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Senkaku Islands

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"Diaoyutai" redirects here. For the Chinese state guesthouse, see Diaoyutai State Guesthouse.
Pinnacle islands
Map
Other namesJapanese: 尖閣諸島
Chinese: 釣魚台列嶼; Chinese: 钓鱼台群岛;
Geography
LocationPacific Ocean
Coordinates25°47′53″N 124°03′21″E / 25.79806°N 124.05583°E / 25.79806; 124.05583
Administration
Japan
Demographics
Population0
Senkaku Islands
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese釣魚臺群島 or 釣魚台群島
Simplified Chinese钓鱼台群岛
Literal meaningangling platform islands
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinDiàoyútái Qúndǎo
Yue: Cantonese
Jyutpingdiu3jyu4*2toi4 kwan4dou2
Pinnacle Islands
Traditional Chinese釣魚臺列嶼 or 釣魚台列嶼
Simplified Chinese钓鱼台列屿
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinDiàoyútái Liè yǔ
Japanese name
Kanji尖閣諸島
Transcriptions
RomanizationSenkaku Shotō

The Pinnacle Islands, also known as Diaoyutai Islands (simplified Chinese: 钓鱼台群岛; traditional Chinese: 釣魚台群島; pinyin: Diàoyútái Qúndǎo), or Senkaku Islands (尖閣諸島, Senkaku Shotō), are a group of disputed uninhabited islands controlled by Japan since 1972, but also claimed by both the Republic of China (Taiwan) and the People's Republic of China as part of Taiwan Province, Toucheng Township in Yilan County.

The islands are located roughly northeast of Taiwan, due west of Okinawa, and due north of the southwestern end of the Ryukyu Islands in the East China Sea.

The islands are a major issue in foreign relations between Japan and the PRC and between Japan and the ROC. The Japanese government regards these islands as a part of Okinawa prefecture. Despite the complexity of the PRC-ROC relation, both governments agree that the islands are part of Taiwan, which is administered by the ROC.

Naming

Diaoyutai Islands

The first recorded naming of the islands dated back to the Ming Dynasty of China (14th-17th century) in books such as Voyage with the Tail Wind (順風相送), Journey to Lew Chew (使琉球錄). The Chinese Imperial Map of the Ming Dynasty also used Diaoyudao Islands.

The Chinese name for the island group (Diaoyu) and the Japanese name for the main island (Uotsuri) both literally mean "Angling".

Pinnacle Islands

In the 19th century, the Pinnacle Islands or Pinnacle Group was an English-language name used for the rocks adjacent to, but not including, the largest island Uotsuri Jima/Diaoyu Dao (then called Hoa-pin-su). Neither Kuba Jima/Huangwei Yu (then called Ti-a-usu) nor Taishō Jima/Chiwei Yu (then called "Raleigh Rock") were part of the Pinnacle Islands either.[1][2][3]

However, in recent years the name "Pinnacle Islands" has come to be used to refer to the entire island group, as an English-language equivalent to "Diaoyu" or "Senkaku".[4][5]

Senkaku Islands

In the late 19th century, Sentō Shosho (尖頭諸嶼) and Senkaku Shosho (尖閣諸嶼) were translations used for these "Pinnacle Islands" by various Japanese sources. Subsequently, the entire island group (including Uotsuri Jima/Diaoyu Dao and all the others) came to be called Senkaku Rettō, which later evolved into Senkaku Shotō.[6]

Geography

The islands group

The islands sit on the edge of the continental shelf of mainland Asia, and are separated from the Ryukyu Islands by the Okinawa Trough. Japan argues that these islets are part of the Ryukyu Islands. They are Template:Km to mi north of Ishigaki Island, Japan; Template:Km to mi northeast of Keelung, Taiwan; and Template:Km to mi west of Okinawa Island.

The group is made up of five small non-volcanic islands:

Uotsuri Jima/Diaoyu Dao

Aerial view of Diaoyu Dao, Diaoyu Tai or Uotsuri Jima

Uotsuri Jima (魚釣島[7]) or Diaoyudao (釣魚島[8]) is the largest island of the Senkaku Islands. The Island located at 25°44′39″N 123°28′26″E / 25.74417°N 123.47389°E / 25.74417; 123.47389 has an area of 4.3 square kilometres (1.7 sq mi) and a highest elevation of 383 metres (1,257 ft).[9]

Uotsuri jima/Diaoyudao has a number of endemic species such as the Senkaku mole (Nesoscaptor uchidai) and Okinawa-kuro-oo-ari ant, but these have become threatened by domestic goats that were introduced to the island in 1978 and whose population has increased to over 300 since that time.[10]

Kuba Jima/Huangwei Yu

Kuba Jima (久場島[7]) or Huangwei Yu (黃尾嶼[8]) is located at 25°55′23″N 123°40′59″E / 25.92306°N 123.68306°E / 25.92306; 123.68306 has an area of Template:Km2 to mi2 and a highest elevation of Template:M to ft.[11]

Taishō Jima/Chiwei Yu

Taishō Jima (大正島[7]) or Chiwei Yu (赤尾嶼[8]) is located at 25°55′18″N 124°33′34″E / 25.92167°N 124.55944°E / 25.92167; 124.55944 has an area of Template:Km2 to mi2 and a highest elevation of Template:M to ft.[12] Both the People's Republic of China and Republic of China claim it as their island.

The US Navy used Kuba Jima/Huangwei Yu and Taisho Jima/Chiwei Yu as maneuver areas after World War II.

Kita Kojima/Bei Xiaodao

Kita Kojima (left) and Minami Kojima islands

Kita Kojima (北小島) or Bei Xiaodao is located at 25°43′48″N 123°32′33″E / 25.73000°N 123.54250°E / 25.73000; 123.54250 and has an area of 0.31 square kilometres (77 acres) and a highest elevation of 125 metres (410 ft).[13]

Nan Xiaodao/Minami Kojima

Minami Kojima or Nan Xiaodao (南小島) is located at 25°43′21″N 123°33′07″E / 25.72250°N 123.55194°E / 25.72250; 123.55194 and has an area of 0.40 square kilometres (99 acres) and a highest elevation of 139 metres (456 ft).

This island is one of the few breeding places of the rare Short-tailed Albatross (Phoebastria albatrus).

Other islands

There are also three larger rocks:

Territorial dispute

Beginning of the dispute

Following the Meiji Restoration, the Meiji Japanese government formally annexed what was known as the Ryukyu Kingdom as Okinawa Prefecture in 1879. The Diaoyu islands, which lie between Ryukyu Kingdom and China, became the Sino-Japanese boundary for the first time.

In 1885, the Japanese-appointed governor of Okinawa petitioned Tokyo for the takeover of the Diaoyu Islands. The Japanese government hesitated until January 1895 while in the midst of the Sino-Japanese War. After China lost the war, both countries signed the Treaty of Shimonoseki that stipulated, among other things, that China ceded to Japan "the island of Formosa together with all islands appertaining or belonging to said island of Formosa".[17]

Whether the Diaoyu Islands, which were not called Senkaku by Japan until 1900, are implied in "islands appertaining or belonging to said island of Formosa" is an unsettled question.

From the end of World War II until 1972, the United States occupied Okinawa and controlled the outlying islands. In 1969, the US expressed its intention to hand over the occupied territories, including the disputed islands, to Japan.[18]

Both the PRC and ROC governments protested and reiterated their claim to sovereignty over the islands. The ROC made the official announcement on 11 June 1971, followed by the PRC on 30 December. However, the United States handed over the disputed islands to Japan as of May 15, 1972,.[19]

Chinese claims

The Chinese claim to Senkaku Islands, in brief, proceeds as follows: the islands were known to the Chinese at least (and possibly as early as 770 BC ~ 221 BC, from a passage in the Shan Hai Jing, chapter "Haineibei jing"[20]) since the Ming Dynasty, and were controlled by the Qing Dynasty along with Taiwan.

They were ceded to Japan under an unequal treaty in 1895 along with Taiwan. Between 1895 and 1945, Japan administered the islands as part of Taiwan. However, more importantly, none of the Allies recognized any transfer of the territorial sovereignty of either Taiwan or any nearby islands to the ROC at any time during the 1940s or 1950s. In a 1959 court case in the United States, the US State Dept. was specifically quoted as maintaining that: " . . . the sovereignty of Formosa has not been transferred to China . . . " and that "Formosa is not a part of China as a country, at least not as yet, and not until and unless appropriate treaties are hereafter entered into. Formosa may be said to be a territory or an area occupied and administered by the Government of the Republic of China, but is not officially recognized as being a part of the Republic of China."[21]

After WWII, due to the civil war between competing PRC and ROC factions in China, both parties did not place their focus on the islands to avoid further disputes.

From 1945 to 1971, the Chinese held undefined positions on the sovereignty and administration on the islands. In 1971, when the US expressed its intention to hand over the disputed islands to Japan, both the PRC and ROC governments protested and reiterated their sovereignty over the islands.

Ming Dynasty claim

China claims that the islands were within the Ming Dynasty's sea-defense area and are a part of Taiwan.[22] According to the Chinese, China's sovereignty over the islands is dated to the early 15th century, during the reign of the Ming Dynasty. The name Diaoyutai first appeared in 1403 in the Chinese book Voyage with the Tail Wind (順風相送), which recorded the names of the islands that voyagers had passed on a trip from Fujian to the Ryukyu Kingdom. By 1534, all the major islets of the island group had been identified and named in the book Record of the Imperial Envoy to Ryukyu(使琉球錄).[22]

Qing Dynasty claim

From 1624 until 1662, Taiwan and some of its surrounding islands, though not the Senkakus, were controlled by the Dutch as a base for commerce. In 1662, the Dutch were driven out by ex-Ming Dynasty general Zheng Chenggong (more popularly known as Koxinga). Zheng Chenggong and his successors established the Kingdom of Tungning and controlled the area until 1683. That year, Zheng's grandson Zheng Keshuang was defeated by Qing Dynasty forces led by Admiral Shi Lang. From then on, Qing Dynasty China gained effective control over Taiwan and its surrounding islands, including the islands in dispute today.[23]

Unequal Treaties

After losing the First Sino-Japanese War, Qing China signed the Treaty of Shimonoseki on 17 April 1895. This Unequal Treaty ceded Taiwan and its surrounding islands to Japan. The Chinese governments see the disputed islands as having been included in the islands ceded to Japan by the treaty, because of the historical evidence discussed above, even though the Treaty did not explicitly enumerate all the islands ceded under it.

On this basis, they argue for Chinese sovereignty over the islands for two reasons. First, that all the Unequal Treaties are null and void [citation needed] and thus the islands are still part of Taiwan Province of China.[24] Secondly, that since the disputed islands were ceded along with Taiwan in 1895, therefore when Japan returned to China all territories it had obtained from China since the First Sino-Japanese War at the end of World War II, the disputed islands were returned along with Taiwan to China.

However, the United States, as principal victor over Japan, has consistently maintained that there was no "return" of island territories to China after the close of hostilities in WWII, either due to the Japanese surrender ceremonies, or according to the specifications of the post-war treaties. The Starr Memorandum of the US State Dept., issued in Oct. 1971, is often quoted as an authoritative reference on this subject.[25]

Tokyo court ruling

China also asserted that in 1944, the Tokyo court ruled that the islands were part of Taihoku Prefecture (Taipei Prefecture), following a dispute between Okinawa Prefecture and Taihoku Prefecture. However, the assertion was solely based on a "claim" by the president of the fishermen's association of Keelung city in 4 August 1971. The primary source of this paragraph can be found in the journal "Modern China Studies", Issue 1, 1997 (in Simplified Chinese).[26]

Japanese claims

The Japanese claim to the islands briefly proceeds as follows: the islands were not inhabited up to 1895; several months before the cession of Taiwan by the Qing Dynasty to Japan, Japan had already claimed and incorporated the islands into Japanese territory; as a result, the islands remained Japanese territory and would not be affected by the retro-cession of Taiwan in 1945; though the islands were controlled by the United States as occupying power between 1945 and 1972, Japan has since 1972 exercised administration over the islands. According to Japanese government, PRC and ROC have come to claim the sovereignty since a submarine oil field was discovered near these islands. In addition, former President of Republic of China Lee Teng-hui also once considered the Senkaku Islands are part of Okinawa.[27]

Formal incorporation

Japan claims that after the Meiji Restoration, the Japanese government conducted surveys of the islands beginning in 1885 confirming no evidence that the uninhabited islands had been under Chinese control, though this conflicts with the earlier Chinese claim of the islands during the Qing Dynasty. At the time of this survey, Japan did not formally declare a claim to the islands. Instead, it waited until 14 January 1895, during the middle of the First Sino-Japanese War, to do this. Just three months before its military victory in the war and the signing of the Treaty of Shimonoseki, Japan erected a marker on the islands to formally incorporate them as its territory. This decision was not made public until 1950, however.[28] Four of the islands were subsequently borrowed and developed by the Koga family with the permission of the Japanese government.

History of Ming

Japanese scholars claim that neither China nor Ryukyu had recognized sovereignty over the uninhabited islands. Therefore, they claim that Chinese documents only prove that Kumejima, the first inhabited island reached by the Chinese, belonged to Okinawa. Kentaro Serita (芹田健太郎) of Kobe University points out that the official history book of the Ming Dynasty compiled during the Qing Dynasty, called the History of Ming (明史), describes Taiwan in the "Stories of Foreign Countries" (外国列传). Thus, China did not control the Senkaku Islands or Taiwan during the Ming Dynasty.[29] The contrary viewpoint is that this evidence goes only to verify the fact that the early Qing Dynasty (which compiled the book) saw Taiwan and its surrounding islands as outside its territory. For 39 years between the end of the Ming Dynasty and the conquest of Taiwan by the Qing Dynasty, Taiwan was indeed ruled by a separate regime, the Kingdom of Tungning, which swore loyalty to the Ming. Such evidence is thus not relevant to the Qing Dynasty's attitude towards the islands after its conquest of Taiwan.

Letter from a Chinese diplomat

In a letter purportedly sent to Japanese fishermen, who rescued a number of shipwrecked Chinese in 1920, by a Chinese Consul Feng Mien (馮冕) in Nagasaki, representing the Beiyang Government, a warlord regime, reference was made to "Senkaku Islands, Yaeyama District, Okinawa Prefecture, the Empire of Japan".[30] The letter implies Chinese recognition of the islands as being part of Okinawa, instead of Taiwan.

Geography Textbook

According to the geography textbook published in 1970 in Taiwan, where every textbook had to be officially approved by the government, clearly showed the islands as Japanese territories.[31]

United States occupation

Japan claims that after World War II, the islands came under the United States occupation of Okinawa. During this period, the United States and the Ryūkyū Government administered the islands and the US Navy even used Kuba-jima and Taisho-jima as maneuver areas. In 1972, sovereignty over Okinawa, and arguably the surrounding islands, was handed back to Japan as part of the termination of United States Military Government jurisdiction over the Article 3 territories of the Treaty of San Francisco.

Recent developments

  • 1971: The Republic of China (ROC) and the People's Republic of China (PRC) claim sovereignty
  • 1978: The Japan Youth Association set up a lighthouse on the main island.
  • 14 July 1996: The Japan Youth Association builds a 5 m high, solar-powered, aluminum lighthouse on another island.
  • 14 September 1996: a US State Department spokesman referred to the US's neutral position on the Senkaku Islands issue.
  • 26 September 1996: David Chan (陳毓祥), a Hong Kong protester, drowns near the islets, after leaping off one of the protest vessels with several companions with the object of symbolizing Chinese claim of sovereignty.
  • 7 October 1996: Protesters plant the flags of the ROC and the PRC on the main island, but are later removed by the Japanese.
  • 9 April 1999: US Ambassador to Japan Thomas S. Foley said "we are not, as far as I understand, taking a specific position in the dispute.... we do not assume that there will be any reason to engage the security treaty in any immediate sense."
  • 20 April 2000: Senkaku Shinto shrine (尖閣神社) was established on Uotsuri Jima/Diaoyudao.[32]
  • April 2002: The Japanese government leased Uotsuri and other islands from their private owners.
  • 24 March 2004: A group of Chinese activists from the PRC planned to stay on the Islands for three days. The seven people who landed on the islands were arrested by the Japanese for illegal entry. The Japanese Foreign Ministry forwarded a complaint to the PRC government, but the PRC in turn demanded the release of the activists. They were then sent to Japan and deported from there. Japan subsequently stated that it would prohibit anybody from landing on the islands without prior permission.
  • 24 March 2004: Adam Ereli, Deputy Spokesman at the US State Department said "The U.S. does not take a position on the question of the ultimate sovereignty of the Senkaku Diaoyu Islands."
  • February 2005: Japan planned to take ownership of a privately-owned lighthouse on Uotsuri, after it was offered to them by the owner, a fisherman living on Ishigaki, Okinawa. The lighthouse is expected to be managed by the Japanese Coast Guard.
  • 23 April 2004: a member of a Japanese right-wing group rammed a bus into the Chinese consulate in Osaka, to protest Chinese claims.[33]
  • July 2004: Japan started exploring for natural gas in what it considers its own exclusive economic zone in the East China Sea as a step to counter China's building of a natural gas complex nearby. Japan plans to survey a 30-kilometer-wide band stretching between latitudes 28 and 30 degrees North, just inside the border demarcated by Japan. China disputes Japan's rights to explore the area east of the median line between the two countries, which Japan has proposed as the demarcation line for their exclusive economic zones.[33]
  • July 2004: a group of Chinese held a police-approved demonstration outside the Japanese Embassy in Beijing afternoon to protest Japan's "illegal" oil exploration activities in a disputed area of the East China Sea. The protesters, organized by Beijing-based organization called the Patriots Alliance Network, shouted slogans for about an hour, during which two embassy staff members came out to take the group's written statement.[33]
  • 10 February 2005: On Voice of America, U.S. Undersecretary of State John Bolton said that Japan's new assertiveness is in line with the desires of many Japanese politicians to take their country beyond its post-World War Two reliance on the United States. "It's a question of the evolution of Japanese thinking on its own. Japan has made it clear they want to resolve all of the territorial disputes by diplomatic means and that's certainly something that we agree with. Our kind of getting in the middle of it is probably not the most productive way to proceed."
  • June 2005: The ROC dispatched a ROCN frigate into disputed waters (but did not go as far as the islands) after Taiwanese fishing vessels were harassed by Japanese patrol boats. The frigate, which was carrying Legislative Yuan President Wang Jin-pyng and ROC Defense Minister Lee Jye, was not challenged and returned to Taiwan without incident. Fisheries talks between Taipei and Tokyo were held in July, but did not cover sovereignty issues.
  • 17 March 2006: Kyodo News reported the U.S. Ambassador to Japan, Thomas Schieffer, presented that he considered "the Islands as territory of Japan" in his talk in Tokyo.[34]
  • 27 October 2006: A group of activists from Hong Kong, the Action Committee for Defending the Diaoyu Islands, including Tsang Kin Shing and several members of the April Fifth Action, approached the islands in order to show the support for Chinese claims to the Senkakus. They were stopped from landing on the islands by the Japan Coast Guard.[35] Later on, the PLAN conducted a military exercise in the area.[36]
  • 16 April 2008: two PLAAF J-10A multirole fighter peremptorily intercepted a Japanese P-3C anti-submarine and reconnaissance airplane that was flying closely above the Senkaku Islands. The two J-10 fighters were suspected of protecting Chinese nuclear submarines that were operating in that area.
  • 8 September 2008: Two Chinese coast guard vessels started routine patrol within 12 kilometres of Senkaku Islands in order to declare the Senkaku Islands as Chinese territory.
  • 10 June 2008: The 270 ton sport fishing vessel Lien Ho of Taiwan suffered a collision with the Japanese patrol vessel Koshiki and subsequently sank while in the disputed territorial waters that have been claimed by Japan and Taiwan. The Taiwanese crew who were aboard the vessel claims that the larger Japanese frigate deliberately crashed into them; their assertions are backed up by recently released video footage.[37] While releasing the passengers, Japan initially detained the captain and sought reparations.[38][39] The captain has now been released and has returned to Taiwan. Liu Chao-shiuan, Premier of the Republic of China, has refused to rule out the use of force to defend the islands against Japanese advances.[40] The ROC government recalled its chief representative to Japan in protest.[41] On June 16, a boat carrying activists from Taiwan, defended by five Republic of China Coast Guard vessels, approached to within 0.4 nautical miles (740 m) of the main island, from which position they circumnavigated the island in an assertion of sovereignty of the islands. This demonstration has prompted Taiwanese politicians to cancel a planned trip on-board Republic of China Navy vessels to demonstrate sovereignty.[42] The Taiwanese vessels were followed by Japanese Coast Guard vessels, but no attempt was made to intercept them. On June 20, the de-facto Japanese ambassador to Taiwan apologized, in person, to the captain of the Taiwanese boat Lien Ho.[43]
  • 20 February 2009: two Chinese PLAAF J-10A fighters intercepted three Japan Air Self-Defense Force F-2 fighters flying close to the Senkaku Islands, and locked their missiles onto the Japanese fighters. After a three minute stand-off, the Japanese fighters returned to Japanese air space. The Japanese government stated it was an act of provocation.
  • 7 September 2010: A Chinese fishing trawler collided with two Japanese Coast Guard patrol boats in disputed waters near the islands. The collisions occurred after the Japanese Coast Guard ordered the trawler to stop fishing. After the collisions, Japanese sailors boarded the Chinese vessel and arrested the captain.[44]

Oil drilling dispute

Japan has objected to Chinese development of natural gas resources in the East China Sea in an area where the two countries Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) claims overlap. Japan claims a division of the EEZ on the median line between the countries' coastlines. About 40,000 square kilometers of EEZ are in dispute. China and Japan both claim 200 nautical miles EEZ rights, but the East China Sea width is only 360 nautical miles. China claims an EEZ extending to the eastern end of the Chinese continental shelf which goes deep into the Japanese EEZ beyond the median line.[33]

The specific development in dispute is China's drilling in the Chunxiao field, which is three miles west of the median line, but which Japan contends may be tapping natural gas reserves which extend past the median line. The Chunxiao gas field in Xihu Sag in the East China Sea is estimated to hold reserves of more than 1.6 tcf of natural gas and is expected to become a major producer in the next ten years. Commercial operation was expected to begin in mid-2005 at a production rate of 70 bcf per year, rising to 282 bcf by 2010. Sinopec Star has reserves of 7 tcf of gas, 1.9 tcf of which is held in the Chunxiao area.[33]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Senkaku Islands.

Footnotes

  1. ^ Findlay, A.G. (1889). A Directory for the Navigation of the Indian Archipelago and the Coast of China. London: Richard Holes Laurie. p. 1135.
  2. ^ Navigating Lieutenant Frederick W. Jarrad, R.N. (1873). The China Sea Directory, Vol IV. J.D.Potter for the Hydrographic Office, Admiralty, London. pp. 141–142. Retrieved 2007-06-04.
  3. ^ Unryu Suganuma (2000). Sovereign Rights and Territorial Space in Sino-Japanese Relations. University of Hawaii Press. p. 95. ISBN 0824824938. Retrieved 2007-07-23.
  4. ^ Hagström, L. (2005). Japan's China Policy: A Relational Power Analysis. Oxford: Routledge.
  5. ^ Seokwoo Lee (2002). "Territorial Disputes among Japan, China and Taiwan concerning the Senkaku Islands". Boundary and Territory Briefing, Vol 3 No. 7. International Boundaries Research Unit. p. 1. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  6. ^ Unryu Suganuma (2000). Sovereign Rights and Territorial Space in Sino-Japanese Relations. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 89–92. ISBN 0824824938.
  7. ^ a b c 鞠, 德源. "第十一章 日本国窃踞中国海洋国土篇 - （16） 日本国窃土前后（窃土→放弃窃土→窃土再占）岛屿名称变异综览表" (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2008-12-12. Retrieved 2009-01-02.
  8. ^ a b c "钓鱼诸屿名称变异表" (in Simplified Chinese). Archived from the original (Doc) on Unknown date. Retrieved 2009-01-02. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |archivedate= (help)
  9. ^ Japanese Map 1
  10. ^ Yokohata, Y. (1999). "Urgent appeal for the conservation of the natural environment in Uotsuri-jima Island in Senkaku Islands, Japan". Recent advances in the biology of Japanese Insectivora. Proceedings of the Symposium on the biology of insectivores in Japan and on the wildlife conservation. Laboratory of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Education, Toyama University. pp. 79–87. Retrieved 2006-12-09. {{cite conference}}: Unknown parameter |booktitle= ignored (|book-title= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ Japanese Map 2
  12. ^ Japanese Map 3
  13. ^ Japanese Map 4
  14. ^ Japanese Map 6
  15. ^ Japanese Map 7
  16. ^ Japanese Map 8
  17. ^ [Article II{b}], Treaty of Shimonoseki
  18. ^ Joint Statement by President Nixon and Prime Minister Eisaku Sato, 21 November 1969
  19. ^ Military Occupation and the San Francisco Peace Treaty
  20. ^ 鞠, 德源. "第三章钓鱼台列屿中国固有主权领土命名传承证据篇 - 丁：钓鱼台列屿中国固有主权领土历代名称沿革表 - 1" (in Chinese). 中国民间保钓联合会. Archived from the original on 2008-11-29. Retrieved 2009-01-02.
  21. ^ "Sheng v. Rogers". DC Circuit Court. Retrieved 2009-12-26.
  22. ^ a b "China's Diaoyu Islands Sovereignty is Undeniable", People's Daily, 25-05-2003. Retrieved 24-02-2007.
  23. ^ 中國領土釣魚台, DiaoyuIslands.org. Retrieved on 2007-02-26.
  24. ^ Tzou, Byron N. (1990). China and International Law: The Boundary Disputes. Praeger/Greenwood. p. 78. ISBN 0275934624.
  25. ^ "The Starr Memorandum". US State Dept. Retrieved 2009-12-26.
  26. ^ http://www.chinayj.net/StubArticle.asp?issue=970111&total=56
  27. ^ "Lee Teng-hui arrives in Japan". Taipei Times. 2009-09.05. Retrieved 2009-09-22. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  28. ^ http://english.people.com.cn/200305/25/eng20030525_117192.shtml
  29. ^ http://akebonokikaku.hp.infoseek.co.jp/page092.html
  30. ^ http://www.geocities.jp/tanaka_kunitaka/senkaku/testimonial1920.jpg
  31. ^ 「国民中学地理教科書・第四冊(Geography textbook for national junior high schools)」January, 1970
  32. ^ A picture of the Senkaku Shinto shirine.
  33. ^ a b c d e GlobalSecurity.org:Senkaku
  34. ^ (ja) Kyodo News, 17 March 2006 [1]
  35. ^ International Herald Tribune/Associated Press, 26 October 2006 "Activist ship from Hong Kong briefly enters Japan's waters in protest over islands"
  36. ^ (ja) Nihon Keizai Shimbun, 5 November 2006, "中国、東シナ海で軍事演習中に爆発事故"
  37. ^ Officials drop plan to visit Diaoyutais, Taipei Times 18 June 2008; for the video footage released by the boat crew, see, for example, here
  38. ^ "Taiwan fishing boat sunk by Japanese frigate"
  39. ^ "Taiwan protests as Japan holds fishing boat captain"
  40. ^ 聯合號船長晚間回國　劉揆要撤銷日本事務會 (Captain of the Lianhe returned to Taiwan tonight; Premier Liu wants to abolish Japan Affairs Association), China Times, Taipei 2008-06-13
  41. ^ Taiwan recalls top Japan rep as tensions rise over ship collision, Japan Today 15 June 2008
  42. ^ Officials drop plan to visit Diaoyutais, Taipei Times 18 June 2008
  43. ^ Japan apologises over Taiwan boat incident
  44. ^ "High-seas collisions trigger Japan-China spat". AFP. September 7, 2010.

References

  • Suganuma, Unryu. Sovereign rights and territorial space in Sino-Japanese relations: Irredentism and the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands. Honolulu: Association for Asian Studies and University of Hawai’i Press, 2000.
  • John Donaldson and Alison Williams "Understanding Maritime Jurisdictional Disputes: The East China Sea and Beyond" Journal of International affairs. Fall/Winter 2005, vol. 59, no.1
  • Note, Alexander M. Peterson "Sino-Japanese Cooperation in the East China Sea: A Lasting Arrangement?" 42 Cornell International Law Journal 441 (2009).
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