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2010 Haiti earthquake

Coordinates: 18°27′25″N 72°31′59″W / 18.457°N 72.533°W / 18.457; -72.533
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2010 Haiti earthquake
The damaged National Palace (top),
Quake epicenter (bottom)
UTC time??
Magnitude7.0 Mw
Depth13 km (8.1 miles)
Epicenter18°27′25″N 72°31′59″W / 18.457°N 72.533°W / 18.457; -72.533
Areas affectedHaiti, Dominican Republic, Cuba, The Bahamas, Jamaica
Max. intensityMM X[1]
CasualtiesConfirmed 'burials' - 70,000 (Haitian government)[2] Estimated deaths up to 200,000 (Haitian government)[3]

The 2010 Haiti earthquake was a catastrophic magnitude 7.0 Mw earthquake. Its epicentre was near Léogâne, approximately 25 km (16 miles) west of Port-au-Prince, the capital of Haiti. The earthquake occurred at 16:53:10 local time (21:53:10 UTC) on Tuesday, 12 January 2010,[4][5] at a depth of 13 km (8.1 miles). The United States Geological Survey recorded a series of at least 33 aftershocks, fourteen of them between magnitudes 5.0 and 5.9.[6] The International Red Cross estimated that about three million people were affected by the quake,[7] and the Haitian Interior Minister, Paul Antoine Bien-Aimé, anticipated on 15 January that between 100,000 and 200,000 would have died as a result of the disaster,[3] exceeding earlier Red Cross estimates of 45,000–50,000.[8] Haitian Prime Minister Jean-Max Bellerive announced on 18 January that over 70,000 bodies had been buried in mass graves.[9]

The earthquake caused major damage to Port-au-Prince and the surrounding area. Most major landmarks were significantly damaged or destroyed, including the Presidential Palace (President René Préval survived), the National Assembly building, the Port-au-Prince Cathedral, and the main jail.[10][11][12] Compounding the tragedy, most hospitals in the area were destroyed.[13] The United Nations (UN) reported that the headquarters of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH), located in the capital, had collapsed and that the Mission's Chief, Hédi Annabi, his deputy, Luiz Carlos da Costa, and the acting police commissioner were confirmed dead.[14][15]

Background

The island of Hispaniola, shared by Haiti and the Dominican Republic, is seismically active and has experienced significantly destructive tremors in the past. An earthquake struck in 1751, and another in 1770, both while the island was under French control. According to French historian Moreau de Saint-Méry (1750–1819), "only one masonry building had not collapsed" in Port-au-Prince following the 18 October 1751 earthquake, but "the whole city collapsed" during the earthquake of 3 June 1770. Another earthquake destroyed the city of Cap-Haïtien and other towns in the northern part of Haiti and the Dominican Republic on 7 May 1842; this was also the earthquake which destroyed the Sans-Souci Palace.[16] In 1946, a magnitude-8.0 earthquake struck the Dominican Republic and also shook Haiti, producing a tsunami that killed 1,790 people and injured many others.[17]

A 2006 earthquake hazard study by C. DeMets and M. Wiggins-Grandison noted that the Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault zone could be at the end of its seismic cycle and forecast a worst-case scenario of a magnitude 7.2 earthquake, similar in size to the 1692 Jamaica earthquake.[18] Paul Mann and a group including the 2006 study team presented a hazard assessment of the Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault system to the 18th Caribbean Geologic Conference in March 2008, noting the large strain (overall equivalent to a 7.2 Mw earthquake); the team recommended "high priority" historical geologic rupture studies, as the fault was fully locked and had recorded few earthquakes in the preceding 40 years.[19] An article published in Haiti's Le Matin newspaper in September 2008 cited comments by geologist Patrick Charles to the effect that there was a high risk of major seismic activity in Port-au-Prince.[20]

Haiti is the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere,[21] ranked 149th of 182 countries on the Human Development Index.[22] The Australian government's travel advisory site expressed concerns that Haitian emergency services would be unable to cope in the event of a major disaster,[23] and the country is considered "economically vulnerable" by the Food and Agriculture Organization.[24] The country is no stranger to natural disasters: it has been struck by multiple hurricanes, causing flooding and widespread damage, most recently in 2008 from Tropical Storm Fay and Hurricanes Gustav, Hanna and Ike, resulting in 800 deaths.[25]

Geology

USGS intensity map.

The earthquake occurred inland, on 12 January 2010, approximately 25 kilometres (16 mi) WSW from Port-au-Prince at a depth of 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) at 16:53 UTC-5[4] on the Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault system.[26] Strong shaking with intensity VII–IX on the Modified Mercalli scale (MM) was recorded in Port-au-Prince and its suburbs. It was also felt in several surrounding countries and regions, including Cuba (MM III in Guantánamo), Jamaica (MM II in Kingston), Venezuela (MM II in Caracas), Puerto Rico (MM II–III in San Juan), and the bordering country of the Dominican Republic (MM III in Santo Domingo).[1][27] The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center issued a tsunami warning after the quake,[28] but cancelled it shortly afterwards.[29]

The earthquake occurred on a fault system between the North American and Caribbean tectonic plates.

The quake occurred in the vicinity of the northern boundary where the Caribbean tectonic plate shifts eastwards by about 20 mm per year relative to the North American plate. The strike-slip fault system in the region has two branches in Haiti, the Septentrional fault in the north and the Enriquillo-Plaintain Garden fault in the south; both its location and focal mechanism suggest that the January 2010 quake was caused by rupture of the Enriquillo-Plaintain Garden fault, which had been locked solid for 250 years, gathering stress. The stress would ultimately have been relieved either by a large earthquake or a series of smaller ones.[30] The rupture of this Mw 7.0 earthquake was roughly 65 kilometres (40 mi) long with mean slip of 1.8 metres (5.9 ft).[31] Preliminary analysis of the slip distribution found amplitudes of up to about 4 metres (13 ft) using ground motion records from all over the world.[32][33]

The United States Geological Survey recorded six aftershocks in the two hours after the main earthquake of magnitudes approximately 5.9,[34] 5.5,[35] 5.1,[34] 4.5,[34] and 4.5.[34] Within the first nine hours 26 aftershocks of magnitude 4.2 or greater were recorded, with twelve of them magnitude 5.0 or greater.[36]

According to estimates from the USGS, about 3.5 million people lived in the area that experienced shaking of MMI VII to X, a range that can cause moderate to very heavy damage even to earthquake-resistant structures.[1]

Infrastructure damage

Collapsed buildings in Port-au-Prince

Amongst the widespread devastation and damage throughout Port-au-Prince and elsewhere, vital infrastructure to respond to the disaster, such as all hospitals in the capital, air, sea, and land transport facilities, and communications, was severely damaged or destroyed. Because the organizational structures in Haiti had been destroyed in addition to the general devastation, the spokeswoman of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs called it the worst disaster the UN had ever confronted.[37]

Towns west of Port-au-Prince, including Jacmel, Carrefour, Léogâne, Petit-Goâve, and Gressier, were isolated by debris blocking connecting roads and unable to receive supplies that were slowly getting into the capital. Some were reported to have suffered extensive and perhaps catastrophic damage.[38] UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon estimated that half of the buildings in the affected regions were destroyed.[39]

The quake affected the three Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders) medical facilities around Port-au-Prince, causing one to collapse completely.[40][41][42] A hospital in Pétionville, a wealthy suburb of Port-au-Prince also collapsed.[43]

The quake seriously damaged the control tower at Toussaint L'Ouverture International Airport[44] and the Port-au-Prince seaport.[45] Reported damage to the seaport included the collapse of cranes and containers into the water, structural damage to the pier, and an oil spill, rendering the facility unusable for immediate rescue operations. The Gonaïves seaport, in the northern part of the country, remains operational.[46]

There was significant damage to communications. The telephone system was not available.[28] Haiti's largest cellular telephone server, Digicel, was damaged but operational by 14 January, but the volume of calls overwhelmed their capacity and most calls could not be connected.[47][48] The Committee to Protect Journalists reported that offices of Radio-Tele Ginen had been destroyed, but that several other stations, including Melodie FM, Radio Caraibes, Signal FM, and Radio Metropole, remained functioning. Many journalists who were not themselves casualties had suffered personal losses and were unable to work, which affected journalism as a whole.[49]

The buildings of the finance ministry, the ministry of public works, the ministry of communication and culture, the Palace of Justice, the Superior Normal School, the National School of Administration, the Institut Aimé Césaire, Parliament, and Port-au-Prince Cathedral were damaged to varying degrees.[50][51][52] The National Palace was severely damaged.[53][54] The Prison Civile de Port-au-Prince was destroyed, allowing 4,000 inmates to escape into the streets.[55]

Damage in downtown Port-au-Prince

The headquarters of MINUSTAH at Christopher Hotel[14] and offices of the World Bank were destroyed.[56] The building housing the offices of Citibank in Port-au-Prince was destroyed, and several employees remained missing as of 13 January 2010.[57] Up to 200 guests at the collapsed Hôtel Montana in Port-au-Prince remain unaccounted for, and are presumed dead as of 13 January 2010.[58]

Swamped cranes along the Port-au-Prince docks

The apparel industry, which accounts for two-thirds of Haiti's exports[59], reported structural damage at manufacturing facilities in Haiti. American-based Hanesbrands Inc. reported that three of its four factories had been affected by the quake, with one facility substantially damaged. The Canadian clothing company Gildan Activewear reported that one of the three textile factories that produce their products had been severely damaged.[60]

Buildings shook in Santo Domingo, the capital of the neighboring Dominican Republic, but no major damage was reported there.[61]

Conditions in the aftermath

Assistance camp set up by the Brazilian Army

Through the nights following the earthquake, many people in Haiti slept in the streets, on sidewalks, in their cars, or in makeshift shanty towns either because their houses had been destroyed, or they feared standing structures would not withstand aftershocks.[62] Haiti is one of the poorest nations in the world, and construction standards are low; like many islands in the Caribbean the country has no building codes. Engineers have stated that it is unlikely many buildings would have stood through any kind of disaster. Structures are often raised wherever they can fit; some buildings were built on slopes with insufficient foundations or steel.[63] A representative of Catholic Relief Services has estimated that about two million Haitians live as squatters on land they do not own. The country also suffers from shortages of fuel and potable water even when not addressing times of disaster.[64]

President Préval and government ministers used police headquarters near the Toussaint L'Ouverture International Airport as their new base of operations, although their effectiveness was extremely limited. Several parliament members were still trapped in the Presidential Palace, and offices and records destroyed.[65] Some high-ranking government workers lost family members, or had to tend to wounded relatives. Although the president and his remaining cabinet met with U.N. planners each day, there remains confusion as to who is in charge and no single group has been organizing relief efforts as of 16 January.[66] The government handed over control of the airport to the United States to hasten and ease flight operations, made worse by the damaged air traffic control tower.[67]

Urban Search and Rescue specialists work at the Hotel Montana.

Almost immediately Port-au-Prince's morgue facilities were overwhelmed. By 14 January, a thousand bodies had been placed on the streets and sidewalks outside. Government crews operated 60 trucks to collect thousands more, burying them in mass graves.[68] In the heat and humidity, others that were trapped in rubble began to decompose and smell. Mati Goldstein, head of the the Israeli ZAKA International Rescue Unit delegation to Haiti, described the situation as "Shabbat from hell. Everywhere, the acrid smell of bodies hangs in the air. It’s just like the stories we are told of the Holocaust – thousands of bodies everywhere. You have to understand that the situation is true madness, and the more time passes, there are more and more bodies, in numbers that cannot be grasped. It is beyond comprehension."[69][70]

Jean-Yves Jason, the mayor of Port-au-Prince, stated that officials argued for hours about what to do with the volume of corpses. While the government buried many in mass graves, some above-ground tombs were forced open so bodies could be stacked inside, and other bodies were burned.[71] The deceased are often buried with their ancestors in family plots or tombs, to keep generational spiritual lines intact. With so many people buried so hastily, the lines and the spiritual connection to ancestors are broken.[72] Max Beauvoir, a Vodou priest, protested the lack of dignity in mass burials, stating, "... it is not in our culture to bury people in such a fashion, it is desecration".[73]

Towns in the eastern Dominican Republic began preparing on 15 January for tens of thousands of refugees, and by 16 January hospitals around the border had been filled to capacity with Haitians. Some began reporting having expended stocks of critical medical supplies such as antibiotics by 17 January.[74] The border was reinforced with Dominican soldiers, and the government of the Dominican Republic asserted that all Haitians who crossed the border for medical assistance would be allowed to stay only temporarily. A local governor stated, "We have a great desire and we will do everything humanly possible to help Haitian families. But we have our limitations with respect to food and medicine. We need the helping hand of other countries in the area."[75][76]

Some Haitians felt water was safer than land following numerous aftershocks.

Slow distribution of resources and the absence of any central authority in the days after the earthquake resulted in violence, as some groups attempting to dispense food and other aid were attacked; looting was reported, and there was an attempted carjacking of aid vehicles.[77] At least one looter was killed as Haitian police opened fire, and episodes of looting continued as aid officials feared a breakout of lawlessness unless aid was delivered quickly to up to three million survivors who had not yet received any.[78] Former US president Bill Clinton acknowledged the problems and said Americans should "not be deterred from supporting the relief effort" by upsetting scenes such as those of looting.[55] Some reports of violence indicated a more communal aspect as supply delays continued as looters were wounded or killed by vigilante justice with tacit police approval, including one purported thief dying with a burning tire around his neck; other neighborhoods constructed their own roadblock barricades.[79] Lt. Gen. P.K. Keen, deputy commander of U.S. Southern Command, however, announced that despite the stories of looting and violence, there was less violent crime in Port-au-Prince after the earthquake than before.[80]

In many neighborhoods, singing could be heard through the night and groups of men coordinated to act as security as groups of women attempted to take care of food and hygiene necessities.[81] During the days following the the earthquake, hundreds of women were seen marching through the streets in peaceful processions, singing and clapping.[82] On Sunday, 17 January, Haitians roamed the streets looking for church services to attend. Impromptu gatherings were held outside churches that had collapsed with a few attendees appearing in their best clothes.[83]

Casualties

Main article: Casualties of the 2010 Haiti earthquake
Brazilian pediatrician and Nobel Peace Prize nominee Zilda Arns was killed in the earthquake.

The earthquake struck in the most populated area of the country; estimates of the number of dead increased from 45,000 shortly after the earthquake to 200,000 six days later.[8][84][3] The day after the earthquake the International Red Cross estimated that as many as 3 million people had been affected by the quake.[7] Appeals for international aid were issued by Haitian government officials, including Raymond Joseph, Haiti's ambassador to the United States.[85]

The Haitian government reported that nearly 70,000 bodies had been recovered by official crews.[86] Some reports indicated 250,000 people sustained injuries, and as many as one million Haitians were left homeless.[87] Experts caution that any final death toll will be a "guesstimate" as the scale of the disaster makes an accurate tally impossible.[88]

Amongst the large number of dead were several public figures including government officials, clergy members, and musicians, and foreign civilians and military personnel working with the United Nations. Those killed include Monsignor Joseph Serge Miot, the Archbishop of Port-au-Prince,[89] and officials in the Haitian government, including Justice Minister Paul Denis and opposition leader Michel Gaillard;[90] and numerous prominent Haitian musicians.[91] The music studio Hercule, located in Pétionville, was destroyed and the studio’s owner Joubert Charles, one of the most prominent promoters of music in Haiti, died in the quake.[92][91][93] At least 37 United Nations personnel working with United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) were confirmed dead and over 300 remained missing and presumably buried in the building rubble.[94] Many foreign civilians also died, including citizens of Argentina, Brazil, Canada, China, the Dominican Republic, France, Germany, Mexico, New Zealand, The Netherlands, Peru,[95] Taiwan, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States.[96] Among them was Brazilian pediatrician, humanitarian and Nobel Peace Prize nominee Dr. Zilda Arns.[96]

Response

Main articles: Humanitarian response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake, Humanitarian response by national governments to the 2010 Haiti earthquake, Humanitarian response by non-governmental organizations to the 2010 Haiti earthquake, and Humanitarian responses by for-profit organizations to the 2010 Haiti earthquake
Heavy-lift helicopters ferry water from the offshore flotilla, 15 January.

Appeals for humanitarian aid were issued by the International Red Cross, the Salvation Army,[97] the United Nations[98] and president René Préval.[99] Ambassador Joseph and his nephew, singer Wyclef Jean,[100] who was called upon by Préval to become a "roving ambassador" for Haiti,[101] have also pleaded for donations.

Many countries have responded to the appeals and launched fund-raising efforts, as well as sending search and rescue teams. The neighboring Dominican Republic was the first country to give aid to Haiti, easing tensions that have existed between the two countries since the 19th century.[85] The Dominican team sent food, bottled water and heavy machinery to remove the rubble.[102] The hospitals in Dominican Republic were made available, as well as the airport to receive aid that would be distributed to Haiti.[102] Personnel from the Dominican emergency team provide service to more than 2,000 injured and the Dominican Institute of Telecommunications (Indotel) helped to restore telephone services.[102] The Dominican Red Cross and the International Red Cross have been coordinating health relief services.[102] The Dominican Republic has also been a landing point for foreign correspondents who have come to cover the tragedy.[102] The government has sent eight mobile medical units along with 36 doctors including orthopedics, traumatologists, anesthesiologists, and surgeons. In addition, 39 trucks with canned food have been dispatched, along with 10 mobile kitchens and 110 cooks who can prepare 100,000 meals per day.[103]

Haitians have been congregating in open areas, both to minimize their aftershock vulnerability, and to provide easier access for relief workers.

Other nations from farther afield also sent personnel, medicines, materiel, and other aid to Haiti. From the Middle East, the government of Qatar sent a strategic transport aircraft (C-17), loaded with 50 tonnes of urgent relief materials and 26 members from the Qatari armed forces, the internal security force (Lekhwiya), police force and the Hamad Medical Corporation. The team will set up a field hospital and provide assistance in Port-au-Prince and other affected areas in Haiti.[104] A rescue team sent by the Israel Defense Forces' Home Front Command established a field hospital near the United Nations building in Port-au-Prince. It began operations on the evening of 16 January, and included specialized facilities to treat children, the elderly, and women in labor.[105]

The International Red Cross has announced that it has run out of supplies in Haiti and has appealed for public donations.[106] Giving Children Hope has been working to get much-needed medicines and supplies on the ground.[107] Partners in Health (PIH) is the largest health care provider in rural Haiti; it oversees some 10 hospitals and clinics, all far from the capital and all still intact. PIH is currently serving the flow of patients from Port-au-Prince.[108] MINUSTAH has over 9,000 uniformed peacekeepers deployed to the area;[109] most are searching for survivors at the headquarters.[110]

File:Uscgmedic.jpg
Haitian survivors were transferred to rescue ships for medical aid.

The International Charter on Space and Major Disasters was activated, allowing satellite imagery of regions affected by natural disasters to be shared with rescue and aid organizations.[111] Members of social networking sites such as Twitter and Facebook spread messages and pleas to send help.[112] Facebook was overwhelmed from some Haitians and blocked some users who were sending messages about updates.[113] The American Red Cross set a record of mobile donating when they allowed people to send $10 donations by cellular phone text messages, raising $7 million in 24 hours.[114] The OpenStreetMap community responded by greatly improving the level of mapping available for the area using post-earthquake satellite photography[115] provided by GeoEye,[116][117] and tracking website Ushahidi coordinated messages from multiple sites to assist Haitians still trapped or to get word to family members of survivors.[118] Some online poker sites hosted poker tournaments with tournament fees and/or prizes going to disaster relief charities.[119]

Easing refugee immigration into Canada was discussed by Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper,[120] and in the U.S. Haitians were granted Temporary Protected Status that will allow about 100,000 undocumented Haitians in the United States to stay legally for 18 months, and will stop the current deportations of 30,000 more; it will not apply to Haitians outside the U.S.[121][122] Local and state agencies in South Florida, together with the U.S. government, began implementing a plan for a mass migration from the Caribbean named "Operation Vigilant Sentry" that had been laid out in 2003.[123]

Several orphanages were destroyed in the earthquake. Adoptions that were in process were hastened for 300 children into the U.S. and 100 into the Netherlands. Before the earthquake, there were 380,000 orphans in Haiti, and the number is expected to rise.[124] Several organizations began planning an airlift of several thousand orphaned children into South Florida on humanitarian visas, modeled after a similar effort with Cuban refugees in the 1960s named Pedro Pan.[125]

Rescue action

Main article: Timeline of rescue efforts after the 2010 Haiti earthquake
MINUSTAH troops meet a relief flight on 16 January 2010; this landing MH-53E is the largest helicopter type operated by the US.

Rescue efforts began in the immediate aftermath of the earthquake, with able-bodied survivors extricating the living and the dead from the rubble of the many buildings which had collapsed,[126] but treatment of the injured was hampered by the lack of working hospital and morgue facilities: the Argentine military field hospital was the only one available until 13 January.[127] The MINUSTAH peacekeeping force, which is usually involved in relief work for natural disasters in the country, was itself trying to rescue its own personnel from the wreckage. Rescue work only slightly increased in frequency with the arrival of doctors, police officers, military personnel and firefighters from various countries two days after the earthquake.[128]

On 13 January, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) set up a special website to facilitate family contacts, which allowed people in Haiti and abroad to register the names of relatives whom they wanted to contact.[129]

The first of three Red Cross Red Crescent basic health care emergency response units (ERUs, designed to provide basic and immediate health care to 30,000 people) arrived on 16 January. On 17 January 14 ERUs had already been deployed to Haiti, with most expected to arrive in the coming days. They include water and sanitation units, logistic units, IT and telecommunication infrastructure, and a 250-bed hospital.[130]

Conspiracy Theories

Many theories have come into play, that the earthquake was infact created by the Alaska based weather creation unit, HAARP. Further investigations from theorists, have proven this, through the fact that, nuclear scientist, Masoud Alimohammadi was killed in Iran. He was assassinated just before the earthquake, many web users believe he was killed by HAARP or CIA, and the Haiti disaster was used as a distraction, while the USA destroys the Iranian Nuclear Plants, after 2009 reports of unsafe and illegal underground nuclear plants were discovered. [131]

Medical teams treat victims at a Haitian Coast Guard base.

Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders) operated out of two hospitals, treating about 500 people who needed emergency surgery.[41][42] The state of medical care was severely limited; a parking lot served as a triage center and the wounded were forced to lie in tents for treatment.[42] By 16 January, seven field hospitals had been established, set up wherever room was available and working without electricity. The most serious procedures involved Caesarean sections and amputations. A doctor with Médecins du Monde estimated that they would perform 400 amputations on people who had been trapped in buildings.[132] Aid stations were besieged, made worse because the able-bodied bringing wounded friends and relatives had nowhere to go.[133] As the earthquake response neared the end of its first week, some medical teams ran out of the supplies they arrived with and began to construct splints out of cardboard while re-using latex gloves; other rescue units were forced to withdraw as night fell for security reasons.[134] Over 3,000 people had been treated by Médecins Sans Frontières as of 18 January.[135] Ophelia Dahl, director of Partners in Health, reported, "there are hundreds of thousands of injured people. I have heard the estimate that as many as 20,000 people will die each day that would have been saved by surgery".[136]

A Médecins Sans Frontières airplane carrying medical necessities and a portable hospital was told by the U.S. government it would be unable to land.[137] First responders voiced frustration with the number of relief trucks "sitting" at the airport instead of operating.[138] Aid workers blamed US-controlled airport operations, for prioritizing the transportation of security troops over rescuers and supplies;[79] the evacuation policies favoring citizens of certain nations were also criticized.[139]

A search team including canines is transported to Haiti.

The US military acknowledged the non-governmental organizations' complaints concerning flight-operations bias and promised improvement while noting that to 17 January 600 emergency flights had landed and 50 were diverted; by the first weekend of disaster operations diversions had been reduced to three on Saturday and two on Sunday.[140] The airport was able to serve 100 landings a day, up from the 35 that the airport gets on a normal day, and though a spokesman for the joint task force for running the airport confirmed that more flights were requesting to go, no more were being turned away.[141] While the Port-au-Prince airport ramp has spaces for over a dozen jetliners, in the days following the quake it sometimes served nearly 40 at once, creating serious delays.[142][143] The supply backup at the airport was expected to ease as the apron becomes better managed, and when the perceived need for heavy security eases.[79] Airport congestion continued to be reduced on 18 January as the United Nations and US forces formally agreed to prioritize humanitarian flights over security reinforcement.[144]

A Haitian baby is fitted with warmer clothing after evacuation to New Jersey, United States.

The initial foreign military presence in the country in response to the quake were MINUSTAH troops and United States Coast Guard vessels Forward, Mohawk, and Tahoma.[145] By the 14th over 20 countries had sent military personnel to the country, with Canada, the United States (particularly its Marines and Navy) and the Dominican Republic providing the largest contingents, and further arrivals and announcements of delegations to the country are expected. The aircraft carrier USS Carl Vinson arrived at maximum possible speed on 15 January with 600,000 emergency food rations, 100,000 ten-liter water containers, and an enhanced wing of 19 helicopters; 130,000 l of drinking water were transferred to shore on the first day.[146]

The helicopter carrier USS Bataan sailed with three large dock landing ships and two survey/salvage vessels, to create a "sea base" for the rescue effort.[147][148][149] They were joined by the French Navy vessel Francis Garnier on 16 January,[150] the same day the hospital ship USNS Comfort and guided-missile cruiser USS Bunker Hill left for Haiti to assist.[151][152]

A woman is rescued alive from rubble several days after the intial quake.

International rescue efforts were restricted by traffic congestion and blocked roads.[153] Although U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates had previously ruled out dropping food and water by air as dangerous, by 16 January, U.S. helicopters were distributing aid to areas impossible to reach by land.[154]

Over the first weekend 130,000 food packets and 70,000 water containers were distributed to Haitians, as safe landing and distribution centers such as golf courses were secured.[155] There were nearly 2,000 rescuers present from 43 different groups, with 161 search dogs; the airport had handled 250 tons of relief supplies by the end of the weekend.[156] Reports from Sunday showed a record-breaking number of successful rescues, with at least 12 survivors pulled from Port-au-Prince's rubble, bringing the total number of rescues to 110.[157][158]

On 18 January air drops by the US air force began in the countryside. Three sites were secured. Officials estimated that the capital's seaport would reopen within three days, as the USCG buoytender Oak and USNS Grasp were on scene by 18 January with heavy cranes and navigational aids.[159][160]

Recovery

Haitians await the opening of a supply depot, 16 January 2010

U.S. President Barack Obama announced that former presidents Bill Clinton, who also acts as the U.N. special envoy to Haiti, and George W. Bush will coordinate efforts to raise funds for Haiti's recovery. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton arrived in Haiti on 16 January to survey the damage and stated that $48 million has been raised already in the U.S. to help Haiti recover.[161] Following the meeting with Secretary Clinton, President Préval stated that the highest priorities in Haiti's recovery are establishing a working government, clearing roads, and ensuring the streets are cleared of bodies and sanitary conditions return.[162]

U.S. Vice President Joe Biden stated on 16 January that "[Barack Obama] does not view this as a humanitarian mission with a life cycle of a month. This will still be on our radar screen long after it's off the crawler at CNN. This is going to be a long slog."[163] Meanwhile, French President Nicolas Sarkozy said that France, the United States, Brazil and Canada would hold a conference to organize the reconstruction of Haiti.[164]

The European Union promised €330 million ($474 million) for emergency and long-term aid. The U.K.'s Development Secretary Douglas Alexander called the result of the earthquake an "almost unprecedented level of devastation", and said the United Kingdom committed to ₤20 million ($32.7 million), while France promised €10 million ($14.4 million). Italy announced it would forgive the €40 million ($55.7 million) it had loaned to Haiti.[135] On 14 January, the U.S. government announced a large relief fund effort for Haiti. President Barack Obama said the U.S. would give $100 million to the aid effort for the stricken Caribbean country and pledged that the people of Haiti "will not be forgotten".[165] Obama also sent an email to all members of the Organizing for America mailing list urging readers to help support relief efforts in Haiti.[166]

Relief operations crowd the tarmac at Port-au-Prince airport, 18 January.

The president of Senegal, Abdoulaye Wade, offered interested Haitians free land in Senegal, up to an entire region depending on how many respond to the offer.[167]

Brazilian Foreign Minister Celso Amorim and French Secretary for Cooperation Alain Joyandet criticized the perceived preferential treatment for US aid arriving at the U.S.-controlled Toussaint L'Ouverture International Airport.[168][169] US officials acknowledged that coordination of the relief effort is central to Haitian recovery.[170] President Préval asked for calm coordination between assisting nations without mutual accusations.[171][172]

Haitian Prime Minister Jean-Max Bellerive announced that from 20 January people would be helped to relocate outside the devastated area where they may be able to rely on relatives or better fend for themselves; homeless people would be relocated to the makeshift camps created by residents within the city, where a more focused delivery of aid and sanitation could be achieved.[135]

See also

References

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