Trams in Europe
Europe, particularly Finland, Germany, Croatia, Russia, Ukraine, Poland, Romania, Czech Republic, Hungary, France, Serbia, Italy, Austria, Slovakia, Switzerland, Sweden and Spain, has an extensive number of tramway networks. Some of these networks have been upgraded to light rail standards, called Stadtbahn in Germany and Premetros in Belgium.
Overview
All the former communist countries of Central and Eastern Europe, excluding Lithuania, the Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, Moldova and Slovenia, have extensive tram infrastructure. Industrial freight use of city tram lines was a widespread practice until 1960s but has since mostly disappeared. Another factor is an increasing replacement of trams with trolleybuses as cities face a rapid increase in traffic and such replacement often allows to increase road size. One of the exceptions is Warsaw, Poland, where the last trolleybus line was closed in the year 1995 due to high maintenance costs, and replaced with buses. Czech ČKD Tatra and the Hungarian Ganz factories were notable manufacturers of trams.
In recent decades, tram networks in countries including France, Germany, Spain and Portugal have grown considerably. The Netherlands, which already makes extensive use of trams, has plans to expand trams to two additional cities.[1]
Germany did not undergo the tramway closure programmes that were carried out in other European countries and many cities retain their original tram networks. In some places, tram networks have been added or expanded through the introduction of hybrid tram-train or stadtbahn systems which may combine standard railway, on-street and underground operations. Notable examples include the systems in Cologne and Karlsruhe. In Frankfurt-am-Main, many tram lines were transferred to U-Bahn operation.
In the United Kingdom, investment in public transport in the late 1980s turned to light rail as an alternative to more costly underground railway solutions, with the opening of the Tyne and Wear Metro (1980) and the Docklands Light Railway in London (1987) systems. However, the first British city to reintroduce on-street tram-style rail services was Manchester, with the opening of its Metrolink network in 1992.[2] Many other UK cities followed with their own tram-style light rail systems, including Sheffield (Supertram, opened 1994), Birmingham and Wolverhampton (Midland Metro, opened 1999), London (Tramlink, opened 2000) and Nottingham (Nottingham Express Transit, opened 2004). Many of these new systems are planning network extensions and several new tram systems are being proposed or are under construction, such as Edinburgh Trams (opening 2011)[3], Belfast EWAY (proposed) and Liverpool Merseytram (proposed). Other tramway projects have not made it beyond the proposal stage because of funding problems, for example London's Cross River Tram and the Leeds Supertram.
Paris reintroduced trams with line T1 in 1992, and many French cities have seen a similar revival,[4] for example the Tramway de Grenoble and the Montpellier trams.
The Czech capital Prague plans one new line and the extension of eight others between 2007 and 2016, with an official of the Prague Public Transport Company stating that "In Europe in the past 10 years, tram transportation is the preferred way of transit; we can say that tram transportation is going through its renaissance period".[5]
Austria
In Austria, Gmunden, Graz, Innsbruck, Linz and Vienna all have tramway systems. With 173.4 km of track, Vienna's network is one of the largest in the world. The cars have been constantly modernised over the years and many are now ultra low-floored.[6] Many of the Austrian tramlines have been in constant operation since they were first opened. Vienna started with horse trams in 1865 with electrification in 1897. Graz had horse trams in 1878 and electric cars in 1898 while Linz goes back to 1880 with electrification in 1897.[7] The Gmunden tram line, only 2.3 km long, is one of the shortest in the world. With gradients of up to 10%, it is also one of the steepest and has become a popular tourist attraction.[8] Innsbruck, which traditionally used second-hand trams from other cities, has recently replaced its whole fleet with 32 Bombardier low-floor cars (as of Summer 2009).[9]
Belgium
In Belgium an extensive system of tram-like local railways called Vicinal or Buurtspoor lines had a greater route kilometre length than the main-line railway system. The only survivors of the Vicinal system are the Kusttram (which almost reaches France at one end and the Netherlands at the other, making it the longest tram line in the world) - and two short lines that form part of the Charleroi Pre-metro. Urban tram networks exist in Antwerp, Ghent and Brussels, and are gradually being extended.
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Sarajevo was the first city in Europe to have a full-time (from dawn to dusk) operational electric tram line, introduced shortly after the city became part of the Austro-Hungarian empire. Since then, the trams have been important in the development and expansion of the city.
Many trams were badly damaged in the recent conflict in the mid 1990s - these are once again operational though the marks on the vehicles are plainly evident.
In recent years, the authorities have upgraded to more modern vehicles to expand the fleet.
Bulgaria
Sofia had its first tram in operation in 1898. By 1901 Sofia had 25 cars and 10 carriages and the total length of the lines was 25 km. Nowadays Sofia's huge tram network consists of 17 lines with total length of 308 km single track. On an average day 176 cars are in operation.
Croatia
Zagreb has had a tram service since September 5, 1891. Nowadays it is an extensive tram network with 15 daily-lines, and 4 night-lines covering over 50 km of track. Services operate to high frequencies and are surprisingly efficient despite the high patronage numbers, and little priority on the streets for vehicles. ZET, the major transit authority in Zagreb has ordered 140 new 100% low-floor trams from Croatian consortium Crotram. As of June 10, 2007, 70 of these locally-produced, low-floor Crotram trams have been delivered, with a mixture of vehicle types in operation (including Czech Tatra Cars, ex-Mannheim vehicles and various locally-produced trams). Zagreb is one of the few tram networks in the world where most of the operations run at the curb.
The only other Croatian city with trams still in operation is Osijek. The first tram route commenced in 1884 (connecting the railway station and city square) and trams have been in constant existence since. Throughout 2006-07, rolling stock is progressively being refurbished and modernised. 2 lines presently exist, with another 2 extensions in planning, doubling the network length.
Dubrovnik, Opatija, Pula and Rijeka also had tram traffic.
Czech Republic
Cities of Czech Repuplic have extensive tram infrastructure. Largest is Prague Tram System with 141 kilometres of track and 35 lines (9 of them night-lines). Other cities with tram system are Brno, Ostrava, Plzeň, Olomouc, Most and Litvínov (common network), Liberec (including intercity line to Jablonec). Tram networks in other nine cities were closed mainly in 1960s and replaced with trolleybuses or buses.
Before changes in 1989 ČKD Tatra in Prague was largest tram producer in whole world, exporting its trams mainly to Soviet Bloc countries. Production was definitely stopped in 2001 after its sold to Siemens AG. Tradition of tram producing is continuing in Škoda Holding, Inekon and PRAGOIMEX.
Estonia
In Estonia trams are used only in the capital, Tallinn. There has been a growing tram network in Tallinn since 1888, when traffic was started by horse-powered trams. The first line was electrified on October 28, 1925. Up to 1950s Estonian-built electric trams were also used, with some gas-powered trams also used in the 1920s and 1930s. Since 1955 to 1988 German-built trams were used. The first Czechoslovakian-built tram arrived in 1973. In 2007, 56 Tatra KT4SUs, 12 KTNF6s (rebuilt KT4SUs) and 23 KT4Ds (used trams bought from Germany) are in use. There are four lines, with total length of tramlines 39 km. Plans have been in the works since the late 1970s to open a light rail line from one of the suburbs, Lasnamäe, to the city centre. According to current plans, the line is set to be opened in 2010 at the earliest.
Finland
In Finland, there have been three cities with trams: Helsinki, Turku and Viipuri. Only Helsinki still has retained a tram network. The system operated continuously since 1891 and it was fully changed to electric drive by 1901. Currently there are 12 tram lines on 89.5 kilometers of track. Around 200,000 passengers use the tram network each weekday and within the inner city of Helsinki, trams have established a position as the main form of public transport. The network is being actively developed, with a new line opened in 2008 and more lines planned to connect new residential areas to be built in 2009-2015. In 2009, the city called for bids on 40 new trams with an option for another 50.
France
Despite the closure of most of France's tram systems in previous decades, a rapidly growing number of France's major cities boast new tram or light rail networks, including Paris, Lyon, Marseille, Nantes, Grenoble, Montpellier, St Etienne and Strasbourg (Strasbourg has the largest French network). Recently the tram has seen a huge revival with many experiments such as ground level power supply in Bordeaux (to avoid the need for overhead catenary) or trolleybuses masquerading as trams in Nancy (to provide a quick fix for traffic congestion).
Germany, Austria, Switzerland
The German-speaking countries, Germany, Austria, and Switzerland (where the word for tramway is "Straßenbahn", although "Tram" is also used) are notable for their large numbers of extensive tram systems, although even in these countries, many systems were closed after the Second World War, such as the Hamburg tramway, which last ran in 1978.
Light rail in Germany
Stadtbahn, meaning city railway in the German language, is the term for light rail in Germany. Most German light rail systems were started in the 1960s and 1970s with the intention of establishing full-scale underground, or U-Bahn, systems. By the 1980s virtually all cities had abandoned these plans due to the high costs of converting tramways, and the most common systems now are a mixture of tramway-like operations in suburban areas, and a U-Bahn like mode of operation, featuring underground stations, in the city centres.
Greece
Tram used to be the main mean of massive transport in Athens and Thessaloniki before World War II.
The first trams in Athens begun operating in 1882. They were light vehicles drawn by 3 horses moving on an extensive network throughout the city center and a line reaching the suburb of Faliro. After the German Occupation the tram started to decline. Lines were gradually abandoned and later dismantled. Gradually, the tram network was completely dismantled and replaced with trolleybuses, which were considered more appropriate and agile for the urban environment at that time. It is frequently mentioned somehow poetically that "The last bell of the Athens Tram rang on the midnight of October 16, 1960". The tram had been a trademark of Athens until that date, and it is still viewed nostalgically in present times. However, there was one tram line left in Perama, which remained in operation until April 1977.
Athens reinstated a modern tramline for the 2004 Summer Olympics with vehicles designed by the famous Ferrari designer Sergio Pininfarina. A total of 3 paths and 24 km of tramlines, which run from Syntagma Square to Eden Station (the seaside junction), and from Peace & Friendship Stadium in Piraeus to Glyfada along the coast. The tram lines were expanded by 0,7 km from Glyfada to Voula (completed November 2007), and will expand 2,5 km further from Peace & Friendship Stadium to Pireaus center by 2009. There are projects for further expansion, to be completed around or after 2012.
Hungary
The busiest traditional city tram line in the world is still route 4-6 in Budapest, Hungary, where 50-meter long trains run at 60 to 90 second intervals at peak time and are usually packed with people. A part of this route is the same as where electric trams made their first Hungarian run in 1887 (narrow gauge, normal service was inaugurated in 1889). Budapest has recently ordered 40 Siemens Combino Supra low floor trams. Trams began carrying the passengers on the 1 July 2006 but during the first weeks there were many technical difficulties. The extensive tram network of Budapest was gradually reduced during the second half of the 20th century but the trend reversed in the 1990s. Other Hungarian cities with operating tramway lines are Szeged, Debrecen and Miskolc. Tram usage ceased to exist in Pécs in 1960, Nyíregyháza in 1969 and Szombathely in 1974.
Republic of Ireland
Replacing a once-extensive network of Dublin tramways, in 2004, the Irish capital Dublin opened the first two lines of a new light-rail system known as Luas, the Irish word for "speed". It features on-street running in the city centre, but is considered a light-rail system because it runs along a dedicated right-of-way for much of its suburban route. There are seven more Luas projects planned, all of which are to be complete by 2015[citation needed]. Two light-metro lines fully segregated from traffic are also to be built by 2014.
Plans also exist for light-rail systems in the cities of Cork[citation needed] (which had a modest system up to the early 20th century) and Galway[citation needed], both of which have strong support[citation needed] from the city councils and city residents alike. In January 2007, the Green Party promised that, if it formed part of the next government in 2007, they would have light rail systems built in these cities. [1] In addition, there is also a smaller campaign for a light-rail system in Limerick. [2]
See also
- Luas (Dublin's light-rail network).
- Dublin Metro (Future light-metro in Dublin).
- Corrib Light Rail (a proposed light-rail network for Galway).
- Transport 21.
Italy
In Italy electric trams have run from the last years of 19th century (the first horse-drawn line opened in Turin in 1871). The first electric line was opened in Milan in 1893.
Italian cities operating tramways are:
- Milan (19 urban lines, 2 interurban lines, totalling 286.8 km, operated by Azienda Trasporti Milanesi)
- Turin (8 lines)
- Rome (6 lines)
- Naples (4 lines)
- Florence (1 line, other 2 approved for construction, operated by a joint venture between municipal transport company ATAF and Paris-based RATP)
- Bergamo (1 interurban line)
- Cagliari (1 line operated by C.T.M. s.p.a.)
- Genova (1 line)
- Messina (1 line)
- Padova (1 Translohr line).
- Sassari (1 tram-train line)
- Trieste (1 hybrid tramway-funicular railway line, operated by Trieste Trasporti)
Other cities are building new tramlines: Palermo (3 lines), Mestre/Venice (2 lines) and L'Aquila (1 line).
Latvia
There are 3 tram systems in Latvia currently: Riga, Liepāja and Daugavpils.
Netherlands
In the Netherlands many local light railways were referred to as trams, even where the steam locomotives did not have enclosed motion. Today, extensive tram networks exist in:
Norway
There are two tramways (Norwegian: Trikk) in Norway; the Oslo Tramway that operates as a hybrid between a light rail and a street tram with six lines, and the suburban line of Trondheim Tramway, the Gråkall Line. The Bergen Tramway was closed in 1963, but the new Bergen Light Rail will open in 2010.
Poland
There are 14 tram systems in Poland currently: Bydgoszcz, Częstochowa, Elbląg, Gdańsk, Gorzów Wielkopolski, Upper Silesian Industrial Region, Grudziądz, Kraków, Łódź, Poznań, Szczecin, Toruń, Warsaw and Wrocław. The largest systems are in Upper Silesia (Silesian Interurbans connecting 13 cities) with 317 km of tracks and 35 lines, Warsaw with 280 km of tracks and 34 lines and Łódź with 217 km of tracks and 28 lines. New lines are currently under construction in several cities, including Warsaw, Łódź, Poznań and Kraków.
Portugal
In Portugal, Lisbon tram services have been supplied by the Companhia de Carris de Ferro de Lisboa (Carris), for over a century. In Porto a tram network, with three tram lines 8number 1, 18 and 22), saw its construction begin in 12 September 1895, therefore being the first in the Iberian Peninsula. Almada, has other tram network, growing fast, Metro Sul do Tejo.
Romania
There are, currently, 13 tram systems in Romania: Arad, Botoşani, Brăila, Bucharest, Cluj-Napoca, Craiova, Galaţi, Iaşi, Oradea, Ploieşti, Reşiţa, Sibiu, Timişoara.
Serbia
Belgrade has a large tram-network with 12 lines on 127.3 km of track. The system is operated with around 250 units and with ČKD Tatra KT4 and DUEWAG Be 4/6 trams. The first horse drawn tram line was introduced in October 1892 and the first electric one in 1894.
Previously the cities of Niš, Novi Sad, and Subotica had tram networks too, but those were discontinued in the late 1960s and 1970s.
Slovakia
Bratislava and Kosice have a tram system.
Spain
In Spain modern tram networks have been opened in Barcelona (Trambaix and Trambesòs), Valencia, Bilbao, Alicante, Madrid (Metro Ligero ML1, ML2 and ML3) and Parla.
Sweden
The most extensive network in Sweden is in Gothenburg (190 km line length on a total track length of 80 km, with 101 million rides in 2008. See further in Gothenburg tram).
Stockholm has four lines on three non-connected systems owned by Storstockholms Lokaltrafik (slightly less than 30 km of track and line length in total): Djurgården line; Lidingöbanan; Nockebybanan and Tvärbanan. There are many plans for future extensions and two projects are in active development.
Norrköping has a rather small tram network consisting of two radial lines, with extension to a southern suburb in progess.
There is a single track heritage line in Malmö since 1987, the last "real" tram line was closed in 1973. Malmö city officials decided in October 2008 that the city should have at least one light rail line up and running before 2020, and up to six lines after that.
A combined tramway museum and heritage tramway is located in the rural village Malmköping, maintained by Svenska Spårvägssällskapet (English:Swedish Tramway Society).
United Kingdom
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Britain had the first European trams, and until 1935 a large and comprehensive network of systems. For example, it was possible to go by tram across northwest England, from Liverpool to Bolton, using connecting systems. These were mostly closed by a mixture of the same forces as in the US, but with political overtones, since most of the UK systems were municipally owned. The oil and car industries did not like the fact that the municipal tram systems were powered by electricity generated from coal, and to some extent made car ownership unnecessary.[citation needed]
The 1931 Royal Commission on traffic argued that trams held up cars.[10]
In the UK, there was a big public reaction against tramway abandonment, on a par with the similarly unsuccessful reaction against the Beeching Rail closures in the 1960s.[11] Not all passengers transferred to the expanding network of buses, as car ownership continued to increase.
In the UK, tram systems were mainly dismantled between 1920 and 1960, and after the closure of Glasgow's once extensive network in 1962 only Blackpool's survived (see Blackpool tramway), although a funicular line continued to operate up the Great Orme in Llandudno. However in recent years new lines have been opened in:
- Manchester (Metrolink),
- Sheffield (Supertram),
- The West Midlands (Midland Metro),
- Croydon (Tramlink)
- Nottingham (NET),
Several others are under consideration, and extensions are authorised or under construction in Manchester, Nottingham and the West Midlands. New tram lines currently under construction in the United Kingdom include the Edinburgh tram network which is expected to be open by 2011.
Former USSR/Russia and CIS
In many cities of Russia, Ukraine, in Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan tramways have been facing difficulties since the disintegration of the USSR. Tramways of Shakhty, Arkhangelsk, Astrakhan, Grozny, Tbilisi, Baku and Yerevan have been abandoned. Some tramway systems have suffered extensive closures of vital parts of network (including Saint Petersburg, Moscow, Kiev) and some are facing threats of closures (Nizhniy Novgorod, Tver) or even total abandonment (Voronezh). Saint Petersburg's tramway network, once the largest in the world, yielded its position to Melbourne, Milano and Leipzig.
See also
- List of light-rail and tramway systems in Europe
- List of town tramway systems in Europe
- Tram
- Light rail
References
- ^ Edo Sturm (2008-02-12). "Steden willen weer terug naar de tram". Trouw (in Dutch). Netherlands. Retrieved 2008-08-13.
- ^ Docherty, Iain; Shaw, Jon (2003). A New Deal for Transport?: The UK's Struggle with the Sustainable Transport Agenda. Blackwell Publishing. p. 138. ISBN 978-1-4051-0631-3.
{{cite book}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ Fay Winter (2008-08-07). "Tram plans on track for more routes following SNP U-turn". Scotsman. Retrieved 2008-08-13.
- ^ "French rediscover love for streetcars". UPI. Paris. 2008-07-18. Retrieved 2008-08-13.
- ^ Kimberly Ashton (2007-12-05). "Tram service to expand". Prague Post. Retrieved 2008-08-13.
- ^ Bus and rail in Austria by Manfred Novy, Project Director, UITP Office 2009. Retrieved 2 March 2009.
- ^ Wolfgang Kaiser: Straßenbahnen in Österreich. GeraMond Verlag, 2004 ISBN 3-7654-7198-4
- ^ Verein pro Gemundner Strassenbahn. Retrieved 2 March 2009.
- ^ Press release from Bombardier, October 2007. Retrieved 2 March 2009.
- ^ London Trams and Trolleybuses. Retrieved 13 February 2009.
- ^ The Campaign To Save the London Trams 1946-1952 from the Collected Papers of Alan John Watkins. Retrieved 13 February 2009.