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Lolicon art often depicts childlike characteristics in erotic settings

Lolicon (ロリコン), also romanized as rorikon, is a slang portmanteau of the phrase "Lolita complex".[1][2] In Japan, the term describes an attraction to young girls,[3] or an individual with such an attraction.[4][5] Outside Japan, the term is less common and most often refers to a genre of manga and anime wherein childlike female characters are depicted in an erotic manner. The phrase is a reference to Vladimir Nabokov's book, Lolita, in which a middle-aged man becomes sexually obsessed with a 12-year-old girl.[6] The equivalent term for attraction to (or art pertaining to erotic portrayal of) young boys is shotacon.

Some critics claim that the lolicon genre contributes to actual sexual abuse of children,[7][8] while others claim that there is no evidence for this,[9][8] or that there is evidence to the contrary.[10] Several countries have attempted to criminalize lolicon's sexually explicit forms as a type of child pornography. Canada, Norway and Sweden have so far succeeded in doing this.

In Japan

Generally, lolicon is a term used to describe a sexual attraction to younger girls, or girls with youthful characteristics. In other words, it can refer to actual or perceived pedophilia and ephebophilia. Strictly speaking, Lolita complex in Japanese refers only to the paraphilia itself, but the abbreviation lolicon can refer to an individual that has the paraphilia as well.[4] Lolicon is a widespread phenomenon in Japan, where it is a frequent subject of scholarly articles and criticism.[11] Many general bookstores and newsstands openly offer illustrated lolicon material, but there has also been police action against lolicon manga.[11] There are also stores that specifically target the lolicon audience.[7] The consumers are said to be white-collar workers in their 20s and 30s who do not complain about the high prices of lolicon merchandise such as figurines and accessories.[7]

The "kawaii" style (which translates to "cute") is extremely popular in Japan, where it is present in all the manga/anime styles.[12] The school-aged girl in a school uniform is also an erotic symbol in Japan, comparable to the image of a woman in a mini-skirt in the United States. Burusera shops cater to men with lolicon complexes by selling unwashed panties, men can make dates with teenagers through terekura ("telephone clubs"),[13] and school girls moonlight as prostitutes in Tokyo.[14] Together, these create the "strange collusion which exists in Japanese culture between the hentai (pervert) and the kawaii (cute)."[15] Conversely, the great cultural respect associated with old age would make it incompatible with portraying ecchi behavior in manga, except in a greatly exaggerated farce context (typical examples being "Dirty Old Men", Dragon Ball's Muten-Rôshi, Master Happosai in Ranma 1/2).

Sexual manga featuring children or childlike characters are called lolicon manga.[16][11] These are generally legal in Japan, although child pornography was outlawed in 1999.[17] Lolicon manga are usually short stories, published as dōjinshi or in magazines specializing in the genre. Common focuses of these stories include taboo relationships, such as between a teacher and student or brother and sister, while others feature sexual experimentation between children. Some lolicon manga cross over with other hentai genres, such as crossdressing and futanari.[11] Kodomo no Jikan is an example of a series that, while not pornographic, draws on lolicon themes for its plot.

Lolicon is a subject of study in the Superflat exhibition.[3][18]

Origin

The use of the term "Lolita complex" in Japan began in the early 1970s with the translation of Russell Trainer's The Lolita Complex. Shinji Wada used the word in his Stumbling upon a cabbage field (キャベツ畑でつまづいて, Kyabetsu-batake de tumazuite), an Alice in Wonderland manga parody in 1974.[19] However, the "lolicon manga" genre closely related to manga media began with Hideo Azuma's works, such as The machine which came from the sea (海から来た機械, Umi kara kita Kikai), in the early 1980s. Azuma had been publishing some sexual manga featuring young girls in his own self-published magazine Cybele prior to that time.[20] Azuma's works became popular among schoolboy readers because most of the pornographic manga up until then had featured mature women influenced by gekiga, but Azuma's works are not pornographies in a strict sense though they contain many sexual elements. Following Azuma's success, some pornographic manga magazines, such as Manga Burikko and Lemon People, began featuring prepubescent girls. Throughout the 1980s, notable lolicon mangaka who published in these magazines include Nonki Miyasu, Kamui Fujiwara, Yoshito Asari and Aki Uchida.

Lolicon manga and gender roles

File:Lolimanga.JPG
Lolicon manga.

Sharon Kinsella claimed that lolicon manga was a late-1980s outgrowth of girls' manga,[6] which included male homosexual love stories and parodies of boys' and adult manga.[21] This occurred as more men attended amateur manga conventions and new boys' amateur manga genres appeared at Comiket. Kinsella distinguished between the attitudes toward gender of amateur lolicon manga and that of male fans of girls' manga.[6] While parody manga created by women ridicule male stereotypes and appeal to both male and female fans, lolicon manga "usually features a girl heroine with large eyes and a body that is both voluptuous and child-like, scantily clad in an outfit that approximates a cross between a 1970s bikini and a space-age suit of armor."[6] This latter feature expresses both fear and desire for young women, who have become increasingly powerful in Japanese society.[22] Kinsella noted that the dominant British and American genres and imports of animation video in the 1990s are derived from lolicon manga, suggesting that women in all of these countries have gone through similar social and cultural experiences.[23]

Female mangaka who draw what has been interpreted as lolicon include Chiho Aoshima (The red-eyed tribe billboard),[24] Aya Takano (Universe Dream wall painting),[25] Kaworu Watashiya (Kodomo no Jikan),[26] and Yukiru Sugisaki (Rizelmine).[27] Males include Henmaru Machino [Untitled (Green Caterpillar's Girl)], Hitoshi Tomizawa (Alien 9, Milk Closet), and Borne (sculptures).[3]

Japanese animator Hayao Miyazaki said in a 1988 interview with Animage that while he prefers to have female protagonists, "It's difficult. They immediately become the subjects of rorikon gokko (play toy for Lolita Complex guys). In a sense, if we want to depict someone who is affirmative to us, we have no choice but to make them as lovely as possible. But now, there are too many people who shamelessly depict (such heroines) as if they just want (such girls) as pets, and things are escalating more and more." He expressed concern as to what this might mean for "human rights for women."[28]

Outside Japan

The meaning of lolicon has evolved much in the Western world, as have the meanings of other words such as anime, otaku and hentai. In the West, lolicon refers to anime or manga that contains sexual or erotic portrayals of prepubescent or childlike characters, and is thus close cognate to the Japanese term lolicon manga. The use of the word lolicon in the West is an indication that the material is overtly, even if not explicitly, erotic.[29]

Controversy

Laws have been enacted to criminalize "obscene images of children, no matter how they are made," for inciting abuse.[30] An argument is that obscene fictional images portray children as sex objects, thereby contributing to child sexual abuse. This argument has been disputed by the claim that there is no scientific basis for that connection,[31] and that restricting sexual expression in drawings or animated games and videos might actually increase the rate of sexual crime by eliminating a harmless outlet for desires that could motivate crime.[9] This is exemplified in a case involving a man, from Virginia who, while arrested after viewing lolicon at a public library, asserted that he had quit collecting real child pornography and switched to lolicon.[32]

Cultural critic Hiroki Azuma said that very few readers of lolicon manga commit crimes. In the otaku culture, lolicon is the "most convenient [form of rebellion]" against society.[8]

Milton Diamond and Ayako Uchiyama observe a strong correlation between the dramatic rise of pornographic material in Japan from the 1970s onwards and a dramatic decrease in reported sexual violence, including crimes by juveniles and assaults on children under 13. They cite similar findings in Denmark and West Germany. In their summary, they state that the concern that countries with widespread availability of sexually explicit material would suffer increased rates of sexual crimes was not validated; and that the reduction of sexual crimes in Japan during that period may have been influenced by a variety of factors they had described in their study.[10]

Sharon Kinsella observed an increase in unsubstantiated accounts of schoolgirl prostitution in the media in the late 1990s, and speculated that these unproven reports developed in counterpoint to the increased reporting on comfort women. She speculated that, "It may be that the image of happy girls selling themselves voluntarily cancels out the other guilty image." [8]

A Japanese non-profit organization called CASPAR has claimed that lolicon and other anime magazines and games do encourage sex crimes. The group, founded in 1989, campaigns for regulation of depiction of minors in pornographic magazines and video games.[33] Public attention was brought to bear on this issue when Tsutomu Miyazaki kidnapped and murdered four girls between the ages of 4 and 7 in 1988 and 1989, committing necrophilia with their corpses.[34] The Tokyo High Court ruled him sane, stating that "the murders were premeditated and stemmed from Miyazaki's sexual fantasies",[35] and he was executed by hanging for his crimes on June 17, 2008.[36]

Public sentiment against animated child pornography was revived in 2005 when a convicted sex offender, who was arrested for the murder of a seven-year-old girl in Nara, was suspected as a lolicon.[33] Despite media speculation, it was found that the murderer, Kaoru Kobayashi, seldom had interest in manga, games or dolls.[37] He claimed, however, that he had become interested in small girls after watching an animated pornographic video as a high school student.[38] He was sentenced to death by hanging.

According to Michiko Magaoko, director of a non-profit organization in Kyoto called Juvenile Guide, founded in 2003, approximately half of the 2,000 pornographic animation titles distributed in Japan every year, including films and video games, feature schoolgirl characters. Mitsui Kondo, representative of an Osaka-based Child Protection Agency, argues that these films may distort attitudes towards girls: "Such a situation makes our society more dangerous to girls....We've got to think about it before talking about freedom of expression."[38]

On March 11, 2008, UNICEF Japan issued a statement calling for further tightening of child pornography laws in Japan, including the ban of sexual depictions of minors in manga, anime and computer games.[39] Such a ban, however, is not being considered by Japan officials for the time being.[40]

Australia

All sexualised depictions of children under the age of 16 (or who appear to be under that age) are illegal in Australia, and there is a 'zero-tolerance' policy in place, which covers purely fictional children as well as real children.[41]

In August 2007, an Australian was sentenced to pay an AUD $9,000 fine for attempting to import eight DVDs of Japanese anime found to contain pornographic depictions of children and 14 found to contain depictions of sexual violence. No images of real children were involved. "Customs National Manager Investigations, Richard Janeczko, said that it was important to understand that even cartoons or drawings such as those depicted in anime were prohibited if they contained offensive sexual content."[42]

Canada

Canadian laws addressing this are included in the C-46 amended Canadian Criminal Code passed in 1985. Specifically, under Part V: Sexual Offences, Public Morals and Disordery Conduct: Offences Tending to Corrupt Morals. Section 163.1 defines child pornography to include "a visual representation, whether or not it was made by electronic or mechanical means", that "shows a person who is or is depicted as being under the age of eighteen years and is engaged in or is depicted as engaged in explicit sexual activity", or "the dominant characteristic of which is the depiction, for a sexual purpose, of a sexual organ or the anal region of a person under the age of eighteen years." The definitive Supreme Court of Canada decision, R. v. Sharpe, interprets the statute to include purely fictional material even when no real children were involved in its production. Chief Justice Beverley McLachlin wrote,

Interpreting "person" in accordance with Parliament's purpose of criminalizing possession of material that poses a reasoned risk of harm to children, it seems that it should include visual works of the imagination as well as depictions of actual people. Notwithstanding the fact that 'person' in the charging section and in s. 163.1(1)(b) refers to a flesh-and-blood person, I conclude that "person" in s. 163.1(1)(a) includes both actual and imaginary human beings.

— Supreme Court of Canada, R. v. Sharpe, Paragraph 38[43]

In October 2005, Canadian courts arrested a 26 year old Edmonton, Alberta man named Gordon Tshun Chin[44] for importing Japanese magazines [45] (manga) depicting explicit child sexuality.[46] Chin's attorney Darcy Depoe claimed Chin did not know it was illegal, that he was naive. Despite this, Chin was sentenced by Judge David Tilley to an eighteen-month conditional sentence, during which he was barred from using the Internet. He was also required to perform 100 hours of community service and receive counseling. This is the first known manga-related child pornography case in Canada. It is also the first known that exclusively prosecutes this offense, not used in conjunction with other laws to increase sentencing.[47][48]

In April 2006, a 21 year old American man from Long Island, New York named Dominic Sousa was sentenced to 30 days in jail (made mandatory by the judgement in November 2005) for bringing child pornography to Yarmouth, Canada. While he had possession of three videos and three images of real children, a criminal investigator cited the 13,000 "mostly cartoon" or "anime" images in his possession and the "prohibitive nature of these goods".[49]

The current minimum penalty for possession of, or "accessing," child pornography is fourteen days imprisonment.[50]

The current law criminalizes possession of purely fictional material and has been applied in the absence of any images of real children, including to possession of fictional stories with no pictures of children at all.[51]

Netherlands

On October 1, 2002, the Netherlands introduced legislation (Bulletin of Acts and Decrees 470) which deemed "virtual child pornography" as illegal.[52] The laws appear to only outlaw "realistic images representing a minor engaged in a sexually explicit conduct," and hence lolicon is not included.[53]

Second Life (the US based virtual world) is currently being investigated by the public prosecutor. A number of Second Life users engage in ageplay where their online avatars dress, act and look like underage children while engaging in virtual sexual acts. Although there is no Dutch law that legislates against under age depictions of sexual acts for computer generated images, the public prosecutor is investigating this on the basis that these virtual actions may incite child abuse in the real world. [2] So far this has not led to any successful prosecutions.

In March 2008, a 52 year old male was convicted for owning lifelike computer animations of a child performing sexual acts. He has been convicted to a two-year suspended jail sentence, with a ten-year probation period. Prosecution claims that this animation could have been used to entice young children into sexual acts with grown-ups, due to the title and the contents of the animation. The CGI in the clip was life-like, thus falling under the 2002 legislation. [54]

New Zealand

In New Zealand, the Films, Videos, and Publications Classification Act 1993 classifies a publication as "objectionable" if it "promotes or supports, or tends to promote or support, the exploitation of children, or young persons, or both, for sexual purposes." Making, distribution, import, or copying or possession of objectionable material for the purposes of distribution are offences punishable (in the case of an individual) by a fine of up to NZ$10,000 on strict liability, and 10 years in prison if the offence is committed knowingly.[55]

In December 2004, the Office of Film and Literature Classification determined that Puni Puni Poemy - an anime series not usually thought of as pornographic by fans, but which could be described as just barely lolicon - was objectionable under the Act and therefore illegal to publish in New Zealand. A subsequent appeal failed, and the series remains banned.[56]

Norway

In Norway, any images or videos that depict pornography in a childish context (which would include, for example, an adult model with childish clothes/toys/surroundings)[57] are to be considered child pornography. Lolicon are therefore counted as child pornography, and not legal, in Norway (although this has not been proved by Norwegian court). So far, however, this law has only been used to sentence individuals in possession of real child porn.[58]

South Africa

With the promulgation of the "Films and Publications Amendment Bill" in September 2003, a broad range of simulated child pornography became illegal in South Africa. For the purposes of the act, any image or description of a person "real or simulated" who is depicted or described as being under the age of 18 years and engaged in sexual conduct, broadly defined, constitutes 'child pornography.'[59] Under the act, anyone is guilty of an offence punishable by up to 10 years imprisonment if he or she possesses, creates or produces, imports, exports, broadcasts, or in any way takes steps to procure or access child pornography.

Sweden

Any images or videos that depict children in a pornographic context are to be considered child pornography in Sweden, regardless of how realistic or abstract they are.[60] This means that lolicon is considered to be child pornography and is therefore illegal in Sweden. It has, however, not yet been tried in court.

United Kingdom

Non-photographic images of children have never been illegal in the United Kingdom, and on 23 November 2006, Vernon Coaker, the Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department, stated that "Although cartoons depicting child abuse are deeply offensive, they do not in themselves constitute abuse of a child. The 1978 Act is well understood by those who work with it and enforce it and there are substantial arguments against extending its scope to cover cartoons of child pornography."[61] Home Secretary John Reid and Parliamentary under Secretary of State for Justice Maria Eagle both specifically cited Lolicon as something they want to ban under this new law [citation needed]. [62]

However, on 13 December 2006, UK Home Secretary John Reid, announced that the Cabinet was discussing how to ban computer-generated images of child abuse — including cartoons and graphic illustrations of abuse — after pressure from children's charities.[63] The Government published a consultation on 1 April 2007, announcing plans to create a new offence of possessing a computer generated picture, cartoon or drawing with a penalty of three years in prison and an unlimited fine.[64][65]

United States

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

The Supreme Court of the United States decided in 2002, and affirmed in 2004, that previous prohibition of simulated child pornography under the Child Pornography Prevention Act of 1996 was unconstitutional.[66] The majority ruling stated that "the CPPA prohibits speech that records no crime and creates no victims by its production. Virtual child pornography is not 'intrinsically related' to the sexual abuse of children."

On 30 April 2003, President George W. Bush signed into law the PROTECT Act of 2003 (also dubbed the Amber Alert Law)[67] which again criminalizes all forms of pornography that shows people under the age of 18 regardless of production. The Act introduced 18 U.S.C. § 1466A "Obscene visual representations of the sexual abuse of children", which criminalizes material that has "a visual depiction of any kind, including a drawing, cartoon, sculpture or painting", that "depicts a minor engaging in sexually explicit conduct and is obscene" or "depicts an image that is, or appears to be, of a minor engaging in ... sexual intercourse ... and lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value" (the third test of the Miller Test obscenity determination).

In December 2005, Dwight Whorley was convicted[68] under 18 U.S.C. 1466A(a)(1) on twenty counts for receiving "...obscene Japanese anime cartoons that graphically depicted prepubescent female children being forced to engage in genital-genital and oral-genital intercourse with adult males."[69] At the time of the violations, Whorley was on parole for earlier sex crimes, although the ensuing convictions were independent of his violation of the terms of the parole. He was also convicted of possessing child pornography involving real children. [70] Later, U.S. Attorney's Bulletin, which was requested in November 2006 by the Freedom of Information Act, describes the repercussions of this conviction. It recommends that the precedent set by the Whorley case be used as a basis for future prosecutions for possession of such obscene cartoons.

On April 6, 2006, the arrest of one Michael Williams for child pornography was upheld by the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit, but the portion of the arrest which pertained to the PROTECT Act was overturned. Specific cartoon depictions of what appears to be a minor engaging in overt sexual intercourse (not merely sexually explicit) were deemed insufficient to actually fulfill the requirements of the PROTECT Act, as the content described in subsections (i) and (ii) of § 2252A(a)(3)(B) is not constitutionally protected, speech that advertises or promotes such content does have the protection of the First Amendment. Accordingly, § 2252A(a)(3)(B) was held to be unconstitutionally overbroad. The Eleventh Circuit further held that the law was unconstitutionally vague, in that it did not adequately and specifically describe what sort of speech was criminally actionable.[71]

The Department of Justice appealed the Eleventh Circuit's ruling to the U.S. Supreme Court. The case review docket is listed as 06-0694 and was scheduled for October 30, 2007 on the 2007-2008 schedule.[3] The Supreme Court heard arguments on the case and overturned the Eleventh Circuit's ruling 7-2 with Justices Souter and Ginsberg dissenting. The court stressed that virtual child pornography remained under the protection of the First Amendment, except when it was offered or solicited under the mistaken impression that actual children were depicted.[72]

In February 2007, Senator John McCain introduced S.519, which would add a mandatory 10-year prison sentence to anyone who uses the Internet to violate the PROTECT Act.[73]

In May 2008, the Supreme Court, while ruling on the PROTECT ACT, ruled that the act cannot be used to punish persons who view or make virtual child porn, provided it is not promoted as actual child porn.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "Shopping rebellion; what the kids want. (Letter from Tokyo)". The New Yorker. 2002-03-18. Retrieved 2008-01-13. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  2. ^ "ロリコン" (in Japanese). Sanseido. Retrieved 2008-01-07. An abbreviation for "lolita complex". (ロリータコンプレックスの略．, Rorīta Konpurekkusu no hobo.)
  3. ^ a b c Darling, 82.
  4. ^ a b Rosemary Feitelberg (2007-06-22). "On the drawing board. (Lehmann Maupin gallery)". Women's Wear Daily. Retrieved 2008-01-13. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  5. ^ "ロリコン" (in Japanese). SPACE ALC. Retrieved 2008-01-07.
  6. ^ a b c d Kinsella, 305.
  7. ^ a b c "'Rorikon' trade nurturing a fetish for young females". Japan Today. 2004-03-22. Retrieved 2008-01-13. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  8. ^ a b c d Tony McNicol (2004-04-27). "Does comic relief hurt kids?". The Japan Times. Retrieved 2008-01-18. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  9. ^ a b "「ホットライン運用ガイドライン案」等に対する意見の募集結果について" (in Japanese). Internet Association Japan. 2006-05-31. Retrieved 2008-01-10. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  10. ^ a b Milton Diamond and Ayako Uchiyama (1999). "Pornography, Rape and Sex Crimes in Japan". International Journal of Law and Psychiatry. 22 (1): 1–22. doi:10.1016/S0160-2527(98)00035-1. Retrieved 2008-01-06.
  11. ^ a b c d Kinsella, Sharon. Adult Manga. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2000. ISBN 0-8248-2318-4
  12. ^ "The Darker Side of Cuteness," The Economist, May 8, 1999.
  13. ^ "Breaking the Mold," Sydney Morning Herald, October 7, 1995
  14. ^ Willis Witter (1997-04-06). "Teen prostitutes sell favors after school in Tokyo" (fee required). The Washington Times. Retrieved 2008-01-13. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  15. ^ "TURNING JAPANESE? ;TURNING JAPANESE? I REALLY THINK SO," by Nick Currie. The Herald (Glasgow), September 26, 1998.
  16. ^ Gelder, Ken. The Subcultures Reader, 2nd ed. Oxon: Routledge, 2005. p. 547. ISBN 0-415-34415-8
  17. ^ Tim Richardson (1999-05-18). "Child porn banned in Japan". The Register. Retrieved 2008-01-18. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  18. ^ May Abbe (2001-07-20). ""Superflat" art from Japan collapses hierarchies by merging "high" and "low" art, populist and elite genres, advertising and noncommercial media, even 2-D and 3-D concepts" (fee required). Star Tribune. Retrieved 2008-01-20. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  19. ^ Shinji Wada, "Kyabetsu-batake de tsumazuite" in Bessatsu Margaret, June, 1974, p.121
  20. ^ Template:Ja icon Maruta Hara and Kazuo Shimizu, "The Lolicon Dōjinshi Reviews" (ロリコン同人誌レビュー, Rorikon dōjinshi rebyū)[1] in Apple Pie, March, 1982, p.116
  21. ^ Kinsella, 304.
  22. ^ Darling, 82. Kinsella, 306.
  23. ^ Kinsella, 307.
  24. ^ Darling, 85–6.
  25. ^ Darling, 86.
  26. ^ Jason DeAngelis (2007-05-29). "Seven Seas Entertainment Talks about Nymphet". Anime News Network. Retrieved 2008-01-18. ...those who are speaking out against Nymphet seem to be disturbed by the relationship between two characters in the story, namely an elementary school student and her adult teacher. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  27. ^ "Rizelmine (book review)". Publishers Weekly. 2005-09-19. Retrieved 2008-01-18. ...this irrational and unsettling love story will disturb all but the most dedicated shonen manga otaku. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  28. ^ original source: Animage, vol. 125, November 1988 Retrieved 2007-06-08.
  29. ^ Glossary Entry: Lolicon Anime Meta-Review. Website accessed May 13, 2006 and again on 6 Jan 2008
  30. ^ "President Signs PROTECT Act" (Press release). White House. 2003-04-30. Retrieved 2007-06-11. {{cite press release}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  31. ^ In Free Speech Coalition v. Reno (later Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition), the court held that "[f]actual studies that establish the link between computer-generated child pornography and the subsequent sexual abuse of children apparently do not yet exist."
  32. ^ Mike Allen (2006-10-07). "Man will serve 10 months for child porn". The Roanoke Times. Retrieved 2008-01-07. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  33. ^ a b "Lolicon Backlash in Japan" Anime News Network 01/13/2005. Retrieved 2007-06-07.
  34. ^ "Serial killer Miyazaki must hang: Supreme Court", The Japan Times. 01/18/2006. Retrieved 2007-07-07.
  35. ^ "Court rules serial killer Miyazaki sane", The Japan Times, 06/29/01. Retrieved 2007-06-07.
  36. ^ "Reports: Japan executes man convicted of killing and mutilating young girls in 1980s". International Herald Tribune. 2008-06-17. Retrieved 2008-06-17.
  37. ^ "Otaku harassed as sex-crime fears mount". The Japan Times. 2005-02-06. Retrieved 2008-01-06.
  38. ^ a b "Child porn, if animated, eludes regulators", by Akemi Nakamura, The Japan Times. 05/18/2005. Retrieved 2007-06-07.
  39. ^ Reynolds, Isabel. "UNICEF says Japan failing to control child porn". Reuters. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessed= ignored (help)
  40. ^ McCurry, Justin. "Japan to outlaw possession of child porn". The Guardian. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessed= ignored (help)
  41. ^ McLelland, Mark. The World of Yaoi: The Internet, Censorship and the Global “Boys’ Love” Fandom Australian Feminist Law Journal, 2005.
  42. ^ Australian Customs Service: Man fined $9,000 for smuggling child pornography. Retrieved August 17, 2007.
  43. ^ R. v. Sharpe (26 January 2001). Retrieved February 20, 2006.
  44. ^ Dear Edmonton Journal by Chris Macdonald of AnimeNewsNetwork
  45. ^ Conviction for child toon porn - May be a first for Canadian courts by Tony Blais, Court Bureau, Edmonton Sun
  46. ^ Canadian Arrested for Importing Loli-porn Manga (March 4, 2005, Anime News Network). Retrieved June 23, 2008.
  47. ^ Canadian Sentenced over Loli-Porn Manga (October 20, 2005, Anime News Network). Retrieved January 20, 2006.
  48. ^ Canadian Convicted of Possessing Hentai Kiddie Porn by Darklady of YNOT
  49. ^ Jail time for man with cartoon child porn (April 4 2006, CBC News)
  50. ^ http://www.canlii.org/ca/sta/c-46/sec163.1.html C-46 Criminal Code of Canada Section 163.1
  51. ^ R. v. Beattie (8 April 2005). Retrieved March 12, 2007.
  52. ^ Justitie (1 October 2002). Retrieved January 20, 2006.
  53. ^ Draft Convention on Cyber-crime (25 April 2000). Retrieved January 20, 2006.
  54. ^ AD.nl - Binnenland - Virtueel filmpje geldt ook als porno
  55. ^ Films, Videos, and Publications Classification Act 1993 Retrieved August 23, 2007.
  56. ^ Puni Puni Poemy: Banned in New Zealand Retrieved August 23, 2007.
  57. ^ Template:No icon Lovdata - Straffeloven, 19. kapittel, Seksualforbrytelser, § 204a
  58. ^ Template:No icon Lovdata - Straffeloven, 19. kapittel, Seksualforbrytelser, § 204 - "Pornoloven" ("The porn law")
  59. ^ "Films and Publications Amendment Bill of 2003 (104kb pdf file)" (PDF). {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessdaymonth= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  60. ^ Template:Sv icon Frågor och svar om sexuella övergrepp mot barn
  61. ^ "House of Commons Hansard Written Answers for [[23 November]] [[2006]]". {{cite web}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help); Unknown parameter |accessdaymonth= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  62. ^ "UK to outlaw cartoons of child sexual abuse". The Register. 2008-05-28. Retrieved 2008-05-29. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  63. ^ "Ban urged on child abuse images". BBC News. 2006-12-13. Retrieved 2007-02-12. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  64. ^ "Plan to tighten child abuse law". BBC News. 2007-04-02. Retrieved 2007-05-28. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  65. ^ "Consultation on the possession of non-photographic visual depictions of child sexual abuse". Home Office. 2007-04-02. Retrieved 2007-11-23.
  66. ^ "Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition". {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessdaymonth= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  67. ^ "Bush signs child protection bill". {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  68. ^ "Richmond man first convicted under expanded child-porn law". {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessdaymonth= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
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References

Look up lolicon in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lolicon.


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