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On 25 June 2018, the E.U. sanctioned another eleven officials<ref name= EU11>{{cite journal |url= https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32018D0901&from=EN |title= Council decision (CFSP) 2018/901 of 25 June 2018 |date= 25 June 2018 |accessdate= 3 April 2019 |journal= Official Journal of the European Union }}</ref> in response to the May [[2018 Venezuelan presidential election]], which the E.U. described as "neither free nor fair", stating that "their outcome lacked any credibility as the electoral process did not ensure the necessary guarantees for them to be inclusive and democratic".<ref>{{cite press release |url= https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2018/06/25/venezuela-eu-adds-11-officials-to-sanctions-list/ |title= Venezuela: EU adds 11 officials to sanctions list |date= 25 June 2018 |accessdate= 3 April 2018 |publisher= Council of the European Union}}</ref> The additional sanctions bring the total to eighteen Venezuelans under a travel ban and asset freeze in European nations.<ref name=ExtendsSanctions/> The newly sanctioned individuals include [[Tareck El Aissami]] (Vice President of Economy and Minister for Industry and Production, formerly [[SEBIN]]); [[Freddy Bernal]] (Head of [[Local Committees for Supply and Production]] and SEBIN commissioner); [[Elías Jaua]] (Minister of Education and former head of Presidential Commission for the ANC); and [[Delcy Rodríguez]] (Vice President).<ref name= EU11/>
On 25 June 2018, the E.U. sanctioned another eleven officials<ref name= EU11>{{cite journal |url= https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32018D0901&from=EN |title= Council decision (CFSP) 2018/901 of 25 June 2018 |date= 25 June 2018 |accessdate= 3 April 2019 |journal= Official Journal of the European Union }}</ref> in response to the May [[2018 Venezuelan presidential election]], which the E.U. described as "neither free nor fair", stating that "their outcome lacked any credibility as the electoral process did not ensure the necessary guarantees for them to be inclusive and democratic".<ref>{{cite press release |url= https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2018/06/25/venezuela-eu-adds-11-officials-to-sanctions-list/ |title= Venezuela: EU adds 11 officials to sanctions list |date= 25 June 2018 |accessdate= 3 April 2018 |publisher= Council of the European Union}}</ref> The additional sanctions bring the total to eighteen Venezuelans under a travel ban and asset freeze in European nations.<ref name=ExtendsSanctions/> The newly sanctioned individuals include [[Tareck El Aissami]] (Vice President of Economy and Minister for Industry and Production, formerly [[SEBIN]]); [[Freddy Bernal]] (Head of [[Local Committees for Supply and Production]] and SEBIN commissioner); [[Elías Jaua]] (Minister of Education and former head of Presidential Commission for the ANC); and [[Delcy Rodríguez]] (Vice President).<ref name= EU11/>

[[Voice of America]] reported in April 2019 tension between the US and the EU over increasing sanctions; EU nations are reluctant to apply sanctions to a nation, despite evidence that Russia's aid is propping up Maduro, but are still considering tougher sanctions on individuals in his government. Spain is still receiving Venezuelan oil in repayment for debt and many Spanish companies still operate in Venezuela.<ref name= AtOdds>{{cite news |url= https://www.voanews.com/a/us-eu-at-odds-over-new-sanctions-against-venezuela/4869617.html |publisher= VOA News |date= 10 April 2019 |accessdate= 10 April 2019 |title= US, EU at odds over Venezuela sanctions |author= Arostegui, Martin}}</ref>


== Canada ==
== Canada ==

Revision as of 22:05, 10 April 2019

Countries that have sanctioned Venezuela
  Venezuela
  Countries that introduced sanctions
  European Union countries that introduced sanctions
  Non-European Union countries that aligned with sanctions

During the crisis in Venezuela, governments of the United States, the European Union, Canada, Mexico, Panama and Switzerland applied individual sanctions against people associated with the administration of Nicolás Maduro. The sanctions were in response to repression during the 2014 Venezuelan protests and the 2017 Venezuelan protests, and activities during the 2017 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election and the 2018 Venezuelan presidential election. Sanctions were placed on current and former government officials, including members of the Supreme Tribunal of Justice (TSJ) and the 2017 Constituent National Assembly (ANC), members of the military and security forces, and private individuals alleged to be involved in human rights abuses, corruption, degradation in the rule of law and repression of democracy.

As of 27 March 2018, the Washington Office on Latin America said 78 Venezuelans associated with Maduro had been sanctioned by several countries.[1] These sanctions included freezing of individuals' accounts and assets, prohibiting of transactions with sanctioned parties, seizing of assets, arms embargoes and travel bans. Public Radio International said the sanctions targeted Maduro and Chavismo "elites" while having little impact on average Venezuelans.[2] In 2018, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) documented that "information gathered indicates that the socioeconomic crisis had been unfolding for several years prior to the imposition of these sanctions".[3]

Beginning in January, during the 2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis, the United States applied additional economic sanctions in the petroleum, gold, mining and banking industries. Michelle Bachelet, High Commissioner for OHCHR, updated the situation in a March 2019 oral report following the visit of a five-person delegation to Venezuela,[4] saying that the government had not acknowledged or addressed the dramatically deteriorating conditions, and she was concerned that although the "pervasive and devastating economic and social crisis began before the imposition of the first economic sanctions", the sanctions could worsen the situation.[4][5]

In April 2019, Human Rights Watch and Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health jointly published a report entitled "Venezuela's humanitarian emergency: Large-scale UN response needed to address health and food crises",[6] noting that most sanctions are "limited to canceling visas and freezing assets of key officials implicated in abuses and corruption. They in no way target the Venezuelan economy."[7] The report also stated that the 2017 ban on dealing in Venezuelan government stocks and bonds allows exceptions for food and medicine, and that the 28 January 2019 PDVSA sanctions could worsen the situation, although "the crisis precedes them".[7] The Washington Post stated that "the deprivation long predates recently imposed US sanctions".[8]

Crisis in Venezuela
Causes
Effects
Events
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Timeline
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United States

History and legislation

Hugo Carvajal in 2016, sanctioned by the U.S. in 2008

The United States has been concerned about Venezuelan narcotics trafficking since 2005 and its lack of cooperation in combatting terrorism since 2006. The U.S. has used sanctions as a policy tool for at least a decade to combat terrorism-related activity as well as narcotics and human trafficking, corruption and human rights violations, according to the Congressional Research Service's "Venezuela: Overview of U.S. sanctions". In 2008, Executive Order 13224 (EO 13224) aimed to reduce terrorist funding in Venezuela via sanctions, and the Treasury Department has used the Foreign Narcotics Kingpin Designation Act to sanction at least 22 Venezuelans, including several current and former government officials.[9]

Prior to the crisis in Venezuela, in 2008 the United States Department of the Treasury Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) sanctioned three current or former Venezuelan government officials, saying there was evidence they had materially helped the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) in the illegal drug trade.[10] The order "freezes any assets the designated entities and individuals may have under U.S. jurisdiction and prohibits U.S. persons from conducting financial or commercial transactions involving those assets".[10] Hugo Carvajal, former director of Venezuela's military intelligence (DGIM); Henry Rangel Silva, director National Directorate of Intelligence and Prevention Services (DISIP); and Ramón Rodríguez Chacín, former Minister of the Interior, were sanctioned.[10]

In 2011, four Hugo Chávez allies that included a general, two politicians, and an intelligence official were sanctioned for allegedly helping FARC obtain weapons and smuggle drugs. Then-Foreign Minister Maduro said the accusations were "abusive". Freddy Bernal, one of the sanctioned, dismissed the charges as "an aggression", saying he would not be frightened by the sanctions.[11][12]

President Barack Obama signed the Venezuela Defense of Human Rights and Civil Society Act of 2014, a U.S. Act imposing sanctions on Venezuelan individuals held responsible by the United States for human rights violations during the 2014 Venezuelan protests, in December of that year.[13][14] It "requires the President to impose sanctions" on those "responsible for significant acts of violence or serious human rights abuses associated with February 2014 protests or, more broadly, against anyone who has directed or ordered the arrest or prosecution of a person primarily because of the person's legitimate exercise of freedom of expression or assembly".[9] The Act was extended in 2016 to expire on 31 December 2019.[15]

On 2 February 2015, the United States Department of State imposed visa restrictions on current and former Venezuelan officials that were allegedly linked to presumed human rights abuses and political corruption.[16] The visa restrictions also included family members, with the Department of State saying, "We are sending a clear message that human rights abusers, those who profit from public corruption, and their families are not welcome in the United States".[16]

Obama issued Executive Order 13692 in March 2015, which blocks assets or imposes travel bans on those "involved in or responsible for the erosion of human rights guarantees, persecution of political opponents, curtailment of press freedoms, use of violence and human rights violations and abuses in response to antigovernment protests, and arbitrary arrest and detention of antigovernment protestors, as well as significant public corruption by senior government officials in the country.[17] Under EO 13692, the Obama administration sanctioned seven individuals, and the Trump administration has sanctioned 73 as of 8 March 2019.[9]

On individuals

2015

U.S. President Barack Obama issued a presidential order on 9 March 2015 declaring Venezuela a "threat to its national security" and ordered the United States Department of the Treasury to freeze property and assets of seven Venezuelan officials.[18][19] The U.S. held the seven individuals sanctioned responsible "excesses committed in the repression of the demonstrations of February 2014 that left at least 43 dead" including "erosion of human rights guarantees, persecution of political opponents, restrictions on press freedom, violence and human rights abuses in response to anti-government protests, arbitrary arrests and arrests of anti-government protesters, and significant public corruption" according to BBC Mundo.[20] Among those sanctioned were Antonio Benavides Torres, commander in the Venezuelan armed forces and former leader of the Venezuelan National Guard, and SEBIN directors Manuel Bernal Martínez and Gustavo González López.[21]

2017

Tibisay Lucena, sanctioned by Canada, the European Union, Mexico, Panama, Switzerland and the United States for her role in Venezuelan elections

Tareck El Aissami, Vice President of Economy and Minister for National Industry and Production, and his frontman Samark Lopez Bello were named in February under the Foreign Narcotics Kingpin Designation Act as significant international narcotics traffickers. Five U.S. companies in Florida and an airplane registered in the U.S. were also blocked.[22][23]

The U.S. Treasury Department sanctioned Maikel Moreno and seven members of the Venezuelan Supreme Justice Tribunal (TSJ) in May for usurping the functions of the Venezuelan National Assembly and permitting Maduro to govern by decree.[24] The U.S. assets of the eight individuals were frozen, and U.S. persons prohibited from doing business with them.[25]

In July, thirteen senior officials of the Venezuelan government associated with the 2017 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly elections were sanctioned for their role in undermining democracy and human rights.[26] Those sanctioned included Elías Jaua, Presidential Commission for the ANC and Minister of Education; Tibisay Lucena, President of the Maduro-controlled National Electoral Council (CNE); Néstor Reverol, Minister of Interior and former Commander General of Venezuelan National Guard (GNB), indicted in 2016 by U.S. for drug conspiracy; Tarek William Saab, Ombudsman and President of Moral Council; and Iris Varela ANC member and Prisons Minister.[27]

Freddy Bernal in 2003, sanctioned by Canada, the European Union, Panama and the United States

The United States Department of State condemned the Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election and refused to recognize the ANC, stating "We will continue to take strong and swift actions against the architects of authoritarianism in Venezuela, including those who participate in the National Constituent Assembly".[28] The day after the election, the US sanctioned Nicolás Maduro, freezing his assets, banning United States citizens from dealing with Maduro and barring him from entering the United States, stating "These sanctions come a day after the Maduro government held elections for a National Constituent Assembly that aspires illegitimately to usurp the constitutional role of the democratically elected National Assembly, rewrite the constitution, and impose an authoritarian regime on the people of Venezuela".[29]

The Treasury Department sanctioned eight officials associated with the 2017 Constituent National Assembly (ANC) in August,[30] for participating in "anti-democratic actions pursuant to Executive Order 13692" by facilitating the "illegitimate Constituent Assembly to further entrench [Maduro's] dictatorship".[31] The individuals sanctioned included Francisco Ameliach and Adán Chávez, the brother of Hugo Chávez.[31]

In November, ten more government officials were added to OFAC's list of Venezuelans sanctioned after the Constituent Assembly elections;[32] the Treasury Department described the individuals as being "associated with undermining electoral processes, media censorship, or corruption in government-administered food programs in Venezuela".[33] Among those sanctioned was Minister Freddy Bernal, who heads the Local Committees for Supply and Production (CLAP) program, and was previously named in 2011 as a drug trafficker under the Foreign Narcotics Kingpin Designation Act for aiding the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC).[32]

2018

The U.S. Treasury Department said on 5 January that corruption and repression continued in Venezuela and four senior military officers were sanctioned.[34][35] Reuters reported that "Maduro regularly laughs off Washington's disapproval and blames the U.S. 'empire' for Venezuela's economic woes."[34] Four more current or former officials were added to the sanctioned list in March 2018.[36][37]

Venezuelan Vice President Delcy Rodríguez, sanctioned by Canada, the European Union, Mexico and the U.S.

Just before the May 2018 Venezuelan presidential election, the Treasury Department sanctioned four Venezuelans and three companies it said were involved in corruption and money laundering.[38] Individuals sanctioned included Diosdado Cabello, Chavismo's number two person and President of the ANC,[38] his wife, Marleny Contreras Hernández de Cabello, who is also the Tourism Minister, and his brother José David Cabello Rondón, the president of Venezuela's tax authority, SENIAT.[39] The three Florida companies, owned or controlled by sanctioned front man Rafael Sarria in Florida were: SAI Advisors Inc., Noor Plantation Investments LLC, and 11420 Corp. Fourteen other properties owned or controlled by Sarria in Florida and New York were also sanctioned.[39] The Treasury Department said that, "Beyond extorting profits from Venezuela’s Customs and Tax Administration, in September 2017, the Cabello brothers, acting in their capacity as high-level Venezuelan government officials, approved a money laundering scheme based on illicit financial activities targeting the Venezuelan state-owned oil company Petroleos de Venezuela, S.A. (PDVSA)."[39]

The Treasury Department seized a private jet and imposed sanctions on Maduro's inner circle in September.[40][41] Maduro's wife, Cilia Flores, Defense Minister Vladimir Padrino López, Vice President Delcy Rodríguez, and her brother Jorge Rodríguez, Venezuela's Minister of Communicaitons, were sanctioned.[42] Agencia Vehiculos Especiales Rurales y Urbanos, C.A. (AVERUCA, C.A.), Quiana Trading Limited (Quiana Trading), and Panazeate SL were also sanctioned, as companies owned or controlled in the U.S., British Virgin Islands, and Spain by sanctioned parties.[42] Maduro responded to his wife's sanctions, saying "You don’t mess with Cilia. You don’t mess with family. Don’t be cowards! Her only crime [is] being my wife."[43]

2019

The Treasury Department sanctioned seven individuals on 8 January 2019 who they said were benefitting from a corrupt currency exchange scheme.[44] Alejandro Jose Andrade Cedeño, a former national Treasurer, "was sentenced by the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida on November 27, 2018, to 10 years in prison for accepting over $1 billion in bribes for his role" in the scheme.[45] OFAC also sanctioned five other individuals and 23 companies,[45] including Venezuelan private TV network Globovisión and other companies owned or controlled by Raúl Gorrín and Gustavo Perdomo.[44]

On 15 February 2019, officials of Maduro's security and intelligence were sanctioned for helping suppress democracy; the head of state-run PDVSA was also sanctioned. The Treasury Department says the security officials are responsible for torture, human rights abuses, and extrajudicial killings.[46][47]

During the February 2019 shipping of humanitarian aid to Venezuela, U.S. Vice-president Mike Pence announced new US sanctions against four Venezuelan state governors, who the US says had furthered the humanitarian crisis by participating in the blocking of aid;[48][49] the governors of the United Socialist Party representing Zulia, Apure, Vargas and Carabobo states were blacklisted.[50] On 1 March, the U.S. Treasury Department sanctioned six more military and security forces individuals, including members of FAES, Fuerzas de Acciones Especiales, a special police force.[51] The U.S. said these individuals helped obstruct the delivery of humanitarian aid to Venezuela on the Colombian and Brazilian borders.[52]

The US sanctioned Minerven, Venezuela's state-run mining company, and its president, Adrian Antonio Perdomo in March 2019. The sanctions prohibit business with Minerven and Perdomo, and freeze their assets in the US. The Treasury department said that the Venezuelan military grants access to criminal organizations in exchange for money.[53]

The US Treasury sanctioned two companies on 5 April 2019 that had shipped Venezuelan oil to Cuba; the US says Cuban personnel and advisors help the Maduro government maintain power. U.S. citizens and businesses are prohibited from engaging in business with the companies, identified as Liberia-based Ballito Bay Shipping Inc., the owner of the Despina Andrianna, and the Greek company ProPer Management Inc., the operator of the vessel that was used for an oil shipment to Cuba.[54] Another 34 ships that are owned by PDVSA were added to the sanction list.[55]

On industries

Trump issued EO 13850 on 1 November 2018 to block the assets of anyone involved in corruption in the gold sector, or "any other sector of the economy as determined in the future by the Secretary of the Treasury".[9] United States Secretary of the Treasury Steven Mnuchin determined on 28 January 2019 that EO 13850 applied to the petroleum sector.[9]

Three additional Executive Orders have been applied in the areas of Venezuelan sanctions. EO 13808, issued on 27 July 2017, prohibits the Venezuelan government from accessing U.S. financial markets, allowing for "exceptions to minimize the impact on the Venezuelan people and U.S. economic interests. The sanctions restrict the Venezuelan government's access to U.S. debt and equity markets." This includes the state-run oil company, PDVSA.[9] Issued in 2018, EO 13827 prohibits the use of Venezuelan digital currency, and EO 13835 prohibits the purchase of Venezuelan debt.[9]

Public Radio International said on 31 January 2019 that US sanctions "target President Nicolás Maduro and his circle of elite government officials in an attempt to control their access to financial assistance from US citizens and companies", adding that while "Chavismo (socialist) elites were hit with a variety of sanctions over the last three years, they've done little to make an impact on ordinary Venezuelans, whose lives have spiraled into a humanitarian crisis as hyperinflation has driven nearly 3 million to flee." As the humanitarian crisis deepened and expanded, the Trump administration levied more serious economic sanctions against Venezuela on 28 January, and "Maduro accused the US of plunging Venezuelan citizens further into economic crisis."[2] PRI added that "sanctions against PDVSA are likely to yield stronger and more direct economic consequences".[2]

Petroleum

U.S. National Security Advisor John R. Bolton and Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin announce PDVSA sanctions

In August 2017, Trump imposed economic sanctions that moderately affected Venezuela's petroleum industry, according to the New York Times, by prohibiting the trading of Venezuelan bonds in U.S. markets. The New York Times said there were "broad loopholes, allowing for the financing of most commercial trade, including the export of American light crude oil to Venezuela for mixing with its heavy crude, and financing for humanitarian services to the Venezuelan people", and quoted analysts who said the sanctions would not be a "lethal blow", rather would "send a message".[56] The White House saw the limited measures as a way to "protect the United States financial system from complicity in Venezuela's corruption and in the impoverishment of the Venezuelan people, and allow for humanitarian assistance".[56] According to the U.S. State Department, this "closes another avenue for corruption by denying the Venezuelan regime the ability to earn money by selling off public assets at 'fire sale' prices at the expense of the Venezuelan people".[17]

On 28 January, during the 2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis, the United States imposed sanctions on the Venezuelan state-owned oil and natural gas company PDVSA to pressure Maduro to resign.[57][58] The sanctions prevent PDVSA from being paid for petroleum exports to the US, freeze $7 billion of PDVSA's US assets and prevent US firms from exporting naphtha to Venezuela. Bolton estimated the expected loss to the Venezuelan economy at more than $11 billion in 2019.[57][59] Reuters said the sanctions are expected to reduce Venezuela's ability to purchase food and other imports which could result in further shortages and worsen its economic position.[57]

In February Maduro ordered PDVSA to move its European office to Moscow to protect PDVSA's overseas assets from US sanctions.[60][59] The Russian state-run oil company Rosneft has supplied naphtha to Venezuela and continues to purchase Venezuelan petroleum which it says is through contracts that were in place prior to the US sanctions.[59][61] Exports of Venezuela's heavy crude oil depend on diluents that were imported from the US before sanctions; Rosneft chartered a ship to load thinners from Malta and deliver them to Venezuela on 22 March, and it has arranged for shipping of Venezuelan crude oil to be processed in India.[62]

The Venezuelan National Assembly has been looking at ways to access Venezuela's overseas cash and facilities.[63] PDVSA's US subsidiary Citgo announced in February that it would formally cut ties with PDVSA to comply with US sanctions on Venezuela, and halted payments to PDVSA. Juan Guaidó and the National Assembly appointed a new Citgo board of directors under Chairperson Luisa Palacios.[63] The National Assembly authorized Guaidó's appointment of a new ad hoc board of PDVSA, Citgo, Pdvsa Holding Inc, Citgo Holding Inc. and Citgo Petroleum Corporation.[64] Even though control of PDVSA assets in Venezuela remained with Maduro, Guaidó also named a new board for PDVSA.[65] With Citgo under the control of Guaidó's administration, the US Department of Treasury extended its license to operate in spite of US sanctions.[66]

  Venezuela
  Petrocaribe members and CARICOM members
  Petrocaribe members not part of CARICOM
  CARICOM members not part of Petrocaribe

Through Petrocaribe, Caribbean countries including Haiti and Jamaica had been able to finance 40% of their Venezuelan crude oil purchases over 25 years at 1% interest; Cuba received free oil in exchange for medical services.[67] Reuters said, "The Caribbean region has long relied on oil and gas from Venezuela, which offered cheap financing through a program called Petrocaribe, though shipments have declined in recent years because of production problems at Venezuela’s state-owned oil company PDVSA."[68] Research by the journalism group Connectas said that Venezuela had spent $28 billion worth of oil to buy support from 14 Caribbean countries; according to the Connectas study the social benefits that were intended for the countries of Petrocaribe were not realized, which they say was ignored by the Venezuelan government because Petrocaribe countries were intended to protect Venezuela's sovereignty in international organizations like the UN and OAS.[69][70]

Several leaders of Caribbean countries supporting Maduro criticized the US sanctions, saying their support for Maduro was based on principles, not oil, and that sanctions were affecting their countries' supply, debt payments, and the region's stability.[67] The director of the Latin America and Caribbean Energy Program at the University of Texas at Austin, Jorge Piñón, said the supply cuts to these Caribbean countries were not due to the sanctions, but the mismanagement of PDVSA.[67] When Chávez was elected, Venezuela was producing 3.5 million barrels per day of crude oil; as of March 2019, production is about 1 million barrels per day, and Piñón says these countries should have seen the problems coming.[67] Gaston Browne, Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda, and others criticized the US intent in the region, saying that "Washington should provide more aid to these nations and not spend billions on useless wars".[71] With the Venezuelan crisis dividing Caribbean countries, those countries that did not recognize Maduro were invited to meet with Trump in March 2019.[71] Following the meeting, Trump promised more investment to the countries supporting Guaidó (Bahamas, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica and Saint Lucia), although "the White House did not specifically tie the carrot of investment to that support".[68]

Gold mining

Venezuela's third-largest export (after crude oil and refined petroleum products) is gold.[72] The country's gold production is controlled by the military and is mined under dangerous conditions.[73][53] The World Gold Council reported in January 2019 that Venezuela's foreign-held gold reserves had fallen by 69% to US$8.4 billion during Maduro's presidency, but that it was hard to track where the gold was going. Central Bank gold holdings decreased in November 2018 from US$6.1 billion to US$5.5 billion; the last independent observer to access the vault where gold is stored was Francisco Rodríguez, who saw an estimated US$15 billion in 2014.[73] Reuters reported that 20 tons were removed from the vaults in 2018, and 23 tons of mined gold were taken to Istanbul, Turkey.[74] In the first nine months of 2018, Venezuela's gold exports to Turkey rose from zero in the previous year, to US$900 million.[75]

On 1 November 2018 Trump signed an executive order to "ban U.S. persons from dealing with entities and individuals involved with 'corrupt or deceptive' gold sales from Venezuela".[75]

In mid-February 2019, a National Assembly legislator Angel Alvarado said that eight tons of gold worth over US$340 million[72] had been taken from the vault while the head of the Central Bank was abroad.[74] In March, Ugandan investigators were looking into recent gold imports, and reported that the gold could have been smuggled into that country.[76]

The United States Department of the Treasury sanctioned Minerven, Venezuela's state-run mining company, and its president, Adrian Antonio Perdomo in March 2019. The sanctions prohibit business with Minerven and Perdomo, and freeze their assets in the US. The Treasury department said that the Venezuelan military grants access to criminal organizations in exchange for money.[53]

Government sources said another eight tonnes of gold was taken out of the Central Bank in the first week of April 2019; the government source said that there were 100 tonnes left. The gold was removed while the bank was not fully operational because of the ongoing, widespread power outages and minimal staff was present; the destination of the gold was not known.[77][78]

Banking and finance

On 19 March 2018, U.S. President Donald Trump signed an order that prohibits people in the U.S. from making any type of transaction with digital currency emitted by or in the name of the government of Venezuela as of 9 January 2018. The executive order referenced "Petro", a cryto-currency also known as petromoneda.[79] He said the crypto-currency had been designed in February 2018 to "circumvent US sanctions",[80] to access international financing.[81]

After the detention of Guaidó's chief of staff, Roberto Marrero, in March 2019, the US Treasury Department responded by placing sanctions on the Venezuelan bank BANDES and its subsidiaries.[82][83] Univision said this action "put 'the entire banking sector' on notice" that "persons operating in Venezuela's financial sector may be subject to sanctions."[84] China Development Bank has paid billions of dollars through BANDES to the Venezuelan government in exchange for crude oil; the sanctions will make it difficult for Venezuela to restructure its US$20 billion debt with China.[85]

The Maduro administration issued a statement saying that it "energetically rejects the unilateral, coercive, arbitrary and illegal measures" that would affect banking for millions of people.[85]

US National Security Advisor John Bolton said that "Our aim is to bring this crisis to a conclusion quickly for the benefit of the Venezuelan people to get the Maduro regime to peacefully transiton to the Guaido regime so that we can have free and fair elections."[84] Treasury Secretary Mnuchin said, "The willingness of Maduro's inner-circle to exploit Venezuela’s institutions knows no bounds. Regime insiders have transformed BANDES and its subsidiaries into vehicles to move funds abroad in an attempt to prop up Maduro. Maduro and his enablers have distorted the original purpose of the bank, which was founded to help the economic and social well-being of the Venezuelan people, as part of a desperate attempt to hold onto power."[86]

European Union

Diosdado Cabello, sanctioned by Canada, the European Union, Mexico, Panama, Switzerland and the U.S.

In 2017, the European Union had approved an embargo on arms and material, adding Venezuela along with North Korea and Syria, to countries where European companies cannot sell material that may be used for repression.[87] in 2018, those sanctions were continued for another year because of "human rights violations and undermining of democracy and the rule of law under President Nicolás Maduro".[88]

The European Union sanctioned seven Venezuela officials on 18 January 2018, singling them out as being responsible for deteriorating democracy in the country: Diosdado Cabello, Néstor Reverol (Interior Minister), Gustavo González López (Head of Intelligence), Antonio Benavides Torres (National Guard Commander), Tibisay Lucena (Head of Electoral Council), Maikel Moreno (Supreme Court President), and Tarek William Saab (Attorney General).[89] The sanctioned individuals were prohibiting from entering the nations of the European Union, and their assets were frozen.[90] Cabello, known as number two in Chavismo, had not been sanctioned by the U.S. when the European Union sancioned him.[90]

On 25 June 2018, the E.U. sanctioned another eleven officials[91] in response to the May 2018 Venezuelan presidential election, which the E.U. described as "neither free nor fair", stating that "their outcome lacked any credibility as the electoral process did not ensure the necessary guarantees for them to be inclusive and democratic".[92] The additional sanctions bring the total to eighteen Venezuelans under a travel ban and asset freeze in European nations.[88] The newly sanctioned individuals include Tareck El Aissami (Vice President of Economy and Minister for Industry and Production, formerly SEBIN); Freddy Bernal (Head of Local Committees for Supply and Production and SEBIN commissioner); Elías Jaua (Minister of Education and former head of Presidential Commission for the ANC); and Delcy Rodríguez (Vice President).[91]

Voice of America reported in April 2019 tension between the US and the EU over increasing sanctions; EU nations are reluctant to apply sanctions to a nation, despite evidence that Russia's aid is propping up Maduro, but are still considering tougher sanctions on individuals in his government. Spain is still receiving Venezuelan oil in repayment for debt and many Spanish companies still operate in Venezuela.[93]

Canada

Canada sanctioned 40 Venezuelan officials, including Maduro, in September 2017.[94][95] The sanctions were for behaviors that undermined democracy after at least 125 people will killed in the 2017 protests and "in response to the government of Venezuela's deepening descent into dictatorship"; Chrystia Freeland, Foreign Minister said, "Canada will not stand by silently as the government of Venezuela robs its people of their fundamental democratic rights".[94] Canadians were banned from transactions with the 40 individuals, whose Canadian assets were frozen.[94] The Canadian government holds that Maduro played a "key role in the political and economic crisis", and its sanctions targeted "members of his cabinet and officials from Venezuela's military, Supreme Court and National Electoral Council".[95] Freeland said the sanctions were intended to pressure Maduro to "restore constitutional order and respect the democratic rights of the Venezuelan people".[95] She added that Canada had delayed in imposing sanctions because Canadian laws did not allow it to do so quickly.[95]

The Canadian regulations of the Special Economic Measures Act prohibited any "person in Canada and any Canadian outside Canada from: dealing in property, wherever situated, that is owned, held or controlled by listed persons or a person acting on behalf of a listed person; entering into or facilitating any transaction related to a dealing prohibited by these Regulations; providing any financial or related services in respect of a dealing prohibited by these Regulations; making available any goods, wherever situated, to a listed person or a person acting on behalf of a listed person; and providing any financial or other related services to or for the benefit of a listed person."[96] A number of exceptions to the noted prohibitions were added.[96]

Responding to the May 2018 Venezuelan presidential election, Canada sanctioned 14 more Venezuelans.[97] Canada's Special Economic Measures (Venezuela) Regulations were amended on 30 May 2018 because, since the first sanctions were imposed, the "economic, political and humanitarian crisis in Venezuela has continued to worsen as it moves ever closer to full dictatorship".[98] The government said the 2018 presidential election was "illegitimate and anti-democratic",[97] and sanctioned Maduro's wife, Cilia Flores, along with 13 other members of the ANC and TSJ.[99]

Other

Cilia Flores, Maduro's wife, sanctioned by the U.S. and Canada; Panama sanctioned multiple Venezuelans and companies associated with family members of Flores.

As of 27 March 2018, the Washington Office on Latin America said 78 Venezuelans associated with Maduro had been sanctioned by different countries.[1]

Panama

On 27 March 2018, Panama sanctioned 55 public officials[100] and 16 businesses that operate in Panama,[101] related to the family of Maduro's wife, Cilia Flores, becoming the first country in Latin America to sanction the Maduro administration, joining the US, Canada, the European Union and Switzerland.[1] The sanctioned businesses have members of the Malpica-Flores family on their boards of directors.[1]

Switzerland

Switzerland implemented sanctions against Venezuela on 28 March 2018, freezing the assets of seven ministers and high officials due to human rights violations and deteriorating rule of law and democracy.[102] The sanctions mimicked those of the European Union. Switzerland was "seriously concerned by the repeated violations of individual freedoms in Venezuela, where the principle of separation of powers is severely undermined and the process in view of the forthcoming elections suffers from a serious lack of legitimacy".[102]

Mexico

he Mexican Senate froze the assets of officials of the Maduro administration and prohibited them from entering Mexico on 20 April 2018; the officials sanctioned were: Antonio Benavides Torres, Delcy Rodríguez, Diosdado Cabello, Maikel Moreno, Néstor Reverol, Tarek William Saab, and Tibisay Lucena.[103]

Persons sanctioned

Legend: 

  Government officials
  Active or retired military or security officials
  Other
Date first
sanctioned 		Name Position/relationship Sanctioned by
U.S. United States Canada Canada E.U. European Union Swiss Switzerland Panama Panama Mexico Mexico
2017-07-31 Maduro Moros, Nicolás President of Venezuela checkY [29] checkY [100]
2015-03-09 Benavides Torres, Antonio José Commander in the Venezuelan armed forces and former leader of the Venezuelan National Guard checkY [21] checkY [95] checkY [90] checkY [102] checkY [100] checkY [103]
2011-09-08 Bernal Rosales, Freddy Alirio Minister of Urban Agriculture, heads Local Committees for Supply and Production (CLAP), also sanctioned 9 November 2017, previously sanctioned under Foreign Narcotics Kingpin Designation Act[12] checkY [32] checkY [95] checkY [91] checkY [100]
2017-09-22 Cabello Rondón, Diosdado 2017 Constituent National Assembly (ANC) president, Vice President of the United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV), Chavismo's number two person[38] checkY [39] checkY [95] checkY [90] checkY [102] checkY [100] checkY [103]
2015-03-09 González López, Gustavo Enrique Director General of Bolivarian Intelligence Service (SEBIN) checkY [21] checkY [95] checkY [90] checkY [102] checkY [100]
2017-09-22 Hernández de Hernández, Socorro Elizabeth National Electoral Council (CNE) Rector and member of Venezuela's National Electoral Board checkY [32] checkY [95] checkY [91] checkY [100]
2017-07-26 Lucena Ramírez, Tibisay President of the Maduro-controlled National Electoral Council (CNE) checkY [27] checkY [95] checkY [90] checkY [102] checkY [100] checkY [103]
2017-05-18 Moreno Pérez, Maikel José Supreme Tribunal of Justice (TSJ) checkY [25] checkY [95] checkY [90] checkY [102] checkY [100] checkY [103]
2017-09-22 Oblitas Ruzza, Sandra Vice President and Rector of CNE checkY [32] checkY [95] checkY [91] checkY [100]
2017-07-26 Reverol Torres, Néstor Luis Minister of Interior, Justice and Peace, former Commander General of Venezuelan National Guard (GNB), indicted in 2016 by U.S. for drug conspiracy[27] checkY [27] checkY [95] checkY [90] checkY [102] checkY [100] checkY [103]
2017-07-26 Rivero Marcano, Sergio José Commander General of the Bolivarian National Guard (GNB) checkY [27] checkY [95] checkY [91] checkY [100]
2017-09-22 Rodríguez Gomez, Delcy Eloina Vice president, sister of Jorge Rodríguez checkY [42] checkY [95] checkY [91] checkY [103]'
2017-07-26 Saab Halabi, Tarek William Ombudsman and President of Moral Council checkY [27] checkY [95] checkY [90] checkY [102] checkY [100] checkY [103]
2008-09-12 Carvajal, Hugo Director of Venezuela's military intelligence (DGIM), former checkY [10]
2008-09-12 Rangel Silva, Henry Director National Directorate of Intelligence and Prevention Services (DISIP) checkY [10]
2008-09-12 Rodríguez Chacín, Ramón Minister of the Interior, former checkY [10]
2011-09-08 Alcalá Cordones, Cliver Antonio Major General Fourth Armored Division Venezuelan Army checkY [12]
2011-09-08 Figueroa Salazar, Amilcar Jesus Member Latin American Parliament (Parlamento Latinamericano) checkY [12]
2011-09-08 Madriz Moreno, Ramon Isidro Officer intelligence service (SEBIN) checkY [12]
2015-03-09 Bernal Martínez, Manuel Gregoria Director General of SEBIN, former checkY [21] checkY [100]
2015-03-09 Haringhton Padrón, Katherine Nayarith National-level prosecutor checkY [21] checkY [91] checkY [100]
2015-03-09 Noguera Pietri, Justo José General Commander of National Guard, former checkY [21] checkY [100]
2015-03-09 Pérez Urdaneta, Manuel Eduardo Director of the Bolivarian National Police (PNB) checkY [21] checkY [100]
2015-03-09 Vivas Landino, Miguel Alcides Inspector General of the Venezuelan armed forces checkY [21]
2017-02-13 El-Aissami Maddah, Tareck Zaidan Minister of Industries and National Production, former Vice President checkY [23] checkY [95] checkY [91]
2017-02-13 Lopez Bello, Samark José Businessman, frontman for Tareck El Aissami checkY [23]
2017-05-18 Delgado Rosales, Arcadio de Jesús TSJ checkY [25] checkY [95] checkY [100]
2017-05-18 Damiani Bustillos, Luis Fernando TSJ checkY [25] checkY [95] checkY [100]
2017-05-18 Gutiérrez Alvarado, Gladys María TSJ checkY [25] checkY [95] checkY [100]
2017-05-18 Mendoza Jover, Juan José TSJ checkY [25] checkY [95] checkY [100]
2017-05-18 Ortega Rios, Calixto Antonio Magistrate (de facto) of the TSJ checkY [25] checkY [95] checkY [100]
2017-05-18 Suarez Anderson, Lourdes Benicia TSJ checkY [25] checkY [95] checkY [100]
2017-05-18 Zuleta de Merchan, Carmen Auxiliadora TSJ checkY [25] checkY [95] checkY [100]
2017-07-26 Albisinni Serrano, Rocco President of National Center for Foreign Commerce (CENCOEX) checkY [27] checkY [100]
2017-07-26 Fleming Cabrera, Alejandro Antonio Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs, former President of CENCOEX checkY [27] checkY [100]
2017-07-26 García Duque, Franklin Horacio former Director of the Venezuelan National Police (PNB) checkY [27] checkY [100]
2017-07-26 Jaua Milano, Elías José Presidential Commission for the 2017 Constituent National Assembly (ANC), Minister of Education checkY [27] checkY [91] checkY [100]
2017-07-26 Malpica Flores, Carlos Erik former National Treasurer and former Vice President of Finance for PDVSA, nephew of Cilia Flores[1] checkY [27] checkY [100]
2017-07-26 Pérez Ampueda, Carlos Alfredo National Director of PNB checkY [27] checkY [95] checkY [100]
2017-07-26 Suarez Chourio, Jesus Rafael General Commander of the Army, formerly head of President's Protection and Security Unit checkY [27] checkY [95] checkY [91]
2017-07-26 Varela Rangel, Maria Iris ANC and Prisons Minister checkY [27] checkY [95] checkY [100]
2017-07-26 Zerpa Delgado, Simón Alejandro Finance VP for PDVSA, President of BANDES checkY [27] checkY [100]
2017-08-09 Ameliach Orta, Francisco José ANC checkY [31] checkY [95] checkY [100]
2017-08-09 Chávez Frías, Adán Coromoto [2017 Constituent National Assembly]] (ANC) member, brother of Hugo Chávez checkY [31] checkY [100]
2017-08-09 D'Amelio Cardiet, Tania Rector of CNE who defended the ANC checkY [31] checkY [95] checkY [100]
2017-08-09 Escarrá Malave, Hermánn Eduardo ANC checkY [31] checkY [95] checkY [100]
2017-08-09 Farías Peña, Erika del Valle ANC checkY [31] checkY [98] checkY [100]
2017-08-09 Lugo Armas, Bladimir Humberto Commander of the Special Unit to the Federal Legislative Palace of Venezuela's Bolivarian National Guard involved in assault on National Assembly checkY [31] checkY [95] checkY [100]
2017-08-09 Meléndez Rivas, Carmen Teresa ANC checkY [31] checkY [95] checkY [100]
2017-08-09 Vivas Velasco, Ramón Darío ANC checkY [31] checkY [98] checkY [100]
2017-11-09 Fernández Meléndez, Manuel Ángel President of National Telephone Company (CANTV) and subsidiary Movilnet checkY [32] checkY [100]
2017-11-09 Hidrobo Amoroso, Elvis Eduardo Second Vice President of 2017 Constituent National Assembly (ANC) checkY [32] checkY [95] checkY [100]
2017-11-09 Marquez Monsalve, Jorge Elieser Minister of the Office of the Presidency, former Director General of the National Telecommunications Commission (CONATEL) checkY [32] checkY [100]
2017-11-09 Osorio Zambrano, Carlos Alberto President of Superior Organ of the Transport Mission, former Minister of the Office of the Presidency checkY [32] checkY [100]
2017-11-09 Quintero Cuevas, Carlos Enrique Alternate Rector of the CNE, member of Venezuela's National Electoral Board checkY [32] checkY [98] checkY [100]
2017-11-09 Rodríguez Díaz, Julián Isaías Venezuelan Ambassador to Italy, former Second Vice President of the ANC checkY [32] checkY [100]
2017-11-09 Villegas Poljak, Ernesto Emilio Minister of Culture, former Minister of Communication and Information, former President of Venezolana de Television (VTV) checkY [32] checkY [100]
2018-01-05 Izquierdo Torres, Gerardo José Major General of the Army checkY [35] checkY [100]
2018-01-05 Marco Torres, Rodolfo Clemente Governor of Aragua State, Director on the Board of Directors of PDVSA, former Minister of Food, retired General National Bolivarian Armed Forces checkY [35] checkY [100]
2018-01-05 Rangel Gómez, Francisco Jose Former Governor of Bolivar State, retired Army Division General checkY [35] checkY [100]
2018-01-05 Zavarse Pabón, Fabio Enrique Division General of National Guard checkY [35] checkY [100]
2018-03-19 Contreras, Willian Antonio Head of the Superintendency for the Defense of Socioeconomic Rights (SUNDDE), responsible for imposing price controls checkY [10] checkY [100]
2018-03-19 Lepaje Salazar, Nelson Reinaldo Head of the Office of the National Treasury of Venezuela checkY [10] checkY [100]
2018-03-19 Mata García, Américo Alex Alternate Director for National Bank of Housing and Habitat, former Vice Minister of Agricultural Economics checkY [10] checkY [100]
2018-03-19 Rotondaro Cova, Carlos Alberto Former President of Venezuelan Institute of Social Security (IVSS) checkY [10] checkY [98] checkY [100]
2018-05-18 Cabello Rondón, José David President of SENIAT, Venezuela's tax authority, Cabello's brother checkY [39]
2018-05-18 Contreras Hernández de Cabello, Marleny Josefina Tourism Minister, Diosdado Cabello's wife checkY [39]
2018-05-18 Sarría Diaz, Rafael Alfredo Businessman who is Diosdado Cabello's frontman in the U.S.[104] checkY [39]
2018-05-30 Flores De Maduro, Cilia Adela ANC, Maduro's wife checkY [42] checkY [98]
2017-09-22 Padrino López, Vladimir Minister of Defense checkY [42] checkY [95]
2018-09-25 Paredes, José Omar Chief pilot of sanctioned AVERUCA checkY [42]
2017-09-22 Rodríguez Gomez, Jorge Jesus Minister of Communications and Information, Vice President of Communication and Culture, brother of Delcy Rodríguez checkY [42] checkY [95]
2018-09-25 Sarría Diaz, Edgar Alberto Director and CEO of sanctioned companies checkY [42]
2019-01-08 Diaz Guillen, Claudia Patricia Former national Treasurer, married to Velásquez Figueroa checkY [45]
2019-01-08 González Dellan, Leonardo Frontman and ex-president of Banco Industrial de Venezuela checkY [45]
2019-01-08 Gorrín Belisario, Raúl President of Globovisión, indicted in Florida for violating Foreign Corrupt Practices Act[45] checkY [45]
2019-01-08 Perdomo Rosales, Gustavo Adolfo Gorrin's brother-in-law checkY [45]
2019-01-08 Perdomo Rosales, Maria Alexandra Gorrin's wife, sanctions removed in March[105] ☒N [45][105]
2019-01-08 Tarascio-Perez de Perdomo, Mayela Antonina Gustavo Perdomo's wife, sanctions removed in March[105] ☒N [45][105]
2019-01-08 Velásquez Figueroa, Adrián Jose Under house arrest in Spain, allegedly received bribes checkY [45]
2018-06-25 Hernandez Dala, Ivan Rafael Commander of Maduro's Presidential Guard and Military Counterintelligence, DGCIM checkY [47] checkY [91]
2019-02-15 Cristopher Figuera, Manuel Ricardo Director General of Venezuelan National Intelligence Service, SEBIN checkY [47]
2019-02-15 Rodriguez Mucura, Hildemaro Jose First Commissioner of SEBIN checkY [47]
2019-02-15 Bastardo Mendoza, Rafael Enrique Commander of Police Special Actions Force (FAES) checkY [47]
2019-02-15 Quevedo Fernandez, Manuel Salvador President of state-owned PDVSA and Minister of Petroleum and Mining, Brigadier General checkY [47]
2019-02-25 Carrizalez Rengifo, Ramon Alonso Apure state governor checkY [49]
2019-02-25 Garcia Carneiro, Jorge Luis Vargas state governor checkY [49]
2019-02-25 Lacava Evangelista, Rafael Alejandro Carabobo state governor checkY [49]
2019-02-25 Prieto Fernandez, Omar Jose Zulia state governor checkY [49]
2019-03-01 Lopez Vargas, Richard Jesus Major General and Commanding General Venezuelan National Guard (GNB) checkY [52]
2019-03-01 Mantilla Oliveros, Jesus Maria Major General and Commander of Strategic Integral Defense Region Guayana checkY [52]
2019-03-01 Bermudez Valderrey, Alberto Mirtiliano Division General for Integral Defense Zone in Bolivar State checkY [52]
2019-03-01 Norono Torres, Jose Leonardo Division General and Commander for the Integral Defense Zone in Tachira State checkY [52]
2019-03-01 Dominguez Ramirez, Jose Miguel Chief Commissioner of the FAES in Tachira State, former Director of Operations of FAES checkY [52]
2019-03-01 Morales Zambrano, Cristhiam Abelardo Director of the PNB and GNB colonel. checkY [52]
2019-03-19 Perdomo, Adrian Antonio President of Minerven checkY [105]
2018-05-30 Alfonzo Izaguirre, Indira Maira TSJ judge checkY [98]
2017-09-22 Barreiros Rodríguez, Susana Virginia Judge involved in Leopoldo López case checkY [95]
2017-09-22 Carreño Escobar, Pedro Miguel 2017 Constituent National Assembly (ANC) member, former Interior Minister checkY [95]
2017-09-22 Ceballos Ichaso, Remigio Armed Forces checkY [95]
2017-09-22 Chaderton Matos, Roy Former Foreign Minister and ambassador checkY [95]
2018-05-30 Díaz González, Tania Valentina ANC checkY [98]
2017-09-22 Galindo Ballesteros, Manuel Enrique ex-Comptroller checkY [95]
2018-05-30 Gil Rodríguez, Malaquías TSJ, Vice-president checkY [98]
2017-09-22 Istúriz Almeida, Aristóbulo Education Minister, 2017 Constituent National Assembly (ANC) member, former Vice President checkY [95]
2018-05-30 Madriz Sotillo, Jhannett María TSJ judge checkY [98]
2018-05-30 Márquez Cordero, Fanny Beatriz TSJ judge checkY [98]
2017-09-22 Méndez González, Andrés Eloy Former director of CONATEL checkY [95]
2017-09-22 Moreno Reyes, Xavier Antonio Secretary-General of the National Electoral Council of Venezuela (CNE) checkY [98] checkY [91]
2018-05-30 Pérez González, Carolys Helena ANC sub-secretary checkY [98]
2018-05-30 Vásquez Iriarte, Fidel Ernesto General Director of Executive Vice-presidency of the Republic checkY [98]
2018-05-30 Zerpa, Christian Tyrone Former TSJ judge, defected to U.S.[106] checkY [98]

Companies and vessels sanctioned

Legend: 

  Company
  Aircraft
  Ship
Company, vessel or entity Sanction
date 		Source Sanctioned by Based in Notes
Despina Andrianna 2019-04-05 [55] U.S. Liberia Crude oil tanker (IMO: 9182667)
Ballito Bay Shipping Incorporated 2019-04-05 [55] U.S. Liberia Registered owner of the vessel, Despina Andrianna
ProPer In Management Incorporated 2019-04-05 [55] U.S. Greece Operator of the vessel, Despina Andrianna
PDVSA Vessels (34) 2019-04-05 [55] U.S. Blocked vessels in which PDVSA has an interest: Amapola 1, Amuay, Bicentenario I, Bicentenario Ii, Bicentenario Iii, Bicentenario Iv, Bicentenario V, Bicentenario Vi, Bicentenario Vii, Bicentenario Viii, Bicentenario Ix, Bicentenario X, Bicentenario Xi, Bicentenario Xii, Bicentenario Xiii, Bicentenario Xiv, Bicentenario Xv, Bicentenario Xvi, Caribe, Cayaurima, Cumanagoto, Gardenia, Gp-21, Gp-23, Jazmin, L-409, Manaure, Mara, Margarita 1, PDVSA Cardon, Sabaneta, Tribilin, Urdaneta, Yoraco
BANDES 2019-03-22 [83] U.S. Venezuela Simon Zerpa, CEO and President of the Board
Banco Bandes Uruguay S.A. 2019-03-22 [83] U.S. Uruguay
Banco Bicentenario del Pueblo, de la Clase Obrera, Mujer y Comunias, Banco Universal C.A. 2019-03-22 [83] U.S. Venezuela
Banco de Venezuela, S.A. Banco Universal 2019-03-22 [83] U.S. Venezuela
Banco Prodem S.A. 2019-03-22 [83] U.S. Bolivia
Minerven 2019-03-19 [105] U.S. Venezuela a.k.a. Compania General de Mineria de Venezuela; Corporacion Venezolana de Guayana Minverven C.A.; CVG Compania General de Mineria de Venezuela CA; CVG Minerven; Via principal Carapal, El Callao, Bolivar, Venezuela; Zona Industrial Caratal, El Callao, Bolivar, Venezuela; National ID No. J006985970 (Venezuela) [VENEZUELA-EO13850]. President, Adrian Antonio Perdomo[105]
Petroleos de Venezuela, S.A. (PdVSA) 2019-01-28 [58] U.S. Venezuela
Constello No. 1 Corporation 2019-01-08 [45] U.S. Delaware Owned or controlled by Gustavo Perdomo
Constello Inc. 2019-01-08 [45] U.S. St. Kitts and Nevis Owned or controlled by Gustavo Perdomo
Corpomedios GV Inversiones, C.A. 2019-01-08 [45] U.S. Venezuela Owned or controlled by Raúl Gorrín and Gustavo Perdomo
Corpomedios LLC 2019-01-08 [45] U.S. Florida Owned or controlled by Raúl Gorrín and Gustavo Perdomo
Globovision Tele C.A. 2019-01-08 [45] U.S. Venezuela Owned or controlled by Raúl Gorrín and Gustavo Perdomo
Globovision Tele CA, Corp. 2019-01-08 [45] U.S. Florida Owned or controlled by Raúl Gorrín and Gustavo Perdomo
Magus Holdings USA, Corp. 2019-01-08 [45] U.S. Florida Owned or controlled by Gustavo Perdomo
Magus Holding LLC 2019-01-08 [45] U.S. Florida Owned or controlled by Gustavo Perdomo
Magus Holding II LLC 2019-01-08 [45] U.S. Florida Owned or controlled by Gustavo Perdomo
Planet 2 Reaching Inc. 2019-01-08 [45] U.S. Delaware Owned or controlled by Raúl Gorrín
Potrico Corp. 2019-01-08 [45] U.S. Delaware Owned or controlled by Gustavo Perdomo
Posh 8 Dynamic Inc. 2019-01-08 [45] U.S. Delaware Owned or controlled by Raúl Gorrín
RIM Group Investments, Corp. 2019-01-08 [45] U.S. Florida Owned or controlled by Raúl Gorrín
RIM Group Investments I Corp. 2019-01-08 [45] U.S. Florida Owned or controlled by Raúl Gorrín
RIM Group Investments II Corp. 2019-01-08 [45] U.S. Florida Owned or controlled by Raúl Gorrín
RIM Group Investments III Corp. 2019-01-08 [45] U.S. Florida Owned or controlled by Raúl Gorrín
RIM Group Properties of New York, Corp. 2019-01-08 [45] U.S. New York Owned or controlled by Raúl Gorrín
RIM Group Properties of New York II Corp. 2019-01-08 [45] U.S. New York Owned or controlled by Raúl Gorrín
Seguros La Vitalicia 2019-01-08 [45] U.S. Venezuela Owned or controlled by Raúl Gorrín
Tindaya Properties Holding USA Corp. 2019-01-08 [45] U.S. New York Owned or controlled by Gustavo Perdomo
Tindaya Properties of New York, Corp. 2019-01-08 [45] U.S. New York Owned or controlled by Gustavo Perdomo
Tindaya Properties of New York II Corp. 2019-01-08 [45] U.S. New York Owned or controlled by Gustavo Perdomo
Windham Commercial Group Inc. 2019-01-08 [45] U.S. Delaware Owned or controlled by Raúl Gorrín and Gustavo Perdomo
N133JA tail number 2019-01-08 [45] U.S. U.S. Dassault Mystere Falcon 50EX private aircraft, beneficially owned by Gustavo Perdomo
N488RC tail number 2018-09-25 [42] U.S. Florida Gulfstream 200 private jet
Agencia Vehiculos Especiales Rurales y Urbanos, C.A. (AVERUCA, C.A.) 2018-09-25 [42] U.S. Florida Venezuelan company that operates the aircraft N488RC; President Rafael Sarria
Panazeate SL 2018-09-25 [42] U.S. Spain Owned or controlled by Edgar Sarria
Quiana Trading Limited (Quiana Trading) 2018-09-25 [42] U.S. British Virgin Islands Rafael Sarria, 2009 President; beneficial owner of aircraft N488RC
SAI Advisors Inc. 2018-05-18 [39] U.S. Florida Owned or controlled by Rafael Sarria
Noor Plantation Investments LLC 2018-05-18 [39] U.S. Florida Owned or controlled by Rafael Sarria
11420 Corp. 2018-05-18 [39] U.S. Florida Owned or controlled by Rafael Sarria
American Quality Professional S.A. 2018-03-27 [101] Panama Panama
International Business Suppliers, Inc. 2018-03-27 [101] Panama Panama
Inversiones Cemt, S.A. 2018-03-27 [101] Panama Panama
Lumar Development S.A. 2018-03-27 [101] Panama Panama
Marine Investment Group Inc. 2018-03-27 [101] Panama Panama
Marine Investor Corp. 2018-03-27 [101] Panama Panama
Maritime Aminsitration Group Inc. 2018-03-27 [101] Panama Panama
Maritime Administration Panama Inc. 2018-03-27 [101] Panama Panama
Maritime Crews Inc. 2018-03-27 [101] Panama Panama
Maritime Tanker Administration, S.A. 2018-03-27 [101] Panama Panama
Maritime Tanker Services, S.A. 2018-03-27 [101] Panama Panama
Oceanus Investors Corp. 2018-03-27 [101] Panama Panama
Proalco S.A. 2018-03-27 [101] Panama Panama
Seaside Services Inc. 2018-03-27 [101] Panama Panama
Tanker Administrators Corp. 2018-03-27 [101] Panama Panama
Technical Support Trading 2018-03-27 [101] Panama Panama

See also

References

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  2. ^ a b c Vidal, Laura and Jessica Carrillo Mazzali (31 January 2019). "US sanctions squeezed Venezuela's Chavismo elites. This time, it's oil". Public Radio International.
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  61. ^ "The Latest: Russia's Rosneft Rejects US Claim on Sanctions". AP. 12 March 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2019.
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  78. ^ "Denuncian retiro de más lingotes de oro del Banco Central de Venezuela". VOA News (in Spanish). Reuters. 9 April 2019. Retrieved 9 April 2019.
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  100. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc "Los 55 funcionarios sancionados por Panamá por 'blanqueo de capitales'". El Nacional (in Spanish). 30 March 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2019. Also at Panama Economic and Finance Ministry
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