758). "Viverra genetta". Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis 1 (Tenth ed.). Stockholm: Laurentius Salvius. p. 45.
  31. ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Genetta genetta". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 555. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  32. ^ Cuvier, F. G. (1825). "La genette de Barbarie". In Cuvier, F. G.; Saint-Hilaire, E. Geoffroy (eds.). Histoire naturelle des mammifères (in French). Vol. 5. Roret, Paris. Plate XLVII. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.78766 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  33. ^ Fischer, J. B. (1829). "Viverra senegalensis". Synopsis Mammalium. Addenda, Emendanda Et Index. Stuttgardtiae: J. G. Cottae. p. 170.
  34. ^ Hemprich, W. F.; Ehrenberg, C. G. (1832). Symbolae physicae, seu Icones et descriptiones corporum naturalium novorum aut minus cognitorum, quae ex itineribus per Libyam, Ægyptum, Nubiam, Dongalam, Syriam, Arabiam et Habessiniam (in Latin). Vol. I: Mammalia. Ex Officina academica, Berolini. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.107403.
  35. ^ Gaubert, P.; Taylor, P. J.; Veron, G. (2005). "Integrative taxonomy and phylogenetic systematics of the genets (Carnivora, Viverridae, Genetta): a new classification of the most speciose carnivoran genus in Africa" (PDF). In Huber, B. A.; Sinclair, B. J.; Lampe, K.-H. (eds.). African Biodiversity: Molecules, Organisms, Ecosystems. Springer. pp. 371–383.
  36. ^ Estes, R. (1991). The Behavior Guide to African Mammals. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 271–278. ISBN 9780520058316.
  37. ^ Ewer, R. (1973). The Carnivores. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. pp. 4, 370. ISBN 9780801407451.
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