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Portishead, Somerset

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Portishead
View across the town, looking towards the sea
Portishead viewed from Naish Hill
Population22,000 [1]
OS grid referenceST470764
Civil parish
Unitary authority
Ceremonial county
Region
CountryEngland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post townBRISTOL
Postcode districtBS20
Dialling code01275
PoliceAvon and Somerset
FireAvon
AmbulanceSouth Western
UK Parliament
List of places
UK
England
Somerset

Portishead (Template:PronEng) is a coastal town on the Severn Estuary within the unitary authority of North Somerset, which falls within the ceremonial county of Somerset England. It has a population of 22,000,[1] an increase of over 3,000 since the 2001 census,[2] with a growth rate of 40 per cent, considerably in excess of surrounding towns.[3]

Portishead has a long history as a fishing port. It expanded rapidly during the early 19th century around the docks, with supporting transport infrastructure. A power station and chemical works were added in the 20th century, but the dock and industrial facilities have since declined, redeveloped into a marina and residential areas. Portishead was also the telephone control centre used by British Telecom (BT) for non-direct dialled calls to maritime vessels, a service known as Portishead Radio.

The town's population is expanding, served by several retail outlets, religious, educational and sporting venues. Portishead is now primarily a dormitory town for Bristol and its environs, although a range of services industries has grown up. The headquarters of Avon and Somerset Constabulary are based in Portishead.

History

The name Portishead derives from the "port at the head of the river". It has been called Portshead and Portschute at times in its history and Portesheve in the Domesday Book, and was locally known as Posset.[4]

The town’s recorded history dates back to Roman times,[1] although there is also evidence of prehistoric settlement, including polished Flint axe heads. There were also Iron Age settlements in the area of which Cadbury Camp was the largest.[5] Other sites that have been identified include a 1,200 by 600 feet (370 by 180 m) site which was successively occupied by the Romans, Britons and Danes.[6] The town was built on the mouth of a small tributary of the Severn Estuary near the mouth of the River Avon. The old pill or jetty provided protection for craft against the Bristol Channel's large tidal range,[5] and iron rings can be seen in the high street at which fishing boats used to moor.[1] Its position meant Portishead was used to guard the "King Road", as the waters around the headland are called. A fort was built on Battery Point,[5] and was used during the English Civil War when the town supported the Royalists, but surrendered to Fairfax in 1645.[7] Guns were also placed at Battery Point during World War II.[5]

The steamer pier taken from the Royal Hotel car park

A mill was built on Welhay stream but this was replaced by tidal mills. In the 17th century the City of Bristol bought the manors of North Weston and Portishead for access to the channel and as a place to stay outside of the city and, in the 19th century, as a seaside resort. An outer sea wall was built allowing the local marshes to be drained and increased the land available for farming.[5] The dominant architecture is early Victorian, with some buildings maintaining their original features.[1] The expansion in residential property coincided with the construction of the dock, pier and the rail link to Bristol.[5] The Royal Hotel by the pier was built in a Tudor Gothic style in 1830,[8] to provide accommodation and catering for travellers on the steamers from Bristol, Wales and Ireland.[5]

Portishead dock

The Act of Parliament governing the enclosure of Portishead was passed in 1814, and stipulated the right to a public wharf, although there is historical evidence of nautical connections dating back to the Patent Rolls of 1331.[4] Around the 1860s, at the height of the iron and steel era, a pier and a deep-water dock were built by the Bristol & Portishead Pier and Railway to accommodate the large ships that had difficulty in reaching Bristol Harbour.[9][10] They brought valuable cargoes from across the globe and exported local products overseas. Ships carrying coal were commonplace in Portishead Docks.[11]

In the 1880s Portishead Dock was acquired by Bristol Corporation, and was subsequently managed as part of the Port of Bristol until its closure.[12]

Portishead power stations

Large building with two chimneys seen across a dock with one boat moored.
Portishead B power station in 1982

The Portishead power stations were coal-fed power stations built next to the dock. Construction work started on Portishead "A" power station in 1926. It began generating electricity in 1929 for the Bristol Corporation's Electricity Department.[11][13] In 1937 its original six short chimney stacks were replaced by a 350 ft (110 m) high stack.[13] A second 350 ft stack was added when the power station was expanded in 1948.[11]

Construction of Portishead "B" power station began in 1949; it became operational in 1955.[11][13] The power stations became part of the nationalised electricity industry after 1949, and were operated in turn by the British Electricity Authority, the Central Electricity Authority and the CEGB. They used some local coal produced in the Somerset coalfield, which was delivered by train along the Portishead branch of the Great Western Railway (GWR). The line had opened on 12 April 1867 as the Bristol and Portishead Pier and Railway Company; it opened to the dock on 5 July 1879.[9] The main supply of coal was imported from South Wales, from Newport and Ely, by boat into the dock; it was carried by Osborn & Wallis of Bristol.[11]

Railways

Old map showing the dock and the railway lines.
Railway map from 1914

Portishead had two passenger stations on the GWR's Portishead branch line. The main station was near the centre of the village of Portishead, as it was then; the other was at the Pier.[14] The construction of Portishead "B" power station caused the original railway station to be demolished and a replacement station was opened in the High Street on 2 January 1954.[14] The new station closed on 7 September 1964.

The majority of the line was reopened in 2002, to transport freight from the Royal Portbury Dock. A new junction was created, 3 miles (4.8 km) from Portishead station, and a new freight line built from there to the Royal Portbury Dock. There is a campaign group aimed at reopening the station and the short stretch of unopened line.[15]

Portishead also had a second, short-lived, railway line: the Weston, Clevedon and Portishead Railway.[16][17] It ran between Weston-super-Mare and Clevedon as a standard railway line, and between Clevedon and Portishead as a light railway.[17] The Clevedon to Portishead extension opened on 7 August 1907.[17] The line closed on 19 May 1940 and was then dismantled by the GWR.[16][17]

Albright and Wilson

In 1951, Albright and Wilson built a chemical works on the opposite side of the dock from the power stations. The chemical works produced white phosphorus from phosphate rock imported, through the docks, into the UK.[18] Phosphate rock was stored in concrete silos on the dockside until it was required. Electricity provided by the local power stations was used to run six 7.5 megawatt electric arc furnaces (45 MW total) that reduced the phosphate rock. The phosphorus was then moved in sealed railway tanks to Oldbury and to Kirkby. After the closure of the factory the decontamination included the removal of yellow (spontaneously combustible) and red allotropes of phosphorus.[19] The site is now home to Portishead volunteer coastguard.[20]

Closure of the dock and associated facilities

The onset of new generating capacity at Pembroke (oil-fired) and Didcot (coal-fired) in the mid-1970s brought about the closure of the older, less efficient "A" Station. One generator (500 MW) of four at each of the new power stations had almost the same output of both Portishead Stations combined ("A" Station 200 MW, "B" Station 360 MW).

The newer of the two power stations ("B" Station) was converted to burn oil when the Somerset coalfields closed.[13] The two Radstock pits ceased production in September 1973 and the last train load of coal departed on 16 November 1973. The price of oil rose steeply in the 1970s (see 1973 oil crisis and 1979 oil crisis) and the two power stations were little used after these events.

Portishead "A" power station was closed in 1976; and the first of its two chimney stacks, a landmark, was demolished in September 1981, followed by the second in August 1982.[13] Portishead "B" power station closed in 1982 and both of its 383 feet (117 m) stacks were demolished in October 1992.[13]

Industrial activities ceased in the dock with the closure of the power stations. The Port of Bristol Authority finally closed the dock in 1992.[21]

Redevelopment of the docks

New apartments blocks with boats moored in the marina in front.
Portishead Marina

The harbour area has been developed to provide a marina. The area of the town formerly occupied by the two power stations has also been redeveloped to provide a wide range of housing, from social housing to grand apartments. Development is also underway on the "ashlands" to the east of the harbour (so-called because they were the dumping ground for power station waste) extending the area of the town further towards Portbury.[22]

One of the major changes that has helped to shape the town's rapid development is the conversion of a traditional deep-water dock in to a new marina housing some 245 yachts and cabin cruisers.[23] The original dock enabled ships to supply coal to the two adjacent power stations. Since then the marina has become a waterfront development known as Port Marine, incorporating a fishing village modelled on the Cornish seaside town of Polperro with narrow streets and multi-coloured houses. New waterside bars and restaurants have opened, and further shops, pubs and restaurants are scheduled to open in the future.[24]

Portishead Radio

Main article: Portishead Radio

Portishead was previously the telephone control centre used by British Telecom (BT) for non-direct dialled calls to maritime vessels, a service known as "Portishead Radio". This has now been largely replaced by INMARSAT which permits directly dialled calls made from any BT landline in the UK. The radio station had separate transmitting and receiving stations.[25] They were constructed by the Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company and operated by the General Post Office (GPO). By 1936, the station had a staff of 60 radio officers who handled over 3 million words of radio traffic per year.[26] Following the privatisation of the GPO's telephone network in 1981, the station was operated by British Telecommunications PLC (now known as BT Group PLC). The main transmitting station, which was remotely operated, originally consisted of a large array of radio masts at nearby Portishead Downs; it was replaced by a single radio mast at Clevedon. It was used until 1970s.[25] The receiving station's control centre and radio masts were located at Highbridge, near Burnham on Sea.[25]

The radio station played a vital role during World War II in maintaining communications with the British merchant navy and with patrol aircraft in the North Atlantic. During the war, all communications with ships were one-way in order to avoid revealing the ships' locations to the enemy. The station was short-staffed because many were on secondments to various government services, such as operating other radio stations and training new radio officers to work in naval convoys. In 1943, the workload was so great that a Royal Navy officer and 18 telegraphists were brought in from HMS Flowerdown, a Naval Shore Wireless Service station near Winchester.[26]

By the end of the 1980s, satellite communications had started to take an increasing share of the station's business, and a programme of severe rationalisation was started, leading to the closure of two transmitting sites at Leafield and Ongar. In the radio station's penultimate year to March 1999, there were on average per month 571 radio telegrams, 533 radio telephone calls, and 4,001 radio telex calls. In 1998, British Telecom Maritime Radio Services announced its planned closure of Portishead Radio. The long-range services (HF bands 3–30 MHz) ceased at midnight on 31 August 1999. The short-range VHF maritime band (156–174 MHz) services closed at 12:00 on Sunday 30 April 2000, and the medium-range services (MF maritime band 1.6–3.0 MHz) services at 12:00 on Friday 30 June. The station closed in April 2000.[26] The Highbridge station has been demolished. Sedgemoor District Council adopted a local development plan in September 2004 that included the site of the receiving station for future housing development. Planning permission was granted in October 2007 for a development of 190 houses and flats on the site and shortly afterwards the old radio station buildings were demolished.[27]

Governance

White building with red doors
Portishead Fire Station

The town council is made up of 18 councillors representing six wards: Portishead Central, Portishead Coast, Portishead East, Portishead South & North Weston, Portishead Redcliffe Bay, and Portishead West.[28] It has responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council’s operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. The town council evaluates local planning applications and works with the local police, district council officers, and neighbourhood watch groups on matters of crime, security, and traffic. The town council's role also includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities, such as the village hall or community centre, playing fields and playgrounds, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair, and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public transport, and street cleaning. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also of interest to the council.

The town falls within the unitary authority of North Somerset. Before 1974, the parish was part of the Long Ashton Rural District.[29] The police service is provided by Avon and Somerset Constabulary. Avon Fire and Rescue Service has a fire station in Portishead manned by retained firefighters, equipped with two water tenders each holding 1,800 litres.[30] The Great Western Ambulance Service has responsibility for the area.

The parish is part of the Woodspring county constituency of the House of Commons. It has been represented since 1992 by Liam Fox, who is currently the Conservative Shadow Defence Secretary.[31] Following the review of parliamentary representation by the Boundary Commission for England in Somerset, this seat will be renamed North Somerset at the next general election.[32]

It is also part of the South West England constituency of the European Parliament.[33]

Geography

Physical geography

Rocky shoreline.
Black Nore

Portishead is a coastal town on Severn Estuary. It lies north west of Clevedon and immediately south west of Avonmouth just across the River Avon which forms the boundary between Somerset and Bristol. The city of Bristol is 6 miles (9.7 km) to the east and Portishead is approximately 110 miles (180 km) west of London.

The area immediately inland includes the Gordano Valley which has been designated as a National Nature Reserve.[34] The valley runs roughly north-east to south-west, between Carboniferous Limestone ridges extending along the coastline between Clevedon and Portishead, and another ridge extending between Clevedon and Easton in Gordano. The area includes the villages of Clapton in Gordano, Weston in Gordano, Easton in Gordano, Walton in Gordano, Portbury and Sheepway. The M5 motorway runs along the south side of the valley, splitting briefly into two levels – the south-west-bound level running above the north-east-bound carriageway. The Gordano motorway service station is at the eastern end of the valley, near the Royal Portbury Dock and the Avonmouth Bridge. There is no river Gordano – much of the valley is reclaimed land barely above sea level, drained by ditches (known locally as "rhynes"). The rhynes previously managed by the now amalgamated Gordano Valley Internal Drainage Board are now the responsibility of the North Somerset Internal Drainage Board. An area comprising a total of 161.68 hectares has been designated as a biological and geological Site of Special Scientific Interest, for ornithological, entomological and stratigraphic interest., notification originally having taken place in 1971. Several sites in the valley are managed by the Avon Wildlife Trust as nature reserves. These include; Weston Big Wood, Clapton Moor, Weston Moor and Walton Common. The name Gordano comes from Old English and is descriptive of the triangular shape of the whole valley from Clevedon to Portishead.[35]

Denny Island is a small rocky island of 0.6 acres (0.2 hectares), with scrub vegetation, approximately three miles north of Portishead. Its rocky southern foreshore marks the boundary between England and Wales, but the island itself is reckoned administratively to Monmouthshire, Wales. The tidal rise and fall in the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel can be as great as 49 ft (15 m),[36] second only to Bay of Fundy in Eastern Canada.[37][38] There has been concern about pollution levels from industrial areas in Wales and at the eastern end of the Bristol Channel, however this tends to be diluted by the Atlantic waters. There are measurable levels of chemical pollutants, but little is known about their effects. Of particular concern are the levels of cadmium and to a lesser degree residual pesticides and hydrocarbons.[39]

Portishead Pier to Black Nore SSSI is a 177-acre (72 ha) geological Site of Special Scientific Interest notified in 1952. The Portishead Pier Section is made up of alluvial sandstones, the best exposure of Upper Carboniferous rocks in the Avonmouth Coalfield. The cliff and foreshore exposures around Portishead Point provide important exposures of geological structures form during the Variscan mountain building episode in the Carboniferous Period of geological history. Also included are important exposures of the Devonian sequence that yield several species of fossil fish. Holoptychius scales are the most abundant fossils, but teeth scales of other species are also relatively common. Notably amongst the collection from this bed are plates of arthrodires, including Groenlandaspis.[40] Eastwood and Battery Point Local Nature Reserve is a 9 hectares (22 acres) woodland containing Yew, Maple, Dogs mercury and beech.[41]

The Lake Grounds area, built in the early 20th century around an artificial lake, is the town's main park. Adjacent to the beach and esplanade is a 100 year old artificial lake,[42] a cricket pitch surrounded by sloping lawns interspersed with specimen trees. One of the UK's few surviving outdoor swimming pools is situated on the shore next to the Lake Grounds and is open during the summer months. In 2009, the outdoor pool was renovated by a team filming for American TV programme Ty's Great British Adventure.[43] Above the Lake grounds is Battery Point, where a gun battery was sited to protect the Severn Estuary from invasion fleets.[44]

Climate

Along with the rest of South West England, Portishead has a temperate climate generally wetter and milder than the rest of England. The annual mean temperature is about 10 °C (50 °F) with seasonal and diurnal variations, but the modifying effect of the sea restricts the range to less than that in most other parts of the United Kingdom. January is the coldest month with mean minimum temperatures between 1 °C (34 °F) and 2 °C (36 °F). July and August are the warmest, with mean daily maxima around 21 °C (70 °F).[45] In general, December is the dullest month and June the sunniest. The south-west of England enjoys a favoured location, particularly in summer, when the Azores High extends its influence north-eastwards towards the UK.[46]

Cloud often forms inland, especially near hills, and reduces exposure to sunshine. The average annual sunshine is about 1,600 hours. Rainfall tends to be associated with Atlantic depressions or with convection. In summer, convection caused by solar surface heating sometimes forms shower clouds and a large proportion of the annual precipitation falls from showers and thunderstorms at this time of year. Average rainfall is around 800–900 mm (31–35 in). About 8–15 days of snowfall is typical. November to March have the highest mean wind speeds, with June to August having the lightest; the prevailing wind direction is from the south-west.[47][45]

Demography

Portishead has a population of 22,000,[1] an increase of over 3,000 since the figure of 17,130 recorded in the 2001 census,[48] with a growth rate of 40 per cent, which is considerably in excess of surrounding towns.[49] As the result of a house-building programme, a further 8,000 people are expected to settle in the area over the next few years, making Portishead one of the largest towns in North Somerset.[1]

Economy

Local employers include the Avon and Somerset Constabulary, which has its headquarters on the western edge of the town, Gordano School, and numerous care homes for the elderly, as well as a retail complex. The town has retained a "local shop identity", despite some larger DIY chains and supermarkets being built – Homebase, Argos (retailer), Waitrose, Dreams, New Look, Peacocks and Pets at Home. In January 2010 planning permission was granted for a new Sainsburys store to be built.[50]

Landmarks

Metal lighthouse reached by walkway from land.
Battery Point lighthouse

Court House Farmhouse dates from the medieval period but was remodelled in the 17th and 19th centuries. The Grade II* listed building[51] is owned by Bristol City Council and in 2010 protests from local residents attempted to stop its sale.[52]

The red brick Nautical National School was built by Edward Gabriel in 1905,[53] at a cost of £30,000.[54] Previously it had been based on the Training Ship Formidable and operated until 1983.[55] It is now part of a private gated community known as Fedden Village.[56]

The remains of a former windmill, built in 1832 but disused since 1846, were rebuilt into a two-storey house and then, in 1908, incorporated into the golf club house.[57]

A 9-metre (30 ft) high lighthouse was built at Battery Point in march 1931 by the Chance Brothers of Smethwick. The lighthouse is currently maintained by the Bristol Port company.[58]

Transport

White house next to overgrown route of railway.
The disused Portishead to Bristol railway

Transport links to Bristol and beyond have been a concern for some residents of the town and a group has been set up to campaign for the reopening of the Portishead to Bristol railway line.[59] The cost has been estimated at £28 million,[60] and feasibility plans are being considered.[61]

The main A369 road, known after the historical name for the area as "The Portbury Hundred",[62] which links the town to the nearby M5 motorway, is often congested, especially during rush hours. Major traffic-flow modifications have caused much controversy because they are widely seen as having caused queuing where none existed before. More than 4,000 residents signed a petition to North Somerset Council expressing concern at the development.[63]

Education

Further information: [[:List of schools in North Somerset]]

The Unitary Authority of North Somerset provides support for 78 schools, delivering education to approximately 28,000 pupils.[64] Infant and primary schools in Portishead include: High Down Infant and Junior, Portishead Primary, St. Barnabas C of E Primary, St. Joseph's Catholic Primary, St. Peter's C of E Primary and Trinity Anglican Methodist Primary School. Secondary education is provided by Gordano School. In 1999, the school was awarded Specialist Schools Technology College status (see awards). Gordano School enrolls approximately 1,500 students annually, ages 11–19. The official opening took place on 12 July 1957. The school had cost £146,000 and still needed work to the playing fields. By September of that year, pupil numbers had increased to 500 and councillors were demanding more classrooms. The increase was attributed to the "post-war bulge". In September 1975, £209,000 was allocated for new buildings. Gordano was named the "Big Experiment" as it became Somerset's first comprehensive school, with 900 students and 30 teachers. The education department forecast the school numbers would treble by 1975. In 1994, an astroturf sports playing surface was laid at a cost of £260,000. Numbers had grown to 1,589 students and 88 teachers.[65]

Religious sites

Stone building with circular window and small bell tower, partially obscured by trees.
Portishead United Reformed Church

The Norman Church of St Peter was built in 1320 and rebuilt in the 14th and 15th centuries in the Perpendicular Gothic style. In 1952 it was made a Grade I listed building.[66] The four-stage tower is a prominent landmark, with set back buttresses and a pierced parapet.[66] The church was altered in 1978–1979 and has a new garden developed for the Millennium.[67]

The Chapel of Portishead National Nautical School (now The Fedden Village) in Nore Road, dates from 1911. It is dedicated to St. Nicholas and is also a listed building.[68]

There is also a thriving URC church[69] which dates from 6 March 1840. One of the early benefactors was Henry Overton Wills of the Wills tobacco family, who were staunch Congregationalists.

Sport

Portishead has a brand new sports and leisure complex which was partly funded by the National Lottery as well as funds from the Town Council and North Somerset Council.[1] It houses a large swimming pool, leisure and play pools, indoor bowls, six badminton courts, a gymnasium, a fun room for toddlers, a cafeteria and a licensed bar. Other sporting facilities in the town include open-air tennis courts, a large outdoor swimming-pool opened in 1962,[70] a boating lake, cricket grounds, football and hockey pitches as well as many cycle lanes. The cricket club dates back to the 19th century.[71]

Portishead Town F.C. played in small regional leagues for years until joining the Somerset County League in 1975. They won the Premier Division title four times in five years between 1993–94 and 1997–98.[72] After their fourth successive runner-up campaign in the 2004–05 season, Portishead successfully applied for promotion to the Western League.[72] In Portishead's first season of Western League football they finished in the top half of the table only to better their performance the following season. In 2006–07 Portishead achieved their highest ever finish in the history of the club, finishing runners-up to Truro City.[73]

Culture

The Bristol-based trip hop group Portishead took their name from the town, despite describing it as their "dreary home-town".[74] The town was also the birthplace of Scrumpy and Western star Adge Cutler.[75]

There are various groups and societies in the town, including the Gordano society that is involved in history, conservation, environment, planning and wildlife issues,[76] a horticultural society,[77] and the Portishead Railway Group that is campaigning for the Portishead to Bristol railway line to be re-opened.[78] There are also church and youth organisations such as the Portishead Youth Club,[79] a choral society,[80] which was formed in 1955,[81] and an annual carnival.[82]

Twinned Towns

In 1989 the town twinned with Den Dungen a small town of approximately 6,000 inhabitants about 3 miles (4.8 km) from the city of 's-Hertogenbosch, capital of the Province of North Brabant in the Netherlands.[83] Den Dungen was a separate municipality until 1996, when it was merged with Sint-Michielsgestel.[84] Dating back to the 11th century, 'Den Bosch' is a bustling, modern city with an annual International Jazz Festival.

In 1992 a further twinning arrangement was made with Schweich the principle town in a municipality of some 20,000 people 6 miles (9.7 km) from the Roman city of Trier.[83] This municipality is in the Trier-Saarburg district, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is situated on the river Moselle, about 6 miles northeast of Trier. Schweich is the seat of the Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") Schweich an der Römischen Weinstraße.

Notable people

References

Notes
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h "About Portishead". Portishead and North Weston Town Council. Retrieved 1 December 2009.
  2. ^ "Parish of Portishead and North Weston" (PDF). 2001 Census Parish Information Sheet. North Somerset Council. Retrieved 8 August 2009.
  3. ^ "Portishead bucks trend as new stores open". Bristol Evening Post. This is Bristol. 2009-10-09. Retrieved 14 March 2010.
  4. ^ a b Farr, Grahame (1954). Somerset Harbours. London: Christopher Johnson. p. 49. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  5. ^ a b c d e f g "Portishead History". Guide2 Portishead. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
  6. ^ "Portishead". GENUKI. Retrieved 3 December 2009.
  7. ^ Lewis, Samuel (1848). "Portishead (St. Peter)". 'Poolton – Portishead', A Topographical Dictionary of England. British History Online. pp. 593–596. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
  8. ^ "The Royal Hotel". Images of England. English Heritage. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
  9. ^ a b Awdry, page 19
  10. ^ Smith
  11. ^ a b c d e Winter
  12. ^ Elkin, P.W. "Aspects of the recent development of the port of Bristol" (PDF). AHDS. Retrieved 26 February 2010.
  13. ^ a b c d e f Crowhurst, pages 62–66.
  14. ^ a b Crowhurst, pages 45–50
  15. ^ "Portishead Railway Group". Portishead Railway Group. Retrieved 1 December 2009.
  16. ^ a b Crowhurst, pages 51–56.
  17. ^ a b c d Awdry, page 242
  18. ^ "Albright and Wilson Ltd" (PDF). ICI. 1960. Retrieved 3 December 2009.
  19. ^ "Decontamination and Remediation Works At Albright & Wilson, Portishead". IDS Environment. Retrieved 3 December 2009.
  20. ^ "Portishead HM Coastguard". Guide to Portishead. Retrieved 3 December 2009.
  21. ^ "City of Bristol (Portishead Docks) Act". Office of Public Sector Information. 1992. Retrieved 1 December 2009.
  22. ^ "Ashlands, Portishead Brownfield Regeneration, Earthworks and Infrastructure Design" (PDF). Supporta. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
  23. ^ "Portishaed Quays". Quay Marinas. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
  24. ^ "Port Marine". Port Marine. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
  25. ^ a b c Crowhurst, page 78.
  26. ^ a b c Bennett, Larry. "The Story of Portishead Radio". Portishead Radio -GKA. Larry Bennett. Retrieved 3 December 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  27. ^ "Maritime Radio". Stonehaven Radio Station. Retrieved 3 December 2009.
  28. ^ "The Town Council". Portishead and North Weston council. Retrieved 1 December 2009.
  29. ^ "A Vision of Britain Through Time : Long Ashton Rural District".
  30. ^ "About Portishead Fire Station". Avon Fire and Rescue Service. Retrieved 13 March 2010.
  31. ^ "Liam Fox". They work for you. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
  32. ^ "Community Governance Review (Parish Review)". North Somerset Council. p. 13. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
  33. ^ "UK MEPs for the South West". European Parliament UK Office. Retrieved 25 November 2009.
  34. ^ "Gordano Valley NNR". Natural England. Retrieved 31 January 2010.
  35. ^ "Footsteps into History - Clapton in Gordano". Western Daily Press. 2009-09-22. Retrieved 18 March 2010.
  36. ^ "Severn Estuary Barrage" (PDF). UK Environment Agency. 31 May 2006. Retrieved 3 September 2007.
  37. ^ Extreme Depositional Environments: Mega End Members in Geologic Time. Boulder, Colorado: Geological Society of America. 2003. p. 151. ISBN 0813723701. {{cite book}}: |first= missing |last= (help); Missing pipe in: |first= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  38. ^ "Coast: Bristol Channel". BBC. Retrieved 27 August 2007.
  39. ^ "State of the park report. Chapter 5 Coasts" (PDF). Exmoor National Park. Retrieved 5 August 2008.
  40. ^ English Nature citation sheet for the site (accessed 13 July 2006)
  41. ^ "Landscape and Nature Conservation" (PDF). Severn Estuary Coastal Group. Retrieved 2 December 2009.
  42. ^ "The Lake Grounds". Portishead. City Web Design. Retrieved 1 December 2009.
  43. ^ "Turn out to welcome Ty to Portishead pool". Bristol Evening Post. This is Bristol. 13 June 2009. Retrieved 1 December 2009.
  44. ^ Crowhurst, page 82.
  45. ^ a b "South West England: climate". Met Office. Retrieved 14 March 2010.
  46. ^ "The Azores High". WeatherOnline Weather facts. Retrieved 19 November 2006.
  47. ^ "About south-west England". Met Office. Archived from the original on 2008-01-15. Retrieved 21 June 2006.
  48. ^ "Parish of Portishead and North Weston" (PDF). 2001 Census Parish Information Sheet. North Somerset Council. Retrieved 8 August 2009.
  49. ^ "Portishead bucks trend as new stores open". Bristol Evening Post. This is Bristol. 2009-10-09. Retrieved 14 March 2010.
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  • Crowhurst, Ken (2001). Images of England: Portishead. Stroud: Tempus Publishing/The History Press Ltd. ISBN 978-0752422404.
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  • Winter, Michael T. (2005). The Portishead Coal Boats: A History of Osborn & Wallis Ltd, Bristol. Lydney: Black Dwarf Publications. ISBN 978-1903599136.

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