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Udmurtia

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Udmurtia
Map
CountryRussia
Federal district[1]
Economic region[2]
Population
 • Estimate 
(2018)[4]
1,513,044
Time zoneUTC+4 (MSK+1 Edit this on Wikidata[5])
ISO 3166 codeRU-UD
OKTMO ID94000000
Official languagesRussian[6]

Udmurt Republic (Russian: Удму́ртская респу́блика; Udmurt: Удмурт Республика) or Udmurtia (Удму́ртия) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic). The direct romanization of the Republic's Russian name is Udmurtskaya Respublika or Udmurtiya; Udmurt name: Udmurt Respublika. Its size is almost 42,000 km² with a population of 1,600,000. Its capital is Izhevsk.

Geography

Udmurtia is located in the eastern portion of the Eastern European Plain, between the Kama and Vyatka Rivers.

Borders
Kind Polity or geographical feature Direction
Internal Kirov Oblast SW/W/NW/N
Perm Krai NE/E
Republic of Bashkortostan SE
Republic of Tatarstan S/SW
Water Votkinsk Reservoir E

Time zone

Udmurtia is located in the Samara Time Zone (SAMT/SAMST). UTC offset is +0400 (SAMT)/+0500 (SAMST).

Rivers

Major rivers include:

Lakes

While there are no large lakes in the Republic, Votkinskoye Reservoir is partially located on its territory.

Natural resources

Udmurtia's natural resources include oil, peat, mineral waters, and more. Oil reserves are estimated to be 820 million tons (as of 2002). Approximately 7–8 million tons are extracted annually. Most of the oil is exported.

Forests cover over 40% of the Republic's territory. Most of the forests are coniferous.

Climate

Udmurtia has moderate continental climate, with warm summers and cold winters with a lot of snow.

Average temperatures
Month Average temperature
January Template:C to F
July Template:C to F

Administrative divisions

Main article: Administrative divisions of Udmurtia

Demographics

Population
Year Noncategorized Urban summatio Urban percentage Rural summatio Rural percentage Male summatio Male percentage Female summatio Female percentage
2002 1,570,316 1,094,338 69.7 475,978 30.3 725,075 46.2 843,241 53.7

Females per 1000 males

  • Females per 1000 males:1,160
Average age
Unit of mesurement Noncategorized Urban Rural Male Female
Years 35.8 35.6 36.1 32.8 38.4
Number of households
Noncategorized Noncategorized with people number Urban Urban with people number Rural Rural with people number
552,862 1,548,762 395,200 1,084,281 157,662 464,481
Vital statistics
Year Births Birth rate Deaths Death rate Net immigration NGR per year percent PGR per year percent
2005 17,190 11.1 24,006 15,5
2007 [1] 19,667 12.79 per 1000 21,727 14.13 per 1000 -2.1 per 1000 -0.13 -0.34

Ethnic groups

According to the 2002 Census, Russians make up 60.1% of the republic's population, while the ethnic Udmurts only make up 29.3%. Other groups include Tatars (7.0%), Ukrainians (11,527, or 0.7%), Mari (8,985, or 0.6%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the republic's total population. 2,957 people (0.2%) did not indicate their nationalities during the Census.

Ethnic group census 1926 census 1939 census 1959 census 1970 census 1979 census 1989 census 2002
Udmurts 395,607 (52.3%) 480,014 (39.4%) 475,913 (35.6%) 484,168 (34.2%) 479,702 (32.1%) 496,522 (30.9%) 460,584 (29.3%)
Besermyan 9,200 (1.2%) 2,998 (0.2%)
Russians 327,493 (43.3) 679,294 (55.7%) 758,770 (56.8%) 809,563 (57.1%) 870,270 (58.3%) 945,216 (58.9%) 944,108 (60.1%)
Tatars 19,248 (2.5%) 40,561 (3.3%) 71,930 (5.4%) 87,150 (6.1%) 99,139 (6.6%) 110,490 (6.9%) 109,218 (7.0%)
Others 4,716 (0.6%) 19,481 (1.6%) 30,314 (2.3%) 36,794 (2.6%) 43,061 (2.9%) 53,435 (3.3%) 53,408 (3.4%)

Over two thirds of the world population of Udmurts live in Udmurtia.[7]

Although as of 2007 population is declining, the decline is more pronounced in Urban areas. Out of the 19,667 births reported in 2007, 12,631 were in urban areas(11.86 per 1000) and 7,036 were in rural areas(14.88 per 1000). Birth rates for rural areas are 25% higher than that of urban areas. Of the total of 21,727 deaths, 14,366 were reported in urban areas(13.49 per 1000) and 7,361 were in rural areas(15.56 per 1000). Natural decline of population was measured at -0.16% for urban areas and an insignificant -0.07% for rural areas(Average for Russia is -0.33%). [2]

History

Map of Udmurtia

Udmurt means literally "field people". The Udmurts are first mentioned in written history by Herodotos by the Greek name of "Budini" who lived around the Volga and Kama rivers. The name Budins is a variant of "Vodins" and is derived from place names. The Vodins never formed any state, only a loose league between the Udmurt tribes. The Udmurts lived close to the Scythians and even some Greeks, Gelons, had settled as fur traders among the Udmurts. There were many fortified wooden settlements along the Kama and Vitka (Viatka) rivers inhabited by Udmurts.

By the time of the Roman Empire, the Udmurts had settled in the Volga bend area and they are also mentioned by the Greek historian Strabo who mentions new settlers from east appearing in Bohemia called Zumis and Butonis.

During the time of Turkic - Mongol - Hun invasion of Europe some Udmurt tribes joined the Sarmatians in the great "Folk-Wandering" and settled in the Vistula basin c. 100-300 CE. They were mentioned by Ptolemy c. 150 CE.

Middle Ages

Udmurts are also mentioned by Arab historians Ibn Fadhlan (921) and Abu-Said al-Balchi (950) as neighbouring people of Idel river Bolgars. In 981, Prince Vladimir of Kiev started a war against the Vjatitsi (which literally means "Udmurts living in the Vitka river valley") tribes. Next year they rebelled again against Kievan Rus rule. Vladimir deported all the most powerful and richest tribal chiefs to southern area held by Kievan Rus. One of these tribal chiefs was Arbegs or Arpek. (The name itself means Ar = Udmurt in Old Tatar language. Finno-Ugrian names did not have soft b during that period. It came later from Russian language. Pek is presumably place name.) From this started the ethnic cleansing of Finno-Ugric tribes in the Oka, Vitka (Viatka) and Kama rivers area. During the 1000–1200 the Udmurts rebelled continuously against the Kievan Russian rule. Prince Vladimir Monomak tried to crush the waves of rebellion, but had to fight a hard battle in 1200 against the Udmurt Vjatitsi chief Chodota. The first Orthodox missionary monk from Kiev was murdered. Many Udmurts avoided the Slav expansion and moved away to the Unsa, Vetluga, Suhona and Sheksna river valleys where they later were mixed with Komi-murts.

During the Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria of 1237 the Mongols also conquered land where most of the Udmurts lived. They had to pay annual taxes to the Khan of Kazan, who did not otherwise intervene in Udmurt tribal society. The Udmurts joined Tatars in the "Battle of Kulikovo" in 1380 and many thousands of Udmurts perished. The Khan of Kazan sent an army against the Udmurts in 1452 but the Tatars found it very difficult to conquer the Udmurts. Instead Khan of Kazan made an alliance with Udmurts.

In 1466 the Udmurts attacked the Russians in the Vitka river valley. In 1500 Russians called Udmurts "Arjaans". By this time some Udmurt tribes were mixed with Tatars and these people still using Udmurt language, were called Besermaans, in Udmurt Busurmans. The Mordvins called Udmurts "Odo". From this name the Russians derived their second alternative name for Udmurts, Otjans (Otjaki) or Otiny. This derived later to form Votjaki. The Udmurts fought with Tatars against the Muscovite Princes up to 1552 when the Khanate of Kazan was conquered and destroyed by the Russians. The territory of modern Udmurtia was divided after 1552 between the Kazan and Vyatka Governorates (guberniyas). In 1553–1557 Udmurts rebelled against the Russians. In 1582 a new rebellion took place. The Russians had to make from Moscow an armed venture against the Udmurt rebels. A new revolt started again in 1592 together with Maris. In 1609 Udmurts took part in a rebellion and conquered in 1612 for a short period Kazan together with Tatars. The next uprising took place when Udmurts joined the Stenka Razin rebellion in 1667–1671. However, the Russians still considered Udmurts dangerous enough that it was ordered in 1697 not to sell any iron which could be used to arm the Udmurt population. The last large scale uprising took place in 1773–1774 when Udmurts joined the Yemelyan Pugachyov's rebellion.

20th century

The first industrial enterprise in Udmurtia was the state owned Votkinsk Zavod founded as a weapons arsenal on the west bank of the river Kama. In 1917 Udmurts joined the short lived Idel-Ural League which was dissolved in December 1918. Since then a massive Russification took place. On November 4, 1920 Votsk Autonomous Oblast was formed. On January 1, 1932, Votsk Autonomous Oblast was renamed Udmurt Autonomous Oblast, which was then reorganized into the Udmurt ASSR on December 28, 1934. In Stalin's Great Purge of 1937–1938 the murder of most of Udmurt's intellectuals had its effects on Udmurt society. During the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945 many industrial factories were evacuated from Ukraine and western borderlands to Udmurtia, considerably increasing the ethnic Russian population in Udmurtia.

see* Labour camp Karkalai 1952

The Udmurt Republic in its present form has existed since September 20, 1990.

Politics

The head of government in Udmurtia is the President, who is elected for a five-year term. As of 2008, the president is Alexander Volkov, who assumed his post on November 3, 2000. Prior to the elections, Volkov was the Chairman of the Republic's Council—the highest post at that time.

The Republic's parliament is the State Council, popularly elected every five years. The State Council has 100 deputies.

The Republic's constitution was adopted on December 7, 1994.

Economy

Udmurtia is an industrialized republic. The most developed industries include machine building, chemical, and oil and gas industries. Udmurtia also benefited from the transfer of defense industry production during World War II. Izhevsk is the home to the Izhmash factory (AKA Izhmash Joint Stock Company) and Izhmech (AKA Izhevsky Mehanichesky Zavod); Izhmash being the primary manufacturer of Kalashnikov based weapon systems, and the 'home' of the AK-47 rifle. The Udmurt Republic is also home for other military technology factories, and also possesses a potential in electronics and nano technology industries.

Culture

See also: Music of Udmurtia

In Udmurtia, there are eight professional theaters, the Philharmonic Society, and more than ten state and numerous public museums which tell about history and culture of Udmurtia and its people, like the Museum of history and culture in Sarapul, or the Tchaikovsky Museum in Votkinsk. One of the oldest arms museums is located in Izhevsk, as well as the newer Kalashnikov Museum (dedicated in November 2004), which has recently become a general small-arms museum. Since the breakup of the Soviet Union a new, pan-Finno-Ugric cultural movement has evolved called "Ethnofuturism". [3]

Education

The most important facilities of higher education include the Udmurt State University, Izhevsk State Technical University, and Izhevsk State Medical Academy, all located in the capital Izhevsk.

Religion

The majority of the Republic's population is atheist or Russian Orthodox. Shamanism is also practiced.

Notes

  1. ^ Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", No. 20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District. Effective as of May 13, 2000.).
  2. ^ Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
  3. ^ "Сведения о наличии и распределении земель в Российской Федерации на 01.01.2019 (в разрезе субъектов Российской Федерации)". Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography. Archived from the original on 9 February 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
  4. ^ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  5. ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). 3 June 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
  6. ^ Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article 68.1 of the Constitution of Russia.
  7. ^ "NUPI: Centre for Russian Studies". Norsk Utenrikspolitisk Institutt (NUPI). Retrieved 2006-09-09. Data from the Soviet census of 1989. The table at the bottom states that in "Udmurtiya"(the y is optional), the "% av gruppen"(% of total world population) is "69,46%" which is more or less two thirds.

References

  • №663-XII 7 декабря 1994 г. «Конституция Удмуртской Республики», в ред. Закона №62-РЗ от 22 ноября 2007 г. (#663-XII December 7, 1994 Constitution of the Udmurt Republic, as amended by the Law #62-RZ of November 22, 2007. ).

Further reading

  • Kalder, Daniel. Lost Cosmonaut: Observations of an Anti-tourist. Scribner Book Company. ISBN 0-7432-8994-3.
  • Shkliaev, Aleksandr (2001). "The mass media and the national question in Udmurtia in the 1990s". Nationalities Papers. 29 (1): 97–108. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
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