Heraklion: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Αστικό λεωφορείο Ηρακλείου 9277.jpg|thumb|250px|Urban bus in Heraklion]] |
[[File:Αστικό λεωφορείο Ηρακλείου 9277.jpg|thumb|250px|Urban bus in Heraklion]] |
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rban buses serving the city, with 39 different routes.<ref>[http://www.astiko-irakleiou.gr Iraklio urban buses]</ref> Intercity buses connects Heraklion to many major destinations in Crete.<ref>[https://www.ktelherlas.gr/en]</ref> |
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===Railway=== |
===Railway=== |
Revision as of 01:27, 6 June 2020
Heraklion
Ηράκλειο | |
---|---|
Settlement | |
![]() The Venetian fortress of Koules/Castello a Mare (1523–1540) guards the inner harbor of Heraklion. | |
| |
Coordinates: 35°20′25″N 25°8′4″E / 35.34028°N 25.13444°E | |
Country | Greece |
Administrative region | Crete |
Regional unit | Heraklion |
Government | |
• Mayor | Vasilis Lambrinos |
Area | |
• Municipal unit | 109.0 km2 (42.1 sq mi) |
Highest elevation | 33 m (108 ft) |
Lowest elevation | 0 m (0 ft) |
Population (2011)[1] | |
• Urban | 140,730 |
• Municipal unit | 151,324 |
• Municipal unit density | 1,400/km2 (3,600/sq mi) |
Demonym(s) | Heraklian, Heraclian |
Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |
Postal code | 70x xx, 71x xx, 720 xx |
Area code(s) | 281 |
Vehicle registration | HK, HP, HZ |
Website | www.heraklion-city.gr |
Heraklion or Iraklion (/hɪˈrækliən/; Greek: Ηράκλειο, Irákleio, pronounced [iˈraklio])[2] is the largest city and the administrative capital of the island of Crete and capital of Heraklion regional unit. It is the fifth largest city in Greece with a population of 140,730 according to the 2011 census. The population of the municipality was 173,993.[3]
The Bronze Age palace of Knossos, also known as the Palace of Minos, is located nearby.
Heraklion was Europe's fastest growing tourism destination for 2017, according to Euromonitor, with an 11.2% growth in international arrivals.[4] According to the ranking, Heraklion was ranked as the 20th most visited region in Europe, as the 66th area on the Planet and as the 2nd in Greece for the year 2017, with 3.2 million visitors[5] and the 19th in Europe for 2018, with 3.4 million visitors.[6]
Names
The Arab traders from al-Andalus (Iberia) who founded the Emirate of Crete moved the island's capital from Gortyna to a new castle they called rabḍ al-ḫandaq (Arabic: ربض الخندق, "Castle of the Moat") in the 820s.[7] This was hellenized as Χάνδαξ (Chándax) or Χάνδακας (Chándakas) and Latinized as Candia, which was taken into other European languages: in Italian and Latin as Candia, in French as Candie, in English as Candy, all of which could refer to the island of Crete as a whole as well as to the city alone; the Ottoman name was Kandiye.
After the Byzantine reconquest of Crete, the city was locally known as Megalo Kastro (Μεγάλο Κάστρο,[citation needed] 'Big Castle' in Greek) and its inhabitants were called Kastrinoi (Καστρινοί, "castle-dwellers").
The ancient name Ηράκλειον was revived in the 19th century[8] and comes from the nearby Roman port of Heracleum ("Heracles's city"), whose exact location is unknown. English usage formerly preferred the classicizing transliterations "Heraklion" or "Heraclion", but the form "Iraklion" is becoming more common.
History
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Knossos_palace.jpg/209px-Knossos_palace.jpg)
Minoan Era
Heraklion is close to the ruins of the palace of Knossos, which in Minoan times was the largest centre of population on Crete. Knossos had a port at the site of Heraklion (at Poros - Katsambas[10] neighborhood) from the beginning of Early Minoan period (3500 to 2100 BC). Between 1600 and 1525[11] BC, the port was destroyed by a volcanic tsunami from nearby Santorini, leveling the region and covering it with ash.
Antiquity
After the fall of the Minoans, Heraklion, as well as the rest of Crete in general, fared poorly, with very little development in the area. Only with the arrival of the Romans did some construction in the area begin, yet especially early into Byzantine times the area was abound with pirates and bandits.[12]
Emirate of Crete
The present city of Heraklion was founded in 824 by the Arabs under Abu Hafs Umar who had been expelled from Al-Andalus by Emir Al-Hakam I and had taken over the island from the Eastern Roman Empire. They built a moat around the city for protection, and named the city rabḍ al-ḫandaq (ربض الخندق, "Castle of the Moat", hellenized as Χάνδαξ, Chandax). It became the capital of the Emirate of Crete (ca. 827–961). The Saracens allowed the port to be used as a safe haven for pirates who operated against Imperial (Byzantine) shipping and raided Imperial territory around the Aegean.
Byzantine era
In 960, Byzantine forces under the command of Nikephoros Phokas, later to become Emperor, landed in Crete and attacked the city. After a prolonged siege, the city fell in March 961. The Saracen inhabitants were slaughtered, the city looted and burned to the ground. Soon rebuilt, the town remained under Byzantine control for the next 243 years.
Venetian era
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Kreta_-_Iraklion_-_Venezianische_Loggia.jpg/251px-Kreta_-_Iraklion_-_Venezianische_Loggia.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Iraklion_Agios_Titos_R01.jpg/213px-Iraklion_Agios_Titos_R01.jpg)
In 1204, the city was bought by the Republic of Venice as part of a complicated political deal which involved, among other things, the Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade restoring the deposed Eastern Roman Emperor Isaac II Angelus to his throne. The Venetians improved on the ditch of the city by building enormous fortifications, most of which are still in place, including a giant wall, in places up to 40 m thick, with 7 bastions, and a fortress in the harbour. Chandax was renamed Candia and became the seat of the Duke of Candia, and the Venetian administrative district of Crete became known as "Regno di Candia" (Kingdom of Candia). The city retained the name of Candia for centuries and the same name was often used to refer to the whole island of Crete as well. To secure their rule, Venetians began in 1212 to settle families from Venice on Crete. The coexistence of two different cultures and the stimulus of Italian Renaissance led to a flourishing of letters and the arts in Candia and Crete in general, that is today known as the Cretan Renaissance.
Ottoman era
During the Cretan War (1645–1669), the Ottomans besieged the city for 21 years, from 1648 to 1669, perhaps the longest siege in history. In its final phase, which lasted for 22 months, 70,000 Turks, 38,000 Cretans and slaves and 29,088 of the city's Christian defenders perished.[13] The Ottoman army under an Albanian grand vizier, Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed Pasha conquered the city in 1669.
Under the Ottomans, Kandiye (Ottoman Turkish قنديه) was the capital of Crete (Girit Eyâleti) until 1849, when Chania (Hanya) became the capital, and Kandiye became a sancak.[14] In Greek, it was commonly called Megalo Castro (Μεγάλο Κάστρο 'Big Castle').
During the Ottoman period, the harbour silted up, so most shipping shifted to Chania in the west of the island.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/2016-07-25_Heraklion_063.jpg/258px-2016-07-25_Heraklion_063.jpg)
Modern era
In 1898, the autonomous Cretan State was created, under Ottoman suzerainty, with Prince George of Greece as its High Commissioner and under international supervision. During the period of direct occupation of the island by the Great Powers (1898–1908), Candia was part of the British zone. At this time, the city was renamed "Heraklion", after the Roman port of Heracleum ("Heracles' city"), whose exact location is unknown.
In 1913, with the rest of Crete, Heraklion was incorporated into the Kingdom of Greece. Heraklion became again capital of Crete in 1971, replacing Chania.[15]
Architecture, urban sculpture and fortifications
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85_9276.jpg/247px-%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85_9276.jpg)
Venetian constructions such as the Koules Fortress (Castello a Mare), the ramparts and the arsenal dominate the port area.
Several sculptures, statues and busts commemorating significant events and figures of the city's and island's history, like El Greco, Vitsentzos Kornaros, Nikos Kazantzakis and Eleftherios Venizelos can be found around the city.
Many fountains of the Venetian era are preserved, such as the Bembo fountain, the Priuli fountain, Palmeti fountain, Sagredo fountain and Morosini fountain (in Lions Square).
Around the historic city center of Heraklion there are also a series of defensive walls, bastions and other fortifications which were built earlier in the Middle Ages, but were completely rebuilt by the Republic of Venice. The fortifications managed to withstand the longest siege in history for 21 years, before the city fell to the Ottomans in 1669.
Municipality
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/20110927_St._Peter_of_Dominicans_Heraklion_Crete_Greece_Panorama.jpg/290px-20110927_St._Peter_of_Dominicans_Heraklion_Crete_Greece_Panorama.jpg)
The municipality Heraklion was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 5 former municipalities, that became municipal units:[16]
- Gorgolainis
- Heraklion
- Nea Alikarnassos
- Paliani
- Temenos
The municipality has an area of 244.613 km2, the municipal unit 109.026 km2.[17]
Neighborhoods
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Agios_Minas_Cathedral_01.jpg/221px-Agios_Minas_Cathedral_01.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Historical_Museum_of_Crete_Front_2016.jpg/220px-Historical_Museum_of_Crete_Front_2016.jpg)
• Agia Ekaterini | • Dimokratias | • Marathitis |
• Agia Erini Chrisovalantou | • Estavromenos | • Mastabas |
• Agia Marina | • Filothei | • Mesabelies |
• Agia Triada | • Fortetsa | • Mpentevi |
• Agios Dimitrios | • Ilioupoli | • Nea Alatsata |
• Agios Ioannis Chostos | • Kamaraki | • Pananio |
• Agios Minas | • Kaminia | • Papatitou Metochi |
• Agios Titos | • Katsampas | • Pateles |
• Akadimia | • Kenouria Porta | • Poros |
• Ampelokipoi | • Kipoupoli | • Therissos |
• Analipsi | • Komeno Mpenteni | • Tris Vagies |
• Atsalenio | • Korakovouni | • Xiropotamos |
• Chanioporta | • Koroni Magara | |
• Chrisopigi | • Knossos | |
• Dilina | • Lido |
Suburbs
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Amnissos_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/252px-Amnissos_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg)
• Agia Erini | • Finikia | • Ksirokabos |
• Agia Marina | • Gazi urban area | • Malades |
• Agioi Theodoroi | • Giofyrakia | • Nea Alikarnassos urban area |
• Agios Syllas | • Gournes Temenous | • Sillamos |
• Ammoudara | • Kallithea | • Skafidaras |
• Amnisos | • Karteros | • Skalani |
• Ano Kalesia | • Kato Kalesia | • Vasilies |
• Athanati | • Kavrochori | • Voutes |
• Dafnes | • Kollyvas |
Transportation
Port
Heraklion is an important shipping port and ferry dock. Travellers can take ferries and boats from Heraklion to destinations including Santorini, Ios Island, Paros, Mykonos, and Rhodes. There are direct ferries to Naxos, Karpathos, Kasos, Sitia, Anafi, Chalki and Diafani.[18] There are also several daily ferries to Piraeus, the port of Athens in mainland Greece. The port of Heraklion was built by Sir Robert McAlpine and completed in 1928.[19]
Airport
Heraklion International Airport, or Nikos Kazantzakis Airport is located about 5 kilometres (3 miles) east of the city. The airport is named after Heraklion native Nikos Kazantzakis, a writer and a philosopher. It is the second busiest airport of Greece after Athens International Airport, first in charter flights and the 65th busiest in Europe, because of Crete being a major holiday destination with 7.974.887 travellers in 2018 (List of the busiest airports in Europe).
In April 2018, the inner space of the airport has been modernized and expanded by almost 3.000 s.m., with 11 new gates and new stores. The expansion was a donation by Hellenic Duty Free Shops.
The airfield is shared with the 126th Combat Group of the Hellenic Air Force. A project for the new airport of Heraklion in Kasteli area is starting at the end of 2017.[citation needed]
Highway network
European route E75 runs through the city and connects Heraklion with the three other major cities of Crete: Agios Nikolaos, Chania, and Rethymno.
Public transit
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/%CE%91%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%89%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF_%CE%97%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85_9277.jpg/250px-%CE%91%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%89%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF_%CE%97%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85_9277.jpg)
rban buses serving the city, with 39 different routes.[20] Intercity buses connects Heraklion to many major destinations in Crete.[21]
Railway
From 1922 to 1937, there was a working industrial railway, which connected the Koules in Heraklion to Xiropotamos for the construction of the harbor.
A study from the year 2000 investigated the feasibility of two tram lines in Heraklion. The first line would link the Stadium to the airport, and the second the center of Heraklion and Knossos. No approval has yet been given for this proposal.
In the summer of 2007, at the Congress of Cretan emigrants, held in Heraklion, two qualified engineers, George Nathenas (from Gonies, Malevizi Province) and Vassilis Economopoulos, recommended the development of a railway line in Crete, linking Chania, Rethymno and Heraklion, with a total journey time of 50 minutes (30 minutes between Heraklion and Rethymno, 20 minutes from Chania to Rethymno) and with provision for extensions to Kissamos, Kastelli Pediados (for the planned new airport), and Agios Nikolaos. No plans exist for implementing this idea.
Climate
Heraklion has a hot-summer-Mediterranean climate (Csa in the Köppen climate classification). Summers are warm to hot and dry with clear skies. Dry hot days are often relieved by seasonal breezes. Winters are very mild with moderate rain. Because Heraklion is further south than Athens, it has a warmer climate during winter but cooler during summer because of the Aegean sea. The maximum temperature during the summer period is usually not more than 28 - 30 °C (Athens normal maximum temperature is about 6 °C higher). The minimum temperature record is -0.2 °C
A new temperature record for February was set at 27.8 °C, reached on 15 February 2016.[22]
Climate data for Heraklion 1981-2010 (HNMS) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 29.9 (85.8) |
29.2 (84.6) |
34.0 (93.2) |
37.5 (99.5) |
38.0 (100.4) |
41.3 (106.3) |
43.6 (110.5) |
44.5 (112.1) |
39.5 (103.1) |
37.0 (98.6) |
32.5 (90.5) |
28.5 (83.3) |
44.5 (112.1) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 15.3 (59.5) |
15.5 (59.9) |
16.7 (62.1) |
20.0 (68.0) |
23.5 (74.3) |
27.3 (81.1) |
28.7 (83.7) |
28.5 (83.3) |
26.4 (79.5) |
23.4 (74.1) |
20.0 (68.0) |
17.0 (62.6) |
21.9 (71.3) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 12.1 (53.8) |
12.2 (54.0) |
13.5 (56.3) |
16.5 (61.7) |
20.3 (68.5) |
24.4 (75.9) |
26.1 (79.0) |
26.0 (78.8) |
23.5 (74.3) |
20.0 (68.0) |
16.6 (61.9) |
13.7 (56.7) |
18.7 (65.7) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 9.0 (48.2) |
8.9 (48.0) |
9.7 (49.5) |
11.8 (53.2) |
15.0 (59.0) |
19.1 (66.4) |
21.6 (70.9) |
21.8 (71.2) |
19.3 (66.7) |
16.5 (61.7) |
13.4 (56.1) |
10.8 (51.4) |
14.7 (58.5) |
Record low °C (°F) | 0.0 (32.0) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
0.3 (32.5) |
4.2 (39.6) |
6.0 (42.8) |
12.2 (54.0) |
14.5 (58.1) |
16.6 (61.9) |
12.0 (53.6) |
8.7 (47.7) |
4.2 (39.6) |
2.4 (36.3) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 90.1 (3.55) |
67.6 (2.66) |
58.2 (2.29) |
28.5 (1.12) |
14.2 (0.56) |
3.5 (0.14) |
1.0 (0.04) |
0.6 (0.02) |
17.7 (0.70) |
64.9 (2.56) |
59.0 (2.32) |
77.9 (3.07) |
483.2 (19.03) |
Average rainy days | 16.0 | 13.6 | 12.0 | 7.7 | 4.4 | 1.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 2.4 | 7.8 | 10.6 | 15.1 | 91.6 |
Average relative humidity (%) | 68.0 | 66.1 | 66.0 | 61.7 | 60.8 | 56.3 | 56.6 | 58.3 | 61.2 | 65.5 | 67.7 | 67.7 | 63.0 |
Source 1: HNMS [23] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: meteo-climat (extremes)[24] |
Climate data for Heraklion | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 15.2 (59.4) |
15.5 (59.9) |
16.8 (62.2) |
20.2 (68.4) |
23.5 (74.3) |
27.3 (81.1) |
28.6 (83.5) |
28.4 (83.1) |
26.4 (79.5) |
23.1 (73.6) |
20.1 (68.2) |
17.0 (62.6) |
21.8 (71.3) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 12.6 (54.7) |
12.8 (55.0) |
13.8 (56.8) |
16.6 (61.9) |
20.2 (68.4) |
23.7 (74.7) |
25.7 (78.3) |
25.6 (78.1) |
23.4 (74.1) |
20.3 (68.5) |
17.4 (63.3) |
14.5 (58.1) |
18.9 (66.0) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 10.0 (50.0) |
10.0 (50.0) |
10.8 (51.4) |
13.0 (55.4) |
15.9 (60.6) |
20.0 (68.0) |
22.7 (72.9) |
22.7 (72.9) |
20.3 (68.5) |
17.5 (63.5) |
14.7 (58.5) |
12.0 (53.6) |
15.8 (60.4) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 91.5 (3.60) |
77.4 (3.05) |
57.4 (2.26) |
30.0 (1.18) |
15.2 (0.60) |
3.2 (0.13) |
1.0 (0.04) |
0.7 (0.03) |
19.5 (0.77) |
68.8 (2.71) |
58.8 (2.31) |
77.1 (3.04) |
500.6 (19.72) |
Average precipitation days | 10.1 | 9.1 | 6.9 | 3.4 | 1.9 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 4.9 | 6.0 | 8.9 | 53.2 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 117.8 | 124.7 | 176.7 | 228.0 | 300.7 | 351.0 | 372.0 | 347.2 | 282.0 | 198.4 | 150.0 | 120.9 | 2,769.4 |
Mean daily sunshine hours | 3.8 | 4.5 | 5.7 | 7.6 | 9.7 | 11.7 | 12.0 | 11.2 | 9.4 | 6.4 | 5.0 | 3.9 | 7.6 |
Percent possible sunshine | 38 | 41 | 48 | 58 | 69 | 78 | 86 | 86 | 78 | 58 | 50 | 39 | 61 |
Source: Weather Atlas [25] |
Climate data for Heraklion | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Average sea temperature °C (°F) | 17.1 (62.8) |
16.4 (61.5) |
16.5 (61.7) |
17.1 (62.8) |
19.5 (67.1) |
23.0 (73.4) |
25.4 (77.7) |
26.1 (79.0) |
25.4 (77.7) |
23.3 (73.9) |
20.6 (69.1) |
18.4 (65.1) |
20.7 (69.3) |
Mean daily daylight hours | 10.0 | 11.0 | 12.0 | 13.0 | 14.0 | 15.0 | 14.0 | 13.0 | 12.0 | 11.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 12.1 |
Average Ultraviolet index | 3 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 10 | 8 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 6.4 |
Source: Weather Atlas [25] |
Colleges, universities, libraries, and research centers
- University of Crete
- TEI of Crete
- Foundation for Research & Technology - Hellas
- Nicolas Kitsikis Library
- Vikelaia Library https://web.archive.org/web/20140605051225/http://www.heraklion.gr/en/municipality/vikelaia
Culture
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Cultural_and_Conference_Center_of_Crete_%28Heraklion%29.jpg/200px-Cultural_and_Conference_Center_of_Crete_%28Heraklion%29.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Pagkritio.jpg/200px-Pagkritio.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Heraklion_Indoor_Sports_Arena_interior.jpg/200px-Heraklion_Indoor_Sports_Arena_interior.jpg)
Museums
- Heraklion Archaeological Museum
- Cretaquarium
- Historical Museum of Crete
- Natural History Museum
- The Battle of Crete and National Resistance Museum
- Nikos Kazantzakis Museum
- Lychnostatis Open Air Museum
- Collection of Agia Aikaterini of Sinai
- Museum of Visual Arts
Arts
The Cultural and Conference Center of Heraklion is a centre for the performing arts.
Sports
The city is home to several sports clubs. Most notably, Heraklion hosts OFI and Ergotelis, two football clubs with earlier presence in the Greek Superleague, the top tier of the Greek football league system. Furthermore, the city is the headquarters of the Heraklion Football Clubs Association, which administers football in the entire region. Other notable sport clubs include Iraklio B.C. (basketball), Atsalenios (football) and Irodotos (football) in the suburbs of Atsalenio and Nea Alikarnassos respectively.
Notable Sport clubs based in Heraklion | |||
---|---|---|---|
Club | Founded | Sports | Current Season |
OFI | 1925 | Football, Basketball | Superleague, Greek C Basket League |
Ergotelis | 1929 | Football, Basketball | Football League, Cretan Basket League |
Iraklio | 1928 | Basketball | Cretan Basket League |
![]() |
1932 | Football, Basketball | Football League, Cretan Basket League |
![]() |
1951 | Football | Gamma Ethniki |
Famous natives
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Nikolaos_Kalliakis_%281645_-_1707%29.jpg/200px-Nikolaos_Kalliakis_%281645_-_1707%29.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/El_Greco_-_Portrait_of_a_Man_-_WGA10554.jpg/200px-El_Greco_-_Portrait_of_a_Man_-_WGA10554.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Cyril-Lucaris.jpg/200px-Cyril-Lucaris.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Kazantzakis_Grab.jpg/200px-Kazantzakis_Grab.jpg)
Heraklion has been the home town of some of Greece's most significant people, including the novelist Nikos Kazantzakis (best known for Zorba the Greek), the poet and Nobel Prize winner Odysseas Elytis and the world-famous painter Domenicos Theotokopoulos (El Greco).
Literature
- Elli Alexiou (1894–1988) author
- Minás Dimákis (1913–1980) poet
- Odysseas Elytis (1911–1996) Nobel awarded poet
- Tess Fragoulis, Greek-Canadian author
- Rea Galanaki (1947–present) author
- Giritli Ali Aziz Efendi (1749–1798), author and diplomat
- Nikos Kazantzakis (1883–1957) author
- Pedro de Candia, (1485–1542) author and travel writer, recorded the Spanish Conquest of the Americas
- Stephanos Sahlikis (1330-after 1391) poet
- Lili Zografou (1922–1998) author
Scientists and scholars
- Nicholas Kalliakis (1645–1707) Greek Cretan scholar and philosopher[27]
- Niccolò Comneno Papadopoli (1655–1740) lawyer, historian and librarian
- Andreas Musalus (ca. 1665–1721) Greek Cretan professor of mathematics, philosopher and architectural theorist[28]
- Francesco Barozzi (1537–1604) mathematician and astronomer
- Joseph Solomon Delmedigo (1591-1655) rabbi, author, physician, mathematician and musical theorist
- Fotis Kafatos biologist, President of the European Research Council
- Spyros Kokotos (1933–present) architect
- Marcus Musurus (Markos Mousouros) (1470–1517) scholar and philosopher
- Peter of Candia also known as Antipope Alexander V: philosopher and scholar
- Joseph Sifakis (1946–present) computer scientist, co-recipient of the 2007 Turing Award
- Michael N. Katehakis (1952–present) applied mathematician and operations researcher at Rutgers University
- Gerasimos Vlachos (1607–1685), scholar
- Simone Stratigo (ca. 1733–1824), Greek mathematician and an Nautical science expert, whose family was from Heraklion (Candia)[29]
Painting and sculpture
- Theophanes (ca.1500–1559) painter of icons
- Michael Damaskinos (1530/35-1592/93) painter of icons
- El Greco (1541–1614) mannerist painter, sculptor and architect
- Yiannis Parmakelis (1932-), sculptor
- Andreas Ritzos (1422–1492) painter of icons
- Aristidis Vlassis (1947–2015) painter
- Konstantinos Volanakis (1837–1907) painter
Film industry
- Rika Diallina (1934-), actress and model, Miss Hellas
- Ilya Livykou (1919–2002), actress
- Sapfo Notara (1907–1985), actress
- Yannis Smaragdis (1946-), film director
Music
- Rena Kyriakou (1918–1994) pianist
- Francisco Leontaritis (Francesco Londarit) (1518–1572) composer
- Giannis Markopoulos (1939–) composer
- Myron Michailidis (1968–) conductor
- Manolis Rasoulis (1945–2011) lyrics writer
- Notis Sfakianakis (1959–) singer
- Lena Platonos, pianist
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Francesco_barozzi.jpg/197px-Francesco_barozzi.jpg)
Sports
- Nikos Machlas (1973-) footballer
- Georgios Samaras (1985-) footballer
- Greg Massialas (1956-), American fencer and fencing coach
Business
- Constantine Corniaktos (1517–1603) wine merchant and wealthiest man in the Eastern European city of Lviv[30]
- Gianna Angelopoulos-Daskalaki (1955-) business woman, lawyer and politician
Politics
- Leonidas Kyrkos (1924–2011), politician
- Aristidis Stergiadis (1861–1950) High Commissioner of Smyrna
- Georgios Voulgarakis (1959-) conservative politician
Law
- Romilos Kedikoglou (1940-) President of the Court of Cassation of Greece
Clergy
- Maximos Margunios (1549–1602), bishop of Cyrigo (Kythira)
- Kyrillos Loukaris (1572–1637) theologian, Pope & Patriarch of Alexandria as Cyril III and Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople as Cyril I
- Meletius Pegas, Pope & Patriarch of Alexandria
- Theodore II (1954-) Pope & Patriarch of Alexandria and all Africa
- Peter Phillarges (ca. 1339–1410) (also Pietro Di Candia, later Pope Alexander V)
- Makarios Griniezakis (1973-) Greek Orthodox Archbishop of the Holy Archdiocese of Australia
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Marcus_Musurus_02.jpg/207px-Marcus_Musurus_02.jpg)
Fashion
- Maria Spiridaki (1984) fashion model and television presenter
Local TV stations
- Channel 4
- Creta Channel
- Kriti TV
- MyTV
Local transport services
International relations
This section needs additional citations for verification. (April 2017) |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%86%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_8997.jpg/200px-%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%86%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_8997.jpg)
Consulates
Twin towns and sister cities
Heraklion is twinned with:
Limassol, Cyprus[31]
Odessa, Ukraine (1992)[32]
Tampa, United States (2019)
Toledo, Spain, (2019)
Location
Fira | ||
Chania – Rethymno | ![]() |
Agios Nikolaos |
Tympaki – Moires | Archanes | Ierapetra |
Gallery
-
View of the port from the fortress
-
View of the port
-
The harbour
-
Α part of the Venetian harbour (used as shipyards)
-
The Phaistos Disk (2nd millennium BC) in Heraklion Archaeological Museum
-
Depiction of Candia, 1487
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Idomeneas fountain
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Jesus Gate, part of the Fortifications of Heraklion
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Chanioporta and Pantokratoras Gate
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Bembo fountain
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Saint Catherine Church
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Depiction of the Siege of Candia
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St. Matthew of the Sinaites Byzantine church
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Theodoros Vardinogiannis Stadium, home ground of OFI FC
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Interior of the Fortress
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A monk shows the Saracens where to build Chandax
-
Map of Heraklion and its fortifications in 1651
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Minoan fresco depicting a bull leaping scene, found in Knossos, 1600-1400 BC, Heraklion Archaeological Museum
See also
- Centre for Technological Research of Crete
- European Network and Information Security Agency
- Foundation for Research & Technology - Hellas
- Handakos Street
- Lions Square
- Minoan civilization
- Siege of Candia (1648–1669)
- TEI of Crete
- University of Crete
References
- ^ "Απογραφή Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2011. ΜΟΝΙΜΟΣ Πληθυσμός" (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority.
- ^ Pronunciation for Ηράκλειο
- ^ "2011 Population-Housing Census". www.statistics.gr. Retrieved 2019-02-24.
- ^ "Top 100 City Destination Ranking 2017". Market Research Blog. 2017-01-26. Retrieved 2019-04-01.
- ^ "Top 100 City Destinations Ranking: WTM London 2017 Edition". Market Research Blog. Retrieved 2019-04-01.
- ^ Geerts, Wouter (2018). "Top 100 City Destinations 2018" (PDF). Euromonitor International.
- ^ Encyclopaedia of Islam, s.v. Iķrīṭish
- ^ it was in use by the local people by 1867, see Samuel Gridley Howe, The Cretan refugees and their American helpers, 1867 [1]
- ^ Whitelaw, Todd; Morgan, Catherine (November 2009). "Crete". Archaeological Reports. 55: 79. doi:10.1017/s0570608400001307. ISSN 0570-6084.
- ^ Wilson, David; Day, Peter. ""The Earlier Prepalatial Settlement of Poros-Katsambas: craft production and exchange at the harbour town of Knossos", N. Dimopoulou, D.E. Wilson and P.M. Day, in P.M. Day and R. Doonan (eds.), Metallurgy in the Early Bronze Age Aegean (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology, 7, 2007), pp. 84-97".
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: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ Nature 18/8/2018
- ^ "History of Heraklion in Crete island - Greeka.com". Greeka. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
- ^ The War for Candia
- ^ Tahir Sezen, Osmanlı Yer Adları, Ankara 2017, T.C. Başbakanlık Devlet Arşivleri Genel Müdürlüğü Yayın No: 26 s.v., p. 410
- ^ "Heraklion". visit-ancient-greece.com. Retrieved 2 September 2015.
- ^ Kallikratis law Greece Ministry of Interior (in Greek)
- ^ "Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation)" (PDF) (in Greek). National Statistical Service of Greece. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-21.
- ^ https://www.directferries.co.uk/heraklion_ferry.htm
- ^ "Sir Robert McAlpine". Grace's Guide. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
- ^ Iraklio urban buses
- ^ [2]
- ^ http://www.ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?ind=16754&lang=en&decoded=yes&ndays=2&ano=2016&mes=02&day=16&hora=11
- ^ "Climatic Data for selected stations in Greece: Heraklion (Crete)". Retrieved 17 September 2019.
- ^ . meteo-climat http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-530-Heraklion.php. Retrieved December 2, 2018.
{{cite web}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help) - ^ a b "Heraklion, Greece - Monthly weather forecast and Climate data". Weather Atlas. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
- ^ Lathrop C. Harper (1886). Catalogue / Harper (Lathrop C.) inc., New York, Issue 232. Lathrop C. Harper, Inc. p. 36. OCLC 11558801.
Calliachius (1645–1707) was born on Crete and went to Italy at an early age, where he soon became one of the outstanding teachers of Greek and Latin.
- ^ Rose, Hugh James; Rose, Henry John; Wright, Thomas (1857). A new general biographical dictionary, Volume 5. T. Fellowes. p. 425. OCLC 309809847.
CALLIACHI, (Nicholas,) a native of Candia, where he was born in 1645. He studied at Rome for ten years, at the end of which time he was made doctor of philosophy and theology. In 1666 he was invited to Venice, to take the chair of professor of the Greek and Latin languages, and of the Aristotelic philosophy; and in 1677 he was appointed professor of belles-lettres at Padua, where he died in 1707. His works on antiquities are valuable, and have been published by the marquis Poloni in the third volume of his Supplement to the Thesaurus Antiquitatum.
- ^ Convegno internazionale nuove idee e nuova arte nell '700 italiano, Roma, 19–23 maggio 1975. Accademia nazionale dei Lincei. 1977. p. 429. OCLC 4666566.
Nicolò Duodo riuniva alcuni pensatori ai quali Andrea Musalo, oriundo greco, professore di matematica e dilettante di architettura chiariva le nuove idée nella storia dell'arte.
- ^ Carlo Capra; Franco Della Peruta; Fernando Mazzocca (2002). Napoleone e la repubblica italiana: 1802–1805. Skira. p. 200. ISBN 978-88-8491-415-6.
Simone Stratico, nato a Zara nel 1733 da famiglia originaria di Creta (abbandonata a seguito della conquista turca del 1669)
- ^ I︠A︡roslav Dmytrovych Isai︠e︡vych (2006). Voluntary brotherhood: confraternities of laymen in early modern Ukraine. Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press. p. 47. ISBN 1-894865-03-0.
…the Greek merchants Constantine Korniakt and Manolis Arphanes Marinetos are added. This second redaction appeared no earlier than 1589, as wealthy Greeks began to join the confraternity at a later date, once it had expanded its activities. Korniakt was actually the wealthiest man in Lviv: he traded in Eastern, Western, and local goods, collected customs duty on behalf of the king, and owned a number of villages.
- ^ "Limassol Twinned Cities". Limassol (Lemesos) Municipality. Archived from the original on 2013-04-01. Retrieved 2013-07-29.
- ^ "Twinnings" (PDF). Central Union of Municipalities & Communities of Greece. Retrieved 2013-08-25.
External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png)
Heraklion travel guide from Wikivoyage
- Municipality of Heraklion
- Heraklion information
- Heraklion - The Greek National Tourism Organization
- The beaches of Heraklion
- Heraklion at Curlie
- Heraklion
- 824 establishments
- Greek prefectural capitals
- Greek regional capitals
- Municipalities of Crete
- Populated places in Heraklion (regional unit)
- Populated places established in the 9th century
- Mediterranean port cities and towns in Greece
- Port cities of the Aegean Sea
- Fortified settlements
- 9th-century establishments in Greece