Jump to content

Anglo-Mughal war (1686–1690): Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
→‎Background: I corrected the Naming nomenclature into something that is more correct. Calling this war as "Child's war" , even though it was started by someone with the last name of "child" , has developed serious Rasict connotations in both the Indian Subcontinent and it's former coloniser U.K . Thus , by changing the name from "Child's war" to the " First Anglo-Mughal War" , I here , not only provide a more informatively correct name ,but de-root that huge History or racism with which...
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Lead too short|date=September 2017}}
{{Lead too short|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox military conflict
{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict=Child's War
| conflict = First Anglo-Mughal War
|image=The English ask pardon of Aurangzeb.jpg
| image = The English ask pardon of Aurangzeb.jpg
|caption=[[France|French]] illustration of an [[Englishman]] requesting pardon from the [[Islam]]ic [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]].
| caption = [[France|French]] illustration of an [[Englishman]] requesting pardon from the [[Islam]]ic [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]].
|date=1686–1690
| date = 1686–1690
|partof=[[Anglo-Indian Wars]]
| partof = [[Anglo-Indian Wars]]
|place=[[Mughal India]]
| place = [[Mughal India]]
|result= Decisive [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] victory
| result = Decisive [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] victory
|territory=
| territory =
|combatant1= [[British Empire]]
| combatant1 = [[British Empire]]
[[File:British East India Company Flag from Downman.jpg|25px]] [[East India Company]]
[[File:British East India Company Flag from Downman.jpg|25px]] [[East India Company]]
|combatant2=Mughal Empire
| combatant2 = Mughal Empire
|commander1=[[Josiah Child|Sir Josiah Child, Bt]]
| commander1 = [[Josiah Child|Sir Josiah Child, Bt]]
|commander2=Aurangzeb<br />[[Shaista Khan]]
| commander2 = Aurangzeb<br />[[Shaista Khan]]
|strength1= 308 at Kolkata
| strength1 = 308 at Kolkata
unknown at Mumbai and Carnatic
unknown at Mumbai and Carnatic
|strength2= unknown but much larger than [[England]]
| strength2 = unknown but much larger than [[England]]
|casualties1= Heavy at [[Mumbai]] and [[Kolkata]]
| casualties1 = Heavy at [[Mumbai]] and [[Kolkata]]
|casualties2= Minimal{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}
| casualties2 = Minimal{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}
}}
}}
[[File:Fort St. George, Chennai.jpg|thumb|In the year 1702, [[Daud Khan of the Carnatic|Daud Khan]] the [[Mughal Empire]]'s local [[Subedar]] of the [[Carnatic region|Carnatic]], to besieged and blockaded [[Fort St. George]] for more than three months,<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=A Miscellany of Mutinies and Massacres in India|author=Blackburn, T.R.|date=2007|publisher=APH Publishing Corporation|isbn=9788131301692|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yQgt5SYepi8C|page=11|accessdate=2015-02-23}}</ref> the governor of the fort [[Thomas Pitt]] was instructed by the [[British East India Company]] to vie for peace.]]
[[File:Fort St. George, Chennai.jpg|thumb|In the year 1702, [[Daud Khan of the Carnatic|Daud Khan]] the [[Mughal Empire]]'s local [[Subedar]] of the [[Carnatic region|Carnatic]], to besieged and blockaded [[Fort St. George]] for more than three months,<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=A Miscellany of Mutinies and Massacres in India|author=Blackburn, T.R.|date=2007|publisher=APH Publishing Corporation|isbn=9788131301692|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yQgt5SYepi8C|page=11|accessdate=2015-02-23}}</ref> the governor of the fort [[Thomas Pitt]] was instructed by the [[British East India Company]] to vie for peace.]]


'''Child's War''' was the first [[Anglo-Indian Wars|Anglo-Indian war]] that lasted from 1686 to 1690.
'''The First Anglo-Mughal war''' , also called '''Child's war''' was the first [[Anglo-Indian Wars|Anglo-Indian war]] that lasted from 1686 to 1690.


In 1685 the [[British East India Company]] refused to pay the local taxes to the Governor of the [[proto-industrialisation|proto-industrialised]] [[Bengal Subah]], [[Shaista Khan]]. A rebellion began and [[James II of England|King James II of England]] sent warships to the company based in [[India]], but the expedition failed.<ref>From Plassey to Partition, Śekhara Bandyopādhyāẏa, p39,{{ISBN|81-250-2596-0}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=-EpNz0U8VEQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=plassey+to+partition&lr=#PPA39,M1 Google book]</ref> Mughal India's Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] seized all the factories of the company, while the British forces commanded by [[Josiah Child|Sir Josiah Child, Bt]] captured several Mughal trading ships and set the houses on fire of many [[faujdar]]s. Eventually the [[British East India Company]] was defeated by the [[army of the Mughal Empire]] and Child's apology was accepted by Emperor Aurangzeb.<ref>Keay, John. India: A History. New York: HarperCollins. 200. pg 372</ref>
In 1685 the [[British East India Company]] refused to pay the local taxes to the Governor of the [[proto-industrialisation|proto-industrialised]] [[Bengal Subah]], [[Shaista Khan]]. A rebellion began and [[James II of England|King James II of England]] sent warships to the company based in [[India]], but the expedition failed.<ref>From Plassey to Partition, Śekhara Bandyopādhyāẏa, p39,{{ISBN|81-250-2596-0}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=-EpNz0U8VEQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=plassey+to+partition&lr=#PPA39,M1 Google book]</ref> Mughal India's Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] seized all the factories of the company, while the British forces commanded by [[Josiah Child|Sir Josiah Child, Bt]] captured several Mughal trading ships and set the houses on fire of many [[faujdar]]s. Eventually the [[British East India Company]] was defeated by the [[army of the Mughal Empire]] and Child's apology was accepted by Emperor Aurangzeb.<ref>Keay, John. India: A History. New York: HarperCollins. 200. pg 372</ref>

Revision as of 00:01, 13 February 2020

First Anglo-Mughal War
Part of Anglo-Indian Wars

French illustration of an Englishman requesting pardon from the Islamic Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb.
Date1686–1690
Location
Mughal India
Result Decisive Mughal victory
Belligerents

British Empire

East India Company		 Mughal Empire
Commanders and leaders
Sir Josiah Child, Bt Aurangzeb
Shaista Khan
Strength

308 at Kolkata

unknown at Mumbai and Carnatic		 unknown but much larger than England
Casualties and losses
Heavy at Mumbai and Kolkata Minimal[citation needed]
In the year 1702, Daud Khan the Mughal Empire's local Subedar of the Carnatic, to besieged and blockaded Fort St. George for more than three months,[1] the governor of the fort Thomas Pitt was instructed by the British East India Company to vie for peace.

The First Anglo-Mughal war , also called Child's war was the first Anglo-Indian war that lasted from 1686 to 1690.

In 1685 the British East India Company refused to pay the local taxes to the Governor of the proto-industrialised Bengal Subah, Shaista Khan. A rebellion began and King James II of England sent warships to the company based in India, but the expedition failed.[2] Mughal India's Emperor Aurangzeb seized all the factories of the company, while the British forces commanded by Sir Josiah Child, Bt captured several Mughal trading ships and set the houses on fire of many faujdars. Eventually the British East India Company was defeated by the army of the Mughal Empire and Child's apology was accepted by Emperor Aurangzeb.[3]

Background

In 1682 the English East India Company sent William Hedges to Shaista Khan, the Mughal governor of Bengal Subah, in order to obtain a firman: an imperial directive that would grant England regular trading privileges throughout the proto-industrialised Mughal Empire, the world's largest economy of that time. After the intervention of the company's governor in London, Sir Josiah Child, with Hedges's mission, causing Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb to break off the negotiations. After that Child started a war with the Mughals.[4]

Events of the War

Admiral Nicholson was sent out in 1685 with twelve ships of war, carrying 200 pieces of cannon and a body of 600 men, to be reinforced by 400 from Madras. His instructions were to seize and fortify Chittagong, for which purpose 200 additional guns were placed on board, to demand the cession of the surrounding territory, to conciliate the Zamindars, to establish a mint, and to enter into a treaty with the ruler of Arakan. But the fleet was dispersed during the voyage, and several of the vessels, instead of steering for Chittagong, entered the Hooghly, and being joined by the Madras troops, anchored off the Company's factory.

The arrival of so formidable an expedition alarmed Shaista Khan, and he offered to compromise his differences with the English; but an unforeseen event brought the negotiation to an abrupt close. Three English soldiers, strolling through the marketplace of Hooghly, quarrelled with Mughal officials, and were severely beaten. After that the English admiral opened fire on the town and burnt down 500 houses.

In 1686, new negotiations started in Chuttanutty which the Mughals prolonged till their troops could be assembled to attack the English encampment, and English commander Job Charnock retired with his soldiers and establishments to the island of Ingelee, at the mouth of the Hooghly River. It was a low and deadly swamp, covered with long grass, without any fresh water. In three months one half of the English troops had died from disease.

In 1688, an English fleet was employed for blocking the Mughal harbours in the Arabian Sea on the western coast of India and ships with pilgrims to Mecca were captured. After that Emperor Aurangzeb Alamgir decided to resume negotiations with the English. However, the Company sent out reinforcements commanded by Captain Heath who on his arrival disallowed the treaty then pending and proceeded to Balasore which he bombarded and burnt. He then sailed to Chittagong; but finding the fortifications stronger than he had anticipated, landed at Madras.

After that Emperor Aurangzeb issued orders for the occupation of the British possessions all over the subcontinent, and the confiscation of their property. As a result, possessions of East India Company were reduced to the fortified towns of Madras and Bombay.[5]

In 1689, the strong Mughal fleet from Janjira commanded by the Sidi Yaqub and manned by Mappila from Ethiopian Empire besieged the British fort of Bombay.[6] After a year of resistance, a famine broke out which caused hundreds of deaths, the British surrendered, and in 1690 the company sent envoys to Aurangzeb's court to plea for a pardon and to renew the trade firman. The company's envoys had to prostrate themselves before the emperor, pay a large imperial fine of 1,50,000 rupees, and promise better behavior in the future. Emperor Aurangzeb then ordered Sidi Yaqub to lift the Siege of Bombay and the company subsequently re-established itself in Bombay and set up a new base in Calcutta.[4]

See also

References

  1. ^ Blackburn, T.R. (2007). A Miscellany of Mutinies and Massacres in India. APH Publishing Corporation. p. 11. ISBN 9788131301692. Retrieved 2015-02-23.
  2. ^ From Plassey to Partition, Śekhara Bandyopādhyāẏa, p39,ISBN 81-250-2596-0 Google book
  3. ^ Keay, John. India: A History. New York: HarperCollins. 200. pg 372
  4. ^ a b "Asia Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Asia | Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World". encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2015-02-23.
  5. ^ The History of India from the Earliest Period to the Close of Lord Dalhousie's Administration by John Clark Marshman, 1867.
  6. ^ Faruki, Z. (1935). Aurangzeb & his times. Idarah-i Adabiyāt-i Delli. Retrieved 2015-02-23.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Mughal_war_(1686–1690)&oldid=940512141"