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For other uses, see Inception (disambiguation).
Inception
A man in a suit with a gun in his right hand is flanked by five other individuals in the middle of a street which, behind them, is folded upwards. Leonardo DiCaprio's name and those of other cast members are shown above the words "YOUR MIND IS THE SCENE OF THE CRIME". The title of the film "INCEPTION", film credits, and theatrical and IMAX release dates are shown at the bottom.
Theatrical release poster
Directed byChristopher Nolan
Written byChristopher Nolan
Produced byChristopher Nolan
Emma Thomas
StarringLeonardo DiCaprio
Ken Watanabe
Joseph Gordon-Levitt
Marion Cotillard
Ellen Page
Cillian Murphy
Tom Hardy
Tom Berenger
Michael Caine
CinematographyWally Pfister
Edited byLee Smith
Music byHans Zimmer[1]
Production
companies
Distributed byWarner Bros. Pictures
Release dates
  • July 8, 2010 (2010-07-08) (London premiere)
  • July 16, 2010 (2010-07-16) (United States)
Running time
148 minutes[2]
CountryTemplate:Film US
LanguageEnglish
Budget$160 million[3]
Box office$825,532,764[4]

Inception is a 2010 science fiction action film written, co-produced, and directed by Christopher Nolan. The film features an ensemble cast starring Leonardo DiCaprio, Ken Watanabe, Joseph Gordon-Levitt, Marion Cotillard, Ellen Page, Tom Hardy, Cillian Murphy, Dileep Rao, Tom Berenger, and Michael Caine. DiCaprio plays Dom Cobb, a specialized corporate spy and thief. His work consists of secretly extracting valuable commercial information from the unconscious minds of his targets while they are asleep and dreaming. Wanted for murder and unable to visit his children, Cobb is offered a chance to regain his old life as payment for a task considered to be impossible: "inception", the planting of an idea into a target's subconscious.[5]

Development began roughly nine years before Inception was released. In 2001, Nolan wrote an 80-page treatment about dream-stealers, presenting the idea to Warner Bros. The story was originally envisioned as a horror film inspired by concepts of lucid dreaming and dream incubation.[6] Feeling he needed to have more experience with large-scale films,[7] Nolan opted to work on Batman Begins, The Prestige, and The Dark Knight. He spent six months polishing up the script for Inception before Warner Bros. purchased it in February 2009.[8] Filming spanned six countries and four continents, beginning in Tokyo on June 19, 2009, and finishing in Canada in late November of the same year.

Inception was officially budgeted at $160 million, a cost that was split between Warner Bros. and Legendary Pictures.[3] Nolan's reputation and success with The Dark Knight helped secure the film's $100 million in advertising expenditure,[3] with most of the publicity involving viral marketing. Inception premiered in London on July 8, 2010, and was released in both conventional and IMAX theaters on July 16, 2010.[9][10] A box office success, Inception has grossed over $800 million worldwide and is currently one of the highest-grossing films of all time.[4] The home video market also had strong results, with $68 million in DVD sales.

Inception received wide critical acclaim, with numerous critics praising it for its originality, cast, score, and visual effects.[11] The film received eight Academy Award nominations and nine British Academy Film Award nominations and won four times: Best Visual Effects, Best Sound Editing, Best Sound Mixing and Best Cinematography. It also won no artistic categories, while winning most of the stagecraft awards for which it was nominated. At awards ceremonies focusing on artistic categories such as Golden Globes, the film met with little success.

Plot

Dom Cobb (Leonardo DiCaprio) and his partner Arthur (Joseph Gordon-Levitt) perform illegal corporate espionage by entering the subconscious minds of their targets, using two-level "dream within a dream" strategies to extract valuable information. Each of the extractors carries a totem, a personalized small object whose behavior is unpredictable to anyone except its owner, to determine whether they are in another person's dream. Cobb's totem is a spinning top which perpetually spins in the dream state. Cobb struggles with memories of his dead wife, Mal (Marion Cotillard), who manifests within his dreams and tries to sabotage his efforts.

Cobb is approached by the wealthy Mr. Saito (Ken Watanabe), Cobb's last extraction target, asking him and his team to perform the act of inception, planting an idea within the person's subconscious mind. Saito wishes to break up the vast energy conglomerate of his competitor, the ailing Maurice Fischer (Pete Postlethwaite), by planting this idea in his son, Robert Fischer (Cillian Murphy), who will inherit the empire when his father dies. Should Cobb succeed, Saito promises to use his influence to clear Cobb of the murder charges for his wife's death, allowing Cobb to re-enter the United States and reunite with his children. Cobb assembles his team: Eames (Tom Hardy), an identity forger; Yusuf (Dileep Rao), a chemist who concocts the powerful sedative needed to stabilize the layers of the shared dream; and Ariadne (Ellen Page), a young student architect tasked with designing the labyrinth of the dream landscapes. Saito insists on joining the team as an observer and to ensure the job is completed. While planning the inception, Ariadne learns of the guilt Cobb struggles with from Mal's suicide and his separation from his children when he fled the country as a fugitive.

The job is set into motion when Maurice Fischer dies and his son accompanies his father's body from Sydney to Los Angeles. During the flight, Cobb sedates Fischer, and the team bring him into a three-level shared dream. At each stage, the member of the team who is "creating" the dream remains (to generate the "kick" needed to awaken the others later) while the other team members fall asleep within the dream to travel further down into Fischer's subconscious. The dreamers will then ride a synchronized system of "kicks" (a car diving off a bridge, a fall between hotel rooms, and a collapsing building) back up the levels to wake up to reality. In the first level, Yusuf's dream of a rainy city, the team successfully abducts Fischer, but the team is attacked by projections of Fischer's 'militarized subconscious', which have been trained to hunt and kill extractors. Saito is mortally wounded during the shoot-out, but due to the strength of Yusuf's sedative, dying in the dream will send them into limbo, a deep subconscious level where they may lose their grip on reality and be trapped indefinitely.

Eames takes the appearance of Fischer's godfather Peter Browning (Tom Berenger) to suggest that he reconsider his opinion of his father's will. Yusuf remains on the first level driving a van through the streets, while the remaining team members enter Arthur's dream, taking place in a corporate hotel. Cobb turns Fischer against Browning and persuades him to join the team as Arthur runs point, and they descend to the third dream level, Fischer's subconscious, a snowy mountain fortress designed by Ariadne. However, Fischer is told that it represents Browning's subconscious. Yusuf's evasive driving on the first level manifests as distorted gravity effects on the second, forcing Arthur to improvise a kick using an elevator shaft, and an avalanche on the third.

Saito succumbs to his wounds, and Cobb's projection of Mal sabotages the plan by shooting Fischer, killing him.[12] Cobb and Ariadne elect to enter limbo to find Fischer and Saito. There, Cobb confronts his projection of Mal, who tries to convince him to stay with her and his kids in limbo. Cobb refuses and confesses that he feels he was responsible for Mal's suicide. To help her escape from limbo during a shared dream experience, he inspired in her the idea that her world wasn't real. Once she had returned to reality, she became convinced that she was still dreaming and needed to die in order to wake up. Through his confession, Cobb attains catharsis and chooses to remain in limbo to search for Saito. Eames defibrillates Fischer to bring him back up to the third-level mountain fortress, where he enters a safe room and discovers and accepts the idea to split up his father's business empire.

Leaving Cobb behind, the team members escape by riding the kicks back up the levels of the dream. Cobb eventually finds an elderly Saito who has been waiting in limbo for decades in dream time (just a short time in real time), and the two help each other to remember their arrangement. The team awakens on the flight. Saito arranges for Cobb to get through U.S. customs, and he goes home to reunite with his children. Cobb uses his totem, a spinning top, to test reality but is distracted by his children before he can see the result.

Cast

A man in a black suit, a woman in a pink dress, a man in a plaid suit, a woman in a black dress, a Japanese man in a black suit, and an old man in a blue suit clap their hands, while a man in a black suit stands. A microphone stand is in the foreground, and blue curtains are in the background.
The cast at a premiere for the film in July 2010: From left to right: Cillian Murphy, Marion Cotillard, Joseph Gordon-Levitt, Ellen Page, Ken Watanabe, Michael Caine, and Leonardo DiCaprio
  • Leonardo DiCaprio as Dom Cobb, a professional thief who specializes in conning secrets from his victims by infiltrating their dreams. Cobb leads a team consisting of Arthur, Ariadne, Eames, Saito, and Yusuf, with the goal of influencing Robert Fischer's actions via his dreams. DiCaprio was the first actor to be cast in the film.[13] Nolan had been trying to work with the actor for years and met him several times, but was unable to convince him to appear in any of his films until Inception.[14] Brad Pitt and Will Smith were in early talks for the role during development but both had scheduling conflicts.[15][16]
  • Joseph Gordon-Levitt as Arthur, Cobb's partner who takes "point" during jobs and is responsible for researching the team's targets. Gordon-Levitt compared Arthur to the producer of Cobb's art, "the one saying, 'Okay, you have your vision; now I'm going to figure out how to make all the nuts and bolts work so you can do your thing.'"[17] The actor did all of his stunts but one scene, and said the preparation "was a challenge and it would have to be for it to look real."[18]
  • Ellen Page as Ariadne, a graduate student of architecture who is recruited to construct the various dreamscapes, which are described as mazes. The name Ariadne alludes to a princess of Greek myth, daughter of King Minos, who aided the hero Theseus by giving him a sword and a ball of string to help him navigate the labyrinth which was the prison of the Minotaur. Nolan said that Page was chosen for being a "perfect combination of freshness and savvy and maturity beyond her years."[19] Page said her character acts as a proxy to the audience, as "she's just learning about these ideas and, in essence, assists the audience in learning about dream sharing".[20]
  • Tom Hardy as Eames, a sharp-tongued associate of Cobb's. Eames uses his ability to take the form of others inside the dream world in order to manipulate Robert Fischer in his own dreams. Hardy described his character as "an old, Graham Greene-type diplomat; sort of faded, shabby, grandeur the old Shakespeare lovey mixed with somebody from her Majesties' Special Forces", who wears "campy, old money" costumes.[21]
  • Ken Watanabe as Mr. Saito, a businessman who employs Cobb for the team's mission, and insists on joining them inside. Nolan wrote the role with Watanabe in mind, as he wanted to work with him again after Batman Begins.[22] Inception is Watanabe's first work in a contemporary setting where his primary language is English. Watanabe tried to emphasize a different characteristic of Saito in every dream level - "First chapter in my castle, I pick up some hidden feelings of the cycle. It's magical, powerful and then the first dream. And back to the second chapter, in the old hotel, I pick up [being] sharp and more calm and smart and it's a little bit [of a] different process to make up the character of any movie."[23]
  • Dileep Rao as Yusuf, a chemist who formulates the drugs needed to sustain the dream states. Rao describes Yusuf as "an avant-garde pharmacologist,who is a resource for people, like Cobb, who want to do this work unsupervised,unregistered and unapproved of by anyone." Co-producer Jordan Goldberg said the role of the chemist was "particularly tough because you don't want him to seem like some kind of drug dealer", and that Rao was cast for being "funny, interesting and obviously smart".[24]
  • Cillian Murphy as Robert Michael Fischer, the heir to a business empire and the team's target.[22] Murphy said Fischer was portrayed as "a petulant child who's in need of a lot of attention from his father, he has everything he could ever want materially, but he's deeply lacking emotionally". The actor also researched about the sons of Rupert Murdoch, "to add to that the idea of living in the shadow of someone so immensely powerful".[25]
  • Tom Berenger as Peter Browning, Robert Fischer's godfather and fellow executive at the Fischers' company.[1] Berenger said Browning acts as a "surrogate father" to Robert, who calls the character "Uncle Peter", and emphasized that "Browning has been with [Robert] his whole life and has probably spent more quality time with him than his own father."[24]
  • Marion Cotillard as Mallorie "Mal" Cobb, Dom Cobb's projection of his deceased wife and a frequent, malevolent presence in his dreams. As the film's main antagonist, she is a manifestation of his guilt about the real Mal's suicide. Dom is unable to control these projections of her, challenging his abilities as an extractor.[14] Nolan described Mal as "the essence of the femme fatale," and DiCaprio praised Cotillard's performance saying that "she can be strong and vulnerable and hopeful and heartbreaking all in the same moment, which was perfect for all the contradictions of her character."[26]
  • Pete Postlethwaite as Maurice Fischer, Robert's dying father.[27]
  • Michael Caine as Prof. Stephen Miles, Cobb's mentor and father-in-law,[27] and Ariadne's college professor who recommends her to the team.[28]
  • Lukas Haas as Nash, an architect in Cobb's employment who is replaced by Ariadne.[29]
  • Talulah Riley as a woman who Eames disguises as in a dream. Riley liked the role, despite it being minimal - "I get to wear a nice dress, pick up men in bars, and shove them in elevators. It was good to do something adultish. Usually I play 15-year-old English schoolgirls."[30]
  • Miranda Nolan plays a minor role as an air hostess. Miranda is a first cousin to the film's director Christopher Nolan.[31]

Production

Origins

A staircase in a square format. The stairs make four 90-degree turns in each corner, so they are in the format of a continuous loop.
Penrose stairs are incorporated into the film as an example of the impossible objects that can be created in lucid dream worlds.

Inception was first developed by Christopher Nolan, based on the notion of "exploring the idea of people sharing a dream space...That gives you the ability to access somebody's unconscious mind. What would that be used and abused for?"[13] Furthermore, he thought "being able to extract information from somebody's brain would be the obvious use of that because obviously any other system where it's computers or physical media, whatever — things that exist outside the mind — they can all be stolen ... up until this point, or up until this movie I should say, the idea that you could actually steal something from somebody's head was impossible. So that, to me, seemed a fascinating abuse or misuse of that kind of technology."[13] Nolan drew inspiration from the works of Jorge Luis Borges when writing Inception,[32][33] and also cited the 2006 anime film Paprika by the late Satoshi Kon as an influence on the character Ariadne.[34][35][36]

Nolan had thought about these ideas on and off since he was sixteen years old, intrigued by how he would wake up and then, while falling back into a lighter sleep, hold on to the awareness that he was dreaming, a lucid dream. He also became aware of the feeling that he could study the place and alter the events of the dream.[37] He said, "I tried to work that idea of manipulation and management of a conscious dream being a skill that these people have. Really the script is based on those common, very basic experiences and concepts, and where can those take you? And the only outlandish idea that the film presents, really, is the existence of a technology that allows you to enter and share the same dream as someone else."[37] Harvard University dream researcher Deirdre Barrett points out that Nolan did not get every detail accurate regarding dreams, but that films which really do that tend to have illogical, rambling, disjointed plots which wouldn't make for a great thriller. "But he did get many aspects right," she said, citing the scene in which a sleeping DiCaprio is shoved into a full bath and water starts gushing into the windows of the building he is dreaming, waking him up. "That's very much how real stimuli get incorporated, and you very often wake up right after that intrusion.".[38]

Development

Initially, Nolan wrote an 80-page treatment about dream-stealers.[32] Originally, Nolan had envisioned Inception as a horror film,[32] but eventually wrote it as a heist film even though he found that "traditionally [they] are very deliberately superficial in emotional terms."[37] Upon revisiting his script, he decided that basing it in that genre did not work because the story "relies so heavily on the idea of the interior state, the idea of dream and memory. I realized I needed to raise the emotional stakes."[37] Nolan worked on the script for nine to ten years.[13] When he first started thinking about making the film, Nolan was influenced by "that era of movies where you had The Matrix, you had Dark City, you had The Thirteenth Floor and, to a certain extent, you had Memento, too. They were based in the principles that the world around you might not be real."[37]

Nolan first pitched the film to Warner Bros. in 2001, but then felt that he needed more experience making large-scale films, and embarked on Batman Begins and The Dark Knight.[7] He soon realized that a film like Inception needed a large budget because "as soon as you're talking about dreams, the potential of the human mind is infinite. And so the scale of the film has to feel infinite. It has to feel like you could go anywhere by the end of the film. And it has to work on a massive scale."[7] After making The Dark Knight, Nolan decided to make Inception and spent six months completing the script.[7] Nolan states that the key to completing the script was wondering what would happen if several people shared the same dream. "Once you remove the privacy, you've created an infinite number of alternative universes in which people can meaningfully interact, with validity, with weight, with dramatic consequences."[39]

Leonardo DiCaprio was the first actor to be cast in the film.[13] Nolan had been trying to work with the actor for years and met him several times, but was unable to convince him to appear in any of his films until Inception. DiCaprio finally agreed because he was "intrigued by this concept — this dream-heist notion and how this character's going to unlock his dreamworld and ultimately affect his real life."[40] He read the script and found it to be "very well written, comprehensive but you really had to have Chris in person, to try to articulate some of the things that have been swirling around his head for the last eight years."[7] DiCaprio and Nolan spent months talking about the screenplay. Nolan took a long time re-writing the script in order "to make sure that the emotional journey of his character was the driving force of the movie."[13] On February 11, 2009, it was announced that Warner Bros. purchased Inception, a spec script written by Nolan.[8]

Filming

Principal photography began in Tokyo on June 19, 2009, for the scene where Saito first hires Cobb during a helicopter flight over the city.[32][41] The production moved to the United Kingdom and shot in Cardington, a converted airship hangar north of London.[42] It was there that a hotel bar set was constructed that could be tilted 30 degrees.[43] A long hotel corridor was also constructed by production designer Guy Hendrix Dyas, special effects supervisor Chris Corbould, and cinematographer Wally Pfister; this corridor was able to rotate a full 360 degrees to create the effect of alternate directions of gravity for scenes where dream-sector physics become chaotic. This idea was inspired by a similar technique used in Stanley Kubrick's 2001: A Space Odyssey. Nolan said, "I was interested in taking those ideas, techniques and philosophies and applying them to an action scenario".[44] The filmmakers originally planned to make the hallway 40 ft (12 m) long but as the action sequence became more elaborate, the hallway's length grew to 100 ft (30 m). The corridor was suspended along eight large concentric rings that were spaced equidistantly outside its walls and powered by two massive electric motors.[42] Joseph Gordon-Levitt, who plays Arthur, spent several weeks learning to fight in a corridor that spun like "a giant hamster wheel".[37] Nolan said of the device, "It was like some incredible torture device; we thrashed Joseph for weeks, but in the end we looked at the footage, and it looks unlike anything any of us has seen before. The rhythm of it is unique, and when you watch it, even if you know how it was done, it confuses your perceptions. It's unsettling in a wonderful way".[37] Gordon-Levitt remembered, "it was six-day weeks of just, like, coming home at night battered ... The light fixtures on the ceiling are coming around on the floor, and you have to choose the right time to cross through them, and if you don't, you're going to fall."[45] On July 15, 2009, filming took place at University College London library. The signage of the library was changed to read "bibliothèque" (French for "library").[32]

Filming moved to France where they shot the pivotal scene between Ariadne and Cobb at a Paris bistro.[46] For the explosion that takes place during this scene, the local authorities would not allow the actual use of explosives. The production used high-pressure nitrogen to create the effect of a series of explosions. Pfister used six high-speed cameras to capture the sequence from different angles and make sure that they got the shot. The visual effects department enhanced the sequence, adding more destruction and flying debris.[46] The next location that the production traveled to was Tangiers which doubled for Mombasa, where Cobb hires Eames and Yusuf. A foot chase was shot in the streets and alleyways of the historic Grand Souk.[47] To capture this sequence, Pfister employed a mix of hand-held camera and Steadicam work.[48] Tangiers was also used to film an important riot scene during the initial foray into Saito's mind.

Filming moved to the Los Angeles area, where some sets were built on a Warner Bros. sound stage, including the interior rooms of Saito's Japanese-style castle. The dining room was inspired by the Nijo Castle built around 1603. These sets were inspired by a mix of Japanese architecture and Western influences.[48] The production also staged a multi-vehicle car chase on the streets of downtown L.A. and this also involved bringing a freight train down the middle of a street.[49] To do this, the filmmakers configured a train engine on the chassis of a tractor trailer. The replica was made from fiberglass molds taken from authentic train parts and then matched in terms of color and design.[50] Also, the car chase was supposed to be set in the midst of a downpour but the L.A. weather stayed typically sunny. The filmmakers were forced to set up elaborate effects (e.g., rooftop water cannons) to give the audience the impression that the weather was overcast and soggy. L.A. was also the site of the climactic scene where a Ford Econoline van flies off the Schuyler Heim Bridge in slow motion.[51] This sequence was filmed on and off for months with the van being shot out of a cannon, according to actor Dileep Rao. Capturing the actors suspended within the van in slow motion took a whole day to film. Once the van landed in the water, the challenge for the actors was not to panic. "And when they ask you to act, it's a bit of an ask," explained Cillian Murphy.[51] The actors had to be underwater for four to five minutes while drawing air from scuba tanks; underwater buddy breathing is shown in this sequence.[51]

The final phase of principal photography took place in Alberta in late November 2009. The location manager discovered a temporarily closed ski resort, Fortress Mountain.[52] An elaborate set was assembled near the top station of the Canadian chairlift, taking three months to build.[53] The production had to wait for a huge snowstorm, which eventually arrived.[32] The ski-chase sequence was inspired by Nolan's favorite James Bond film, On Her Majesty's Secret Service: "What I liked about it that we've tried to emulate in this film is there's a tremendous balance in that movie of action and scale and romanticism and tragedy and emotion."[54]

The film was shot primarily in the anamorphic format on 35 mm film, with key sequences filmed on 65 mm, and certain other sequences in VistaVision. Nolan did not shoot any footage with IMAX cameras as he had with The Dark Knight. "We didn't feel that we were going to be able to shoot in IMAX because of the size of the cameras because this film given that it deals with a potentially surreal area, the nature of dreams and so forth, I wanted it to be as realistic as possible. Not be bound by the scale of those IMAX cameras, even though I love the format dearly".[13] Nolan also chose not to shoot any of the film in 3-D as he believes that shooting on digital video does not offer a high enough quality image,[13] and that he prefers to shoot using prime lenses, which is not possible with 3D cameras.[55] Nolan has also criticised the dim image that 3D projection produces, and disputes that traditional film does not allow realistic depth perception, saying "I think it's a misnomer to call it 3D versus 2D. The whole point of cinematic imagery is it's three dimensional... You know 95% of our depth cues come from occlusion, resolution, color and so forth, so the idea of calling a 2D movie a '2D movie' is a little misleading."[56] Nolan did test converting Inception into 3D in post production but decided that, while it was possible, he lacked the time to complete the conversion to a standard he was happy with.[32][56] In February 2011 Jonathan Liebesman suggested that Warner Bros were attempting a 3D conversion for Blu-ray release.[57]

Cinematographer Wally Pfister gave each location and dream level a distinctive look with the mountain fortress having a sterile, cool look, the hotel hallways had warm hues and the van scenes were neutral.[58] This was done so that the audience would know immediately where they were during the heavily crosscut portion of the film.[58]

Nolan has said that the film "deals with levels of reality, and perceptions of reality which is something I'm very interested in. It's an action film set in a contemporary world, but with a slight science-fiction bent to it," while also describing it as "very much an ensemble film structured somewhat as a heist movie. It's an action adventure that spans the globe".[59]

Visual effects

For dream sequences in Inception, Nolan kept the computer-generated effects to a minimum and preferred to use practical methods whenever possible. Nolan said, "It's always very important to me to do as much as possible in-camera, and then, if necessary, computer graphics are very useful to build on or enhance what you have achieved physically."[60] To this end, visual effects supervisor Paul Franklin built a miniature of the Fortress Mountain Resort set and then blew it up for the film. For the fight scene that takes place in zero gravity, he used CG-based effects to "subtly bend elements like physics, space and time."[61]

The most challenging effect was Limbo City at the end of the film because it continually developed during production. Franklin had artists build concepts while Nolan gave his ideal vision: "Something glacial, with clear modernist architecture, but with chunks of it breaking off into the sea like icebergs".[61] Franklin and his team ended up with "something that looked like an iceberg version of Gotham City with water running through it."[61] They created a basic model of a glacier and then designers created a program that added elements like roads, intersections and ravines until they had a complex, yet organic-looking, cityscape. For the Paris-folding sequence, Franklin had artists producing concept sketches and then they created rough computer animations to give them an idea of what the sequence looked like while in motion. Later during principal photography, Nolan was able to direct Leonardo DiCaprio and Ellen Page based on this rough computer animation Franklin had created. Inception had close to 500 visual effects shots (in comparison, Batman Begins had approximately 620) which is considered minor in comparison to contemporary visual effects epics that can have around 1,500 or 2,000 VFX shots.[61]

Ending

The film cuts to the closing credits from a shot of the top wobbling ambiguously, inviting speculation about whether the final sequence was reality or another dream. Nolan confirmed that the ambiguity was deliberate, saying "I've been asked the question more times than I've ever been asked any other question about any other film I've made... What's funny to me is that people really do expect me to answer it."[62] The film's script concludes with "Behind him, on the table, the spinning top is STILL SPINNING. And we — FADE OUT"[63] However, Christopher Nolan also said, "I put that cut there at the end, imposing an ambiguity from outside the film. That always felt the right ending to me — it always felt like the appropriate 'kick' to me… The real point of the scene — and this is what I tell people — is that Cobb isn't looking at the top. He's looking at his kids. He's left it behind. That's the emotional significance of the thing."[64]

In a September 2010 interview, Michael Caine, who plays Cobb's father-in-law, explained his interpretation of the ending by saying, "If I'm there it's real, because I'm never in the dream. I'm the guy who invented the dream."[65] Nolan himself noted that "I choose to believe that Cobb gets back to his kids, because I have young kids. People who have kids definitely read it differently than those who don't".[66] He indicated that the top was not the most crucial element of the ending, saying "I've read plenty of very off-the-wall interpretations... The most important emotional thing about the top spinning at the end is that Cobb is not looking at it. He doesn't care."[66]

Music

Main article: Inception: Music from the Motion Picture

The score for Inception was written by Hans Zimmer,[1] who described his work as "a very electronic,[67] dense score",[68] filled with "nostalgia and sadness" to match Cobb's feelings throughout the film.[69] The music was written simultaneously to filming,[68] and features a guitar sound reminiscent of Ennio Morricone, played by Johnny Marr, former guitarist of The Smiths. Édith Piaf's "Non, je ne regrette rien" appears recurringly through the film, and Zimmer reworked pieces of the song into cues of the score.[69] A soundtrack album was released on July 11, 2010 by Reprise Records.[70] Hans Zimmer's music was nominated for an Academy Award in the Best Original Score category in 2011.[71]

Release

Marketing

Warner Bros. spent $100 million marketing the film. Unlike most tent-pole films, which are adaptations or sequels, Inception was a totally original property, but Sue Kroll, president of Warner's worldwide marketing, said the company believed it could gain awareness due to the strength of "Christopher Nolan as a brand". Knoll declared that "We don't have the brand equity that usually drives a big summer opening, but we have a great cast and a fresh idea from a filmmaker with a track record of making incredible movies. If you can't make those elements work, it's a sad day."[72] The studio also tried to mantain a campaign of secrecy — as reported by the Senior VP of Interactive Marketing, Michael Tritter, "You have this movie which is going to have a pretty big built in fanbase... but you also have a movie that you are trying to keep very secret. Chris [Nolan] really likes people to see his movies in a theater and not see it all beforehand so everything that you do to market that – at least early on – is with an eye to feeding the interest of fans."[73]

A viral marketing campaign was employed for the film. After the revelation of the first teaser trailer, in August 2009, the film's official website featured only an animation of Cobb's spinning top. On December, the top toppled over and the website opened the online game Mind Crime, which upon completion revealed Inception's poster.[74] The rest of the campaign unrolled after WonderCon in April 2010, where Warner gave away promotional T-shirts featuring the PASIV briefcase used to create the dream space, and had a QR code linking to an online manual of the device.[75] Mind Crime also received a stage 2 with more resources, including a hidden trailer for the movie.[76] More pieces of viral marketing begun to surface before Inception's release, such as a manual filled with bizarre images and text sent to Wired magazine,[77] and the online publication of posters, ads, phone applications, and strange websites all related to the film.[78][79] Warner also released an online prequel comic, Inception: The Cobol Job.[80]

The official trailer released on May 10, 2010 through Mind Game was extremely well received.[76] It featured an original piece of music, "Mind Heist," by marketing composer Zack Hemsey, rather than music from the score.[81] The trailer quickly went viral with numerous mashups copying its style, both by amateurs on sites like YouTube[82] and by professionals on sites such as CollegeHumor.[83][84] On June 7, 2010, a behind the scenes featurette on the film was released in HD on Yahoo! Movies.[85]

Box-office performance

See also: List of highest-grossing films

Inception was released in both conventional and IMAX theaters on July 16, 2010.[9][86] The film had its world premiere at Leicester Square in London, England on July 8, 2010.[87] In the United States and Canada, Inception was released theatrically in 3,792 conventional theaters and 195 IMAX theaters.[9] The film grossed $21.8 million during its opening day on July 16, 2010, with midnight screenings in 1,500 locations.[88] Overall the film made $62.7 million and debuted at #1 on its opening weekend.[89] Inception's opening weekend gross made it the second-highest-grossing debut for a science-fiction film that was not a sequel, remake or adaptation, behind Avatar's $77 million opening weekend gross in 2009.[89] The film held the top spot of the box office rankings in its second and third weekends, with drops of just 32% ($42.7 million) and 36% ($27.5 million) respectively,[90][91] before dropping to second place in its fourth week, behind The Other Guys.[92]

Inception grossed $292 million in the United States and Canada and $531 million overseas. In total, the film has grossed $823 million worldwide.[4] Its five highest-grossing markets after the U.S.A. and Canada were China ($68 million), the United Kingdom, Ireland and Malta ($56 million), France and the Maghreb region ($43 million), Japan ($40 million) and South Korea ($38 million).[93] It was the sixth-highest grossing film of 2010 in North America,[94] and the fourth-highest internationally, behind Toy Story 3, Alice in Wonderland and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Part 1.[95] The film currently stands as the 26th highest-grossing of all time.[96] Inception is the second most lucrative production in the careers of both Christopher Nolan - behind The Dark Knight -[97] and Leonardo DiCaprio - behind Titanic.[98]

Critical response

The film opened to strongly positive reviews. Review aggregate Rotten Tomatoes reports that 86% of 274 critics gave the film a positive review, with an average score of 8/10. The website reported the critical consensus as "smart, innovative, and thrilling," and lauded the film as "that rare summer blockbuster that succeeds viscerally as well as intellectually."[99] Review aggregator Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 74 (out of 100) based on 42 reviews from mainstream critics, considered to be "generally favorable reviews."[100] CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend revealed the average grade cinemagoers gave Inception was B+ on an A+ to F scale.[101]

While some critics have tended to view the film as perfectly straightforward, and even criticize its overarching themes as "the stuff of torpid platitudes," online discussion has been much more positive and intellectual.[102] Heated debate has centered on the ambiguity of the ending, with many critics like Davin Faraci making the case that the film is self-referential and tongue-in-cheek, both a film about film-making and a dream about dreams.[103] Other critics read Inception as Christian allegory and focus on the film's use of religious and water symbolism.[104] Yet other critics, such as Kirsten Thompson, see value less in the ambiguous ending of the film and more on its structure and novel method of storytelling, highlighting Inception as a new form of narrative that revels in "continuous exposition".[105]

Whatever its meaning, the film has had excellent reviews in general. Perhaps playing off the film's game imagery, Rolling Stone magazine's Peter Travers called Inception a "wildly ingen­ious chess game," and added that "the result is a knockout."[106] In his review for Variety, Justin Chang praised the film as "a conceptual tour de force" and wrote, "applying a vivid sense of procedural detail to a fiendishly intricate yarn set in the labyrinth of the unconscious mind, the writer-director has devised a heist thriller for surrealists, a Jungian's Rififi, that challenges viewers to sift through multiple layers of (un)reality."[107] Jim Vejvoda of IGN rated the film perfect, deeming it "a singular accomplishment from a filmmaker who has only gotten better with each film."[108] Relevant Magazine's David Roark called it Nolan's greatest accomplishment, saying, "Visually, intellectually and emotionally, Inception is a masterpiece."[109]

Empire magazine rated it five stars in the August 2010 issue and wrote, "it feels like Stanley Kubrick adapting the work of the great sci-fi author William Gibson ... Nolan delivers another true original: welcome to an undiscovered country."[110] Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B+ rating and Lisa Schwarzbaum wrote, "It's a rolling explosion of images as hypnotizing and sharply angled as any in a drawing by M.C. Escher or a state-of-the-biz videogame; the backwards splicing of Nolan's own Memento looks rudimentary by comparison."[111] The New York Post gave the film a four star rating and Lou Lumenick wrote, "DiCaprio, who has never been better as the tortured hero, draws you in with a love story that will appeal even to non-sci-fi fans."[112] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times awarded the film a perfect four stars and said that Inception "is all about process, about fighting our way through enveloping sheets of reality and dream, reality within dreams, dreams without reality. It's a breathtaking juggling act."[113] Richard Roeper, also of the Sun-Times, gave Inception a perfect score of "A+" and called it "one of the best movies of the [21st] century."[114]

BBC Radio 5 Live's Mark Kermode named Inception as the best film of 2010, stating "Inception is proof that people are not stupid, that cinema is not trash, and that it is possible for blockbusters and art to be the same thing."[115]

In his review for the Chicago Tribune, Michael Phillips gave the film 3 stars out of 4 and wrote, "I found myself wishing Inception were weirder, further out ... the film is Nolan's labyrinth all the way, and it's gratifying to experience a summer movie with large visual ambitions and with nothing more or less on its mind than (as Shakespeare said) a dream that hath no bottom."[116] Time magazine's Richard Corliss wrote the film's "noble intent is to implant one man's vision in the mind of a vast audience ... The idea of moviegoing as communal dreaming is a century old. With Inception, viewers have a chance to see that notion get a state-of-the-art update."[117] Los Angeles Times' Kenneth Turan felt that Nolan was able to blend "the best of traditional and modern filmmaking. If you're searching for smart and nervy popular entertainment, this is what it looks like."[118] USA Today rated the film three-and-a-half stars out of four and Claudia Puig felt that Nolan "regards his viewers as possibly smarter than they are—or at least as capable of rising to his inventive level. That's a tall order. But it's refreshing to find a director who makes us stretch, even occasionally struggle, to keep up."[119]

Not all reviewers, however, gave the film positive reviews. New York magazine's David Edelstein claimed in his review to "have no idea what so many people are raving about. It's as if someone went into their heads while they were sleeping and planted the idea that Inception is a visionary masterpiece and—hold on ... Whoa! I think I get it. The movie is a metaphor for the power of delusional hype—a metaphor for itself."[120] Rex Reed of The New York Observer explained the film's development as "pretty much what we've come to expect from summer movies in general and Christopher Nolan movies in particular ... [it] doesn't seem like much of an accomplishment to me."[121] A. O. Scott of The New York Times commented "there is a lot to see in Inception, there is nothing that counts as genuine vision. Mr. Nolan's idea of the mind is too literal, too logical, too rule-bound to allow the full measure of madness."[122] David Denby, writing in The New Yorker, considered the film not nearly as much fun as Nolan imagined it to be, concluding "Inception is a stunning-looking film that gets lost in fabulous intricacies, a movie devoted to its own workings and to little else."[123]

Home media

Inception was released on DVD and Blu-ray on December 3, 2010, in France,[124] and the week after in the UK and USA (December 7, 2010).[125][126] Warner Bros. also made available in the United States a limited Blu-Ray edition packaged in a metal replica of the PASIV briefcase, which included extras such as a metal replica of the spinning top totem. With a production run of less than 2000, it sold out in one weekend.[127]

Proposed video game

In a November 2010 interview, Nolan expressed his intention to develop a video game set in the Inception universe, working with a team of collaborators. He described it as "a longer-term proposition", referring to the medium of video games as "something I've wanted to explore".[128]

Accolades

Main article: List of accolades received by Inception

Inception appeared on over 273 critics' lists of the top ten films of 2010, being picked as #1 on 55 of those lists. It was the second most mentioned film behind The Social Network.[129]

The film won many awards in technical categories, such as Academy Awards for Best Cinematography, Best Sound Editing, Best Sound Mixing, and Best Visual Effects,[71] and the British Academy Film Awards for Best Production Design, Best Special Visual Effects and Best Sound.[130] In most of its artistic nominations, such as Film, Director and Screenplay at the Oscars, BAFTAs and Golden Globes, the film was defeated by The Social Network and The King's Speech.[71][130][131]

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External links

Wikiquote has quotations related to Inception.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Inception (film).

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