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Liu Xiaobo

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This article is about the human rights activist. For the taekwondo fighter, see Liu Xiaobo (taekwondo).

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Liu Xiaobo
File:Liu Xiaobo-300.jpg
Born (1955-12-28) 28 December 1955 (age 68)
Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
NationalityChinese
Alma materJilin University
Beijing Normal University
Occupation(s)Writer, political commentator, human rights activist
SpouseLiu Xia
AwardsNobel Peace Prize
2010

Liu Xiaobo (simplified Chinese: 刘晓波; traditional Chinese: 劉曉波; pinyin: Liú Xiǎobō; Mandarin pronunciation: [ljǒʊ ɕjàʊpwó]; born 28 December 1955) is a Chinese intellectual, writer, and human rights activist and a political prisoner in China.

He has served as President of the Independent Chinese PEN Center since 2003. On 8 December 2008, Liu was detained in response to his participation with Charter 08. He was formally arrested on 23 June 2009, on suspicion of "inciting subversion of state power."[1][2] He was tried on the same charges on 23 December 2009,[3] and sentenced to eleven years' imprisonment and two years' deprivation of political rights on 25 December 2009.[4]

During his 4th prison term, he won the Nobel Peace Prize on 8 October 2010, for "his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China."[5][6][7]

Early life and education

Liu was born in Changchun, Jilin, in 1955 to an intellectual family. From 1969 to 1973, he was taken by his father to the Horqin Right Front Banner of Inner Mongolia during the Down to the Countryside Movement. At the age of 19, it was once again arranged for him to work in a village in Jilin province and later at a construction company.[8]

In 1976, he studied at Jilin University and obtained a B.A. degree in literature in 1982 and an M.A. degree in 1984 from Beijing Normal University.[8][9][10]

After graduation, Liu joined the faculty at Beijing Normal University, where he also received a Ph.D. degree in 1988.

In the 1980s, his most important essays, Critique on Choices - Dialogue with Le Zehou and Aesthetics and Human Freedom earned him fame in the academic field. The first essay criticised the philosophy of a prominent Chinese thinker, Li Zehou.

Between 1988 and 1989, he was a visiting scholar at several universities outside of China, including Columbia University, the University of Oslo and the University of Hawaii.

During the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests he was in the United States but decided to go back to China to join the movement. He was later named as one of the "Four gentlemen of Tiananman Square" for persuading students to leave the square saving hundreds of lives.[11]

Human rights activities

Liu Xiaobo is a human rights activist who has called on the Chinese government to be accountable for its actions. From 1989 until now, he has been sentenced to prison and labor education camp four times for his peaceful political activities, beginning with his participation in the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. When he was not in prison, he was also constantly the subject of government monitoring and being put under house arrest in senitive time.[12]

In January 1991, Liu Xiaobo was convicted on charges of "counter-revolutionary propaganda and incitement", but he was exempt from criminal punishment.[4] In October 1996, he was ordered to serve three years of re-education through labor on charges of "disturbing public order"[4][13] for criticizing the Communist Party of China.[14]

When he was released in 1999, it is reported[12] that the government built a sentry station next to his home and his phone calls and internet connections were tapped. In January 2005, following the death of Zhao Ziyang, the former Premier of China who showed sympathy to protesters of the student emonstration in 1989, Li Xiaobo was immediately kept under house arrest for two weeks before realizing the death of Zhao.[15]

In 2004 when he started to write a Human Right Report of China at home, his computer, letters and documents were confiscated by the government. He once said, "at Liu Xia (Liu's wife)'s birthday, her best friend brought two bottles of wines to (my home) but was blocked by the police to come. I ordered a [birthday] cake and the police also rejected the man who delivered the cake to us. I quarreled with them and the police said, "it is for the sake of your security. It has happened many bomb attacks in these days."[12] Those measures were loosened until 2007, when the Olympic Games were going to be held in China. [12]

Liu's human rights work has received international recognition. In 2004, Reporters Without Borders honored Liu's human rights work, awarding him the Fondation de France Prize as a defender of press freedom.[16]

In 2007, Liu was briefly detained and questioned about articles he wrote which were published online on websites hosted outside Mainland China.

Prison terms for Liu Xiaobo[17]
Prison term Reason Result
June 1989 – January 1991 Charged with spreading messages to instigate counterrevolutionary behavior. Imprisoned in one of China's best-known maximum security prisons, Qincheng Prison, and discharged when he signed a "letter of repentance."
May 1995 – January 1996 Being involved in democracy and human rights movement and voicing publicly the need to redress government's wrongdoings in the student protest of 1989 Released after being jailed for six months.
October 1996 – October 1999 Charged with disturbing the social order Jailed in a labor education camp for three years. In 1996, he married Liu Xia.
December 2009 – 2020 Charged with spreading a message to subvert the country and authority Sentenced for 11 years and deprived of all political rights for two years. Currently imprisoned in Jinzhou Prison in Liaoning Province.[18]

Charter 08, arrest and trial

Conception and diffusion of the Charter

Main article: Charter 08
Political protest in Hong Kong against the detention of Liu Xiaobo

Liu Xiaobo actively participated in the writing of Charter 08. Then, along with more than three hundred Chinese citizens, he signed Charter 08, a manifesto released on the 60th anniversary of the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (10 December 2008), written in the style of the Czechoslovak Charter 77 calling for greater freedom of expression, human rights, and for free elections.[19] As of May 2009, the Charter has collected over 8,600 signatures from Chinese of various walks of life.[20]

Arrest

Late in the evening of 8 December 2008, two days before the official release of the Charter, Liu Xiaobo was taken away from his home by police.[21] Another scholar and Charter 08 signatory, Zhang Zuhua, was also taken away by police at that time. According to Zhang, the two were detained on suspicion of gathering signatures to the Charter.[22] While Liu was detained, in solitary confinement,[23] he was not allowed to meet with his lawyer or family, though he was allowed to eat lunch with his wife, Liu Xia, and two policemen on New Year's Day 2009.[24] On 23 June 2009, the Beijing procuratorate approved Liu Xiaobo's arrest on charges of "suspicion of inciting subversion of state power," a crime under article 105 of China's Criminal Law.[25] In a Xinhua news release announcing Liu's arrest, the Beijing Public Security Bureau alleged that Liu had incited the subversion of state power and the overturn of the socialist system through methods such as spreading rumors and slander, citing almost verbatim Article 105; the Beijing PSB also noted that Liu had "fully confessed."[2]

Trial

On 1 December 2009, Beijing police transferred Liu's case to the procuratorate for investigation and processing;[3] on 10 December, the procuratorate formally indicted Liu on charges of "inciting subversion of state power" and sent his lawyers, Shang Baojun and Ding Xikui, the indictment document.[3] He was tried at Beijing No. 1 Intermediate Court on 23 December 2009. His wife was not permitted to observe the hearing, although his brother-in-law was present.[3][26][27] Diplomats from more than a dozen states – including the U.S., Britain, Canada, Sweden, Australia and New Zealand – were denied access to the court to watch the trial and stood outside the court for its duration.[28] Amongst these included Gregory May, political officer at the U.S. Embassy, and Nicholas Weeks, first secretary of the Swedish Embassy.[29] On 25 December, Liu Xiaobo was sentenced to eleven years' imprisonment and two years' deprivation of political rights by the Beijing No. 2 Intermediate Court on charges of "inciting subversion of state power." According to Liu's family and counsel, he plans to appeal the judgment.[4] In the verdict, Charter 08 was named as part of the evidence supporting his conviction.[4]

China's political reform [...] should be gradual, peaceful, orderly and controllable and should be interactive, from above to below and from below to above. This way causes the least cost and leads to the most effective result. I know the basic principles of political change, that orderly and controllable social change is better than one which is chaotic and out of control. The order of a bad government is better than the chaos of anarchy. So I oppose systems of government that are dictatorships or monopolies. This is not 'inciting subversion of state power'. Opposition is not equivalent to subversion.

— Liu Xiaobo, Guilty of 'crime of speaking', 9 February 2010[30]

In an article published in the South China Morning Post, Liu argued that his verdict violated China's constitution, and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of the United Nations. He argued that charges against him of 'spreading rumours, slandering and in other ways inciting the subversion of the government and overturning the socialist system' were contrived, as he did not fabricate or create false information, nor did he besmirch the good name and character of others by merely expressing a point of view, a value judgment.[30]

International response

File:VOA image crop.jpg
Political protest in Hong Kong against the arrest of Liu Xiaobo during the Obama China visit.

Following Liu's detention, a number of individuals, states and organizations across the world called for his release. On 11 December 2008, the U.S. Department of State called for Liu's release;[31] on 22 December 2008, a consortium of scholars, writers, lawyers and human rights advocates called for Liu's release in an open letter;[32] and on 21 January 2009, 300 international writers, including Salman Rushdie, Margaret Atwood, Ha Jin and Jung Chang, called for Liu's release in a statement put out through PEN.[24] In March 2009 Liu Xiaobo was awarded with the Homo Homini Award by the One World Film Festival, organized by the People in Need foundation, for promoting freedom of speech, democratic principles and human rights.[33]

In December 2009, the European Union and United States both issued formal appeals calling for the unconditional release of Liu Xiaobo.[34][35]

China, responding to the international calls prior to the verdict, stated that other nations should "respect China's judicial sovereignty and to not do things that will interfere in China's internal affairs."[36]

Responding to the verdict, United Nations Human Rights Commissioner Navanethem Pillay expressed concern at the deterioration of political rights in China.[37] German Chancellor Angela Merkel strongly criticized the verdict, stating "despite the great progress in other areas in the expression of views, I regret that the Chinese government still massively restricts press freedom."[38] Canada and Switzerland also condemned the verdict.[39][40] Republic of China (Taiwan) President Ma Ying-jeou called on Beijing to "tolerate dissent".[41] On 6 January 2010, former Czech president Václav Havel joined with other communist-era dissidents at the Chinese embassy in Prague to present a petition calling for Liu's release.[42] On 22 January 2010, European Association for Chinese Studies sent an open letter to Hu Jintao on behalf of over 800 scholars from 36 countries calling for Liu's release.[43]

On 18 January 2010, Liu was nominated for the 2010 Nobel Peace Prize by Václav Havel, the 14th Dalai Lama, André Glucksmann, Vartan Gregorian, Mike Moore, Karel Schwarzenberg, Desmond Tutu and Grigory Yavlinsky.[44] China's Foreign Ministry spokesperson Ma Zhaoxu stated that awarding the Nobel Peace Prize to Liu would be "totally wrong".[45] Geir Lundestad, a secretary of the Nobel Committee, stated the award would not be influenced by Beijing's opposition.[45] On 25 September 2010, The New York Times reported that a petition in support of the Nobel nomination was being circulated in China.[46]

On 14 September 2010, Jón Gnarr, the mayor of Reykjavík, the capital of Iceland, met on a unrelated matter with CPC Politburo member Liu Qi and demanded China set the dissident Liu Xiaobo free. Also that September Václav Havel, Dana Němcová and Václav Malý, leaders of Czechoslovakia's Velvet Revolution, published an open letter in The International Herald Tribune calling for the award to be given to Liu, while a petition began to circulate soon afterwards.[46][47]

On 6 October 2010, the non-governmental organization Freedom Now, which serves as international counsel to Liu Xiaobo as retained by his family, publicly released a letter from 30 U.S. Members of Congress to President Barack Obama (the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate), urging him to directly raise both Liu Xiaobo's case and that of fellow imprisoned dissident Gao Zhisheng to Chinese President Hu Jintao at the G-20 Summit in November 2010.[48] Republic of China President Ma Ying-jiu congratulated Liu Xiaobo on winning the Nobel Prize and called on Mainland Chinese authorities to improve their human rights record, but stopped short of calling for his release from prison.[49][50]

Nobel Peace Prize

Main article: 2010 Nobel Peace Prize

On 7 October 2010, Norwegian TV networks reported that Liu Xiaobo was a candidate for the 2010 Nobel Peace Prize.[51] On 8 October 2010 the Nobel Committee awarded him the Prize "for his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China".[52] The Norwegian Nobel Committee president Thorbjørn Jagland said the choice of Liu as the recipient of the prize had become clear early on in the process.[53] The Chinese foreign ministry had previously warned the Nobel committee not to give Liu the prize, as they said that it would be against Nobel principles.[53]

All news about the announcement of the award was immediately censored in China. Foreign news broadcasters including CNN and the BBC were immediately blacked out after mentioning the award in China.[54] Web searches for Liu Xiabo were immediately deleted and no information can be searched about him in China. The Chinese Foreign Ministry issued a statement that said, "The Nobel Peace Prize is meant to award individuals who promote international harmony and friendship, peace and disarmament. Liu Xiaobo is a criminal who has been sentenced by Chinese judicial departments for violating Chinese law. Awarding the peace to Liu runs completely counter to the principle of the award and is also a desecration of the Peace Prize."[55] The state-run Xinhua News Agency later carried a report saying that awarding Liu Xiaobo the prize “defiles” (亵渎) Alfred Nobel's purpose of creating this prize and "may harm China-Norway relations". The spokeperson added that Liu had broken Chinese law and his "actions run contrary to the purpose of the Nobel Peace Prize."[56][57][58]

In response to the award announcement, there were messages of congratulations from the world’s leaders. José Manuel Barroso, President of the European Commission, stated that, "The decision of the Nobel Peace Prize Committee is a strong message of support to all those around the world who, sometimes with great personal sacrifice, are struggling for freedom and human rights."[59] The British Foreign and Commonwealth Office said the award “shines a spotlight on the situation of human rights defenders worldwide,” and the Foreign Secretary William Hague continued asking for Liu’s release from jail.[59] US President Barack Obama said in a statement, “By granting the prize to Mr. Liu, the Nobel Committee has chosen someone who has been an eloquent and courageous spokesman for the advance of universal values through peaceful and non-violent means, including his support for democracy, human rights, and the rule of law. But this award reminds us that political reform has not kept pace, and that the basic human rights of every man, woman and child must be respected. We call on the Chinese government to release Mr. Liu as soon as possible.”[60] The Dalai Lama praised the decision, and called on the Chinese government to release the jailed Liu and launch political, legal and constitutional reforms.[61]

Official Chinese government response

The Norwegian ambassador to the People's Republic of China was summoned by the Chinese Foreign Ministry on 8 October 2010 and was presented with an official complaint against the granting of the Nobel Peace Prize to Liu Xiaobo.[62] Seeing as the Chinese government had threatened Norwegian officials with "negative reactions" if the prize were to be given Liu, Norwegian foreign minister Jonas Gahr Støre, in advance of an official Chinese response to the Nobel Prize committee's decision, commented that a Chinese complaint to the Norwegian government is unnecessary, as the Nobel Prize nomination committee is independent from the Norwegian government (it is appointed by the Parliament of Norway,[18] but does not report back), adding that said independence may be difficult for the Chinese government to understand.[63]

Beijing police arrested Nobel Peace Prize celebrators

A banquet to honor Liu Xiaobo for winning the Nobel Peace Prize by 20 plus Chinese netizens, human right lawyers, and academics was abruptly broken up by Beijing police.[64]

Criticism

In a 1988 interview with Hong Kong's Liberation Monthly (now known as Open Magazine), Liu was asked what it would take for China to realize a true historical transformation. He replied in this way: "(It would take) 300 years of colonialism. In 100 years of colonialism, Hong Kong has changed to what we see today. With China being so big, of course it would take 300 years of colonialism for it to be able to transform into how Hong Kong is today. I have my doubts as to whether 300 years would be enough."[65] Liu admitted in 2006 that the response was extemporaneous, although he did not intend to take it back. The quote was nonetheless used against him. He has commented, "Even today [in 2006], patriotic 'angry youth' still frequently use these words to paint me with 'treason."[65]

Personal life

He is married to Liu Xia, who lives in the couple's apartment in Beijing.

Awards

See also

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References

  1. ^ Benjamin Kang Lim, China's top dissident arrested for subversion, Reuters, 24 June 2009.
  2. ^ a b "刘晓波因涉嫌煽动颠覆国家政权罪被依法逮捕" (Liu Xiaobo Formally Arrested on 'Suspicion of Inciting Subversion of State Power' Charges), China Review News, 24 June 2009.
  3. ^ a b c d Canghai [沧海], "刘晓波案闪电移送法院 律师两次前往未能会见" [Liu Xiaobo's Case Quickly Escalated to the Court; Lawyers Twice Try to Meet with Liu to No Avail], Canyu [参与], 11 December 2009.
  4. ^ a b c d e Beijing No. 1 Intermediate Court, Criminal Verdict no. (2009) yi zhong xing chu zi 3901, unofficial English translation in Human Rights in China, "International Community Speaks Out on Liu Xiaobo Verdict," 30 December 2009.
  5. ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2010 - Prize Announcement", nobelprize.org, 8 October 2010
  6. ^ "Liu Xiaobo won the Nobel Peace Prize (劉曉波獲諾貝爾和平獎)", RTHK, 8 October 2010
  7. ^ McKinnon, Mark. "Liu Xiaobo could win the Nobel Peace Prize, and he’d be the last to know". The Globe and Mail. 7 October 2010. 'Ms. Liu said her husband had been told by his lawyer during a recent visit that he had been nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize, but he would be shocked if he won, she said. “I think he would definitely find it hard to believe. He never thought of being nominated, he never mentioned any awards. For so many years, he has been calling for people to back the Tiananmen Mothers (a support group formed by parents of students killed in the 1989 demonstrations)..”'
  8. ^ a b 明报记者陈阳、方德豪 (22 October 2008). "刘晓波﹕六四损邓历史地位". Ming Pao. Retrieved 26 December 2009.
  9. ^ Asia Watch Committee (1990). Repression in China since 4 June 1989: cumulative data. Human Rights Watch. p. 28. ISBN 978-0929692746.
  10. ^ 劉曉波簡歷
  11. ^ South China Morning Post. "SCMP." Personal traits give 2010 Nobel Peace Prize winner global appeal. Retrieved on 9 October 2010.
  12. ^ a b c d 警車守門外多年被軟禁, October 9 2010, The Hong Kong Apple Daily
  13. ^ Liu Xiaobo, "劉曉波：勞教 早該被廢除的惡法" (Reeducation-through-labor: An evil law which should be quickly repealed), Observe China, 6 December 2007.
  14. ^ Wang Ming, "A Citizen's Declaration on Freedom of Speech," China Rights Forum (spring 1997).
  15. ^ 赵紫阳亡灵:不准悼念和禁忌松动, Translation: Revenant of Zhao Ziyang, Author: Liu Xiaobo, Independent Chinese Pen Center
  16. ^ Reporters Without Borders, "Fondation de France Prize: Liu Xiaobo Receives Prize for Defence of Press Freedom," 21 December 2004.
  17. ^ 和平獎得主劉曉波小傳, Hong Kong Mingpao
  18. ^ a b Ramzy, Austin (8 October 2010). "Chinese Dissident Liu Xiaobo Wins Nobel Peace Prize". Time. Retrieved 9 October 2010.
  19. ^ Link, Perry. "Charter 08 Translated from Chinese by Perry Link The following text of Charter 08, signed by hundreds of Chinese intellectuals and translated and introduced by Perry Link, Professor of Chinese Literature at the University of California, Riverside". The New York Review of Books. Retrieved 10 December 2008.
  20. ^ "零八宪章签署者已过8600名，第十四批签名人正式名单" (Signatures to Charter 08 exceeds 8600, 14th list of signers attached), Boxun, 4 May 2009.
  21. ^ "著名学者张祖桦、刘晓波'失踪,'" Boxun, 9 December 2008.
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  25. ^ 中华人民共和国刑法 (Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China)
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  34. ^ Grajewski, Marcin (14 December 2009), "U.S., EU urge China to release prominent dissident", Reuters
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  36. ^ "Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Jiang Yu's Regular Press Conference on 24 December 2009". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the People's Republic of China. 25 December 2009.
  37. ^ "Imprisonment of Chinese dissident deeply concerns UN human rights chief". United Nations News Service. 25 December 2009.
  38. ^ Illmer, Andreas, ed. (25 December 2009), "Rights groups, West blast China over sentence for leading dissident", Deutsche Welle
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  41. ^ Central News Agency (27 December 2009). "Ma asks Beijing to tolerate dissidents". Taiwan News.
  42. ^ Anderlini, Jamil (15 January 2010). "The Chinese dissident's 'unknown visitors'". Financial Times.
  43. ^ "OPEN LETTER TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA" (PDF). European Association for Chinese Studies. 22 January 2010.
  44. ^ "A Chinese Champion of Peace and Freedom". Project Syndicate. 18 January 2010.
  45. ^ a b "China opposes Nobel for jailed dissident, lawmakers back Liu Xiabo". phayul.com. 6 February 2010.
  46. ^ a b "Petition Urges Nobel for Jailed Chinese Writer" article by Andrew Jacobs in The New York Times 25 September 2010. Retrieved 25 September 2010.
  47. ^ "A Nobel Prize for a Chinese Dissident". The New York Times. 20 September 2010.
  48. ^ http://www.freedom-now.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Liu-Gao-Letter-from-30-Members-of-Congress.pdf
  49. ^ Cite error: The named reference ap20101006 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  50. ^ "Taiwan's Ma congratulates Nobel laureate Liu". The Associated Press. 09 October 2010.
  51. ^ Fouche, Gwladys (7 October 2010). "China's Liu leads Kohl, EU in Peace Nobel race: TV". Reuters. Retrieved 8 October 2010.
  52. ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2010". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 8 October 2010.
  53. ^ a b "Nobel Peace Prize awarded to China dissident Liu Xiaobo". BBC News. BBC. 8 October 2010. Retrieved 8 October 2010.
  54. ^ "China censors Nobel award". Bangkok Post. 8 October 2010.
  55. ^ "China Angered By Selection of Dissident Liu Xiaobo for Nobel Peace Prize". ABC News. 8 October 2010. Retrieved 8 October 2010.
  56. ^ Vehaskari, Aira Katariina (8 October 2010). "Chinese dissident Liu Xiaobo wins Nobel Peace Prize". AFP. Retrieved 8 October 2010.
  57. ^ "外交部发言人马朝旭答记者问". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. 8 October 2010. Retrieved 8 October 2010.
  58. ^ "Awarding Liu Xiaobo Nobel peace prize may harm China-Norway relations, says FM spokesman". Xinhua News Agency. 8 October 2010.
  59. ^ a b CNN, World Reacts or Doesn’t to Nobel Announcement, http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2010/10/08/world-reacts-or-doesnt-to-nobel-announcement/
  60. ^ White House website, 8 October 2010 statement, http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2010/10/08/statement-president-awarding-nobel-peace-prize-liu-xiaobo
  61. ^ Dalai Lama congratulated fellow Nobel laureate, Times of India.
  62. ^ 路透社. "中國召喚挪威大使抗議諾獎" (in Chinese). Hong Kong: Mingpao.com. Retrieved 8 October 2010.
  63. ^ "NRK - Støre: Det er en verdig vinner" (in Norwegian). Oslo. 8 October 2010. Retrieved 9 October 2010.
  64. ^ ANDREW JACOBS (9 October 2010). "China, Angered by Peace Prize, Blocks Celebration". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 October 2010.
  65. ^ a b Liu Xiaobo, "我與《開放》結緣十九年" (My 19 Years of Ties with "Open Magazine"), Open Magazine, 19 December 2006.
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Awards and achievements
Preceded by Nobel Peace Prize Laureate
2010 		Most recent

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