Jump to content

Ian Fleming

This is a good article. Click here for more information.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Cassianto (talk | contribs) at 21:53, 25 July 2012 (Sorry but it was bothering me! Removed non-free image. Rancoon do NOT add this again.). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

For other people named Ian Fleming, see Ian Fleming (disambiguation).

Ian Fleming
The face of a man, wearing a fedora hat and a blue, polka dot bow tie
BornIan Lancaster Fleming
(1908-05-28)28 May 1908
Mayfair, London, England
Died12 August 1964(1964-08-12) (aged 56)
Canterbury, Kent, England
Resting placeSevenhampton, Wiltshire
OccupationAuthor and journalist
NationalityBritish
Period1953–1964
GenreSpy fiction, children's literature, travel writing
Spouse
  • Ann Geraldine Charteris
  • (1952–1964, his death)
ChildrenSon (deceased)
Relatives
Website
http://www.ianfleming.com/

Ian Lancaster Fleming (28 May 1908 – 12 August 1964) was an English author, journalist and Naval Intelligence Officer, best known for his James Bond series of spy novels. Fleming came from a wealthy family connected to the merchant bank Robert Fleming & Co., and his father was the Member of Parliament for Henley from 1910 until his death on the Western Front of the First World War in 1917. Educated at Eton, the Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst and the universities of Munich and Geneva, Fleming moved through a number of jobs before he started writing.

While working in British Naval Intelligence during the Second World War, Fleming was involved in the planning stages of Operation Mincemeat and Operation Golden Eye, the former of which was successfully carried out. He was also involved in the planning and oversight of two active service units, 30 Assault Unit and T-Force. His service in wartime and his career as a journalist provided much of the background, detail and depth of the twelve Bond novels.

The Bond stories rank among the best-selling series of fictional books of all time, having sold over 100 million copies worldwide. Fleming also wrote the children's story Chitty-Chitty-Bang-Bang and two works of non-fiction. In 2008, The Times ranked Fleming fourteenth on its list of "The 50 greatest British writers since 1945".

He was married to Ann Charteris, who was divorced from the second Viscount Rothermere as a result of her affair with Fleming. Fleming and Charteris had a son, Caspar. Fleming was a heavy smoker and drinker who suffered from heart disease; he died in 1964, aged 56, from a heart attack. Two of his James Bond books were published posthumously, and a further five authors have since produced Bond novels. Fleming's creation has appeared in film twenty-four times, portrayed by seven actors.

Biography

Birth and family

a discoloured brass plaque showing the names of those local men killed in the First World War
The Glenelg War Memorial, listing Valentine Fleming

Ian Fleming was born in 1908, at 27 Green Street in the wealthy London district of Mayfair.[1][2] His mother was Evelyn St Croix Rose, and his father was Valentine Fleming, the Member of Parliament for Henley from 1910.[3] Fleming was the grandson of the Scottish financier Robert Fleming, who founded the Scottish American Investment Trust and the merchant bank Robert Fleming & Co.[1][nb 1] In 1914, with the start of World War I, Valentine joined "C" Squadron, Queen's Own Oxfordshire Hussars, and rose to the rank of major.[3] He was killed by German shelling on the Western Front on 20 May 1917; Winston Churchill wrote an obituary that appeared in The Times.[5] Because the family owned an estate at Arnisdale, Valentine's death was commemorated on the Glenelg War Memorial.[6]

Fleming's elder brother Peter (1907–1971) became a travel writer and married actress Celia Johnson.[7] Peter served with the Grenadier Guards during World War II, was later commissioned under Colin Gubbins to help establish the Auxiliary Units, and became involved in behind-the-lines operations in Norway and Greece during the war.[7] Fleming also had two younger brothers, Michael (1913–1940) and Richard (1911–1977), and a younger maternal half-sister born out-of-wedlock, cellist Amaryllis Fleming (1925–1999), whose father was the artist Augustus John.[8] Amaryllis was conceived during a long-term affair between John and Evelyn Fleming that started in 1923, some six years after the death of Valentine Fleming.[9]

Education and early life

In 1914 Fleming attended Durnford School, a preparatory school on the Isle of Purbeck in Dorset.[10][nb 2] Fleming did not enjoy his time at Durnford; his life included unpalatable food, physical hardship and bullying.[10]

A building in the Tudor style with a courtyard in front
Eton College: Fleming's alma mater from 1921 to 1927

In 1921, Fleming enrolled at Eton College. Although not one of the highest achieving students, he excelled at athletics and held the title of Victor Ludorum for two years between 1925 and 1927.[12] He also edited a school magazine, The Wyvern.[1] His lifestyle at Eton brought him into conflict with his housemaster, E. V. Slater, who disapproved of Fleming's attitude, his hair oil, his ownership of a car and his relations with women.[10] Slater persuaded Fleming's mother to remove him from Eton a term early for a crammer course to gain entry to the Royal Military Academy at Sandhurst.[10] He spent less than a year there, leaving in 1927 without gaining a commission, after contracting gonorrhea.[12]

In 1927, to prepare Fleming for possible entry into the Foreign Office,[13] his mother sent him to the Tennerhof in Kitzbühel, Austria, a small private school run by the Adlerian disciple and former British spy Ernan Forbes Dennis and his novelist wife, Phyllis Bottome.[14] After improving his language skills there, he studied briefly at Munich University and the University of Geneva.[1] While in Geneva, Fleming began a romance with Monique Panchaud de Bottomes and the couple were briefly engaged in 1931.[15] His mother disapproved and made him break off the relationship.[16] He applied for entry to the Foreign Office, but failed the examinations. His mother again intervened in his affairs, lobbying Sir Roderick Jones, head of Reuters News Agency. In October 1931 he was given a position as a sub-editor and journalist for Reuters.[1] In 1933 Fleming spent time in Moscow, where he covered the Stalinist show trial of six engineers from the British company Metropolitan-Vickers.[17] While there he applied for an interview with Soviet premier Joseph Stalin, and was amazed to receive a personally signed note apologising for not being able to attend.[18]

Fleming bowed to family pressure in October 1933, and moved into the banking profession with a position at the financiers Cull & Co.[17] In 1935, he moved to Rowe and Pitman on Bishopsgate as a stockbroker.[18] Fleming was unsuccessful in both roles.[19][17]

In early 1939 Fleming began an affair with Ann O'Neill (née Charteris), who was married to Baron O'Neill;[20] she was also having an affair with Esmond Harmsworth, the heir to Lord Rothermere, owner of the Daily Mail.[21]

World War II

In May 1939 Fleming was recruited by Rear Admiral John Godfrey, Director of Naval Intelligence of the Royal Navy, to become his personal assistant. He joined the organisation full time in August 1939,[22] with the codename "17F",[23] and worked out of Room 39 at The Admiralty.[24] Fleming's biographer, Andrew Lycett, notes that Fleming had "no obvious qualifications" for the role.[1] As part of his appointment, Fleming was commissioned into the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve in July 1939,[22] initially as lieutenant,[24] but promoted to commander a few months later.[25]

Fleming proved invaluabe as Godfrey's personal assistant and excelled in administration.[1] Godfrey was known as an abrasive character who made a number of enemies within government circles. He frequently used Fleming as a liaison with other sections of the government's wartime administration, such as the Secret Intelligence Service, the Political Warfare Executive, the Special Operations Executive (SOE), the Joint Intelligence Committee and the Prime Minister's staff.[26]

Soon after the start of the war, Godfrey published a memorandum on 29 September 1939 which was largely written by Fleming. It was called the Trout Memo and compared the deception of an enemy in wartime to that of fly fishing.[27] The memo contained a number of schemes to be considered for use against the Axis powers to lure U-boats and German surface ships towards minefields.[28] Number 28 on the list was an idea to plant misleading papers on a corpse that would be found by the enemy; this suggestion formed the basis of Operation Mincemeat, the successful 1943 deception plan to cover the intended invasion of Italy from North Africa.[29] The recommendation was titled: "A Suggestion (not a very nice one)",[29] and continued: "The following suggestion is used in a book by Basil Thomson: a corpse dressed as an airman, with despatches in his pockets, could be dropped on the coast, supposedly from a parachute that has failed. I understand there is no difficulty in obtaining corpses at the Naval Hospital, but, of course, it would have to be a fresh one."[29]

In 1940, Fleming and Godfrey contacted Kenneth Mason, Professor of Geography at Oxford University, about the preparation of reports on the geography of countries involved in military operations. These reports were the precursors of the Naval Intelligence Division Geographical Handbook Series produced between 1941 and 1946.[30]

Operation Ruthless, a plan aimed at obtaining details of the Enigma codes used by the German Navy, was instigated by a memo written by Fleming to Godfrey on 12 September 1940. The idea was to "obtain" a German bomber, man it with a German-speaking crew dressed in Luftwaffe uniforms, and crash it into the English channel. The crew would then attack their German rescuers and bring their boat and Enigma machine back to England.[31] Much to the annoyance of Alan Turing and Peter Twinn at Bletchley Park, the mission was never carried out. According to Fleming's niece, Lucy, an official at the Royal Air Force pointed out that if they were to drop a downed Heinkel bomber in the English Channel, it would probably sink rather quickly.[32]

Fleming also worked with Colonel "Wild Bill" Donovan, President Franklin D. Roosevelt's special representative on intelligence co-operation between London and Washington.[33] In May 1941 Fleming accompanied Godfrey to the United States, where he assisted in writing a blueprint for the Office of the Coordinator of Information, the department which turned into the Office of Strategic Services and eventually became the CIA.[34]

In 1941–42 Admiral Godfrey put Fleming in charge of Operation Golden Eye, a plan to maintain an intelligence framework in Spain in the event of a German takeover of the territory.[35] Fleming's plan involved maintaining communication with Gibraltar and launching sabotage operations against the Nazis.[36] In 1941 Fleming liaised with Donovan over American involvement in a measure intended to ensure that the Germans did not dominate the seaways.[37]

30 Assault Unit

In 1942 Fleming formed a unit of commandos, known as No. 30 Commando or 30 Assault Unit (30AU), a group of specialist intelligence troops.[38] 30AU's job was to be near the front line of an advance—sometimes in front of it— to seize enemy documents from previously targeted headquarters.[39] The unit was based on a German group headed by Otto Skorzeny, who had undertaken similar activities in the Battle of Crete in May 1941.[40] The German unit was thought by Fleming to be "one of the most outstanding innovations in German intelligence".[41]

Fleming did not fight in the field with the unit, but selected targets and directed operations from the rear.[40] On its formation the unit was only thirty strong, but it grew to five times that size.[41] The unit was filled with men from other commando units, and trained in unarmed combat, safe-cracking and lock-picking at the SOE facilities.[40] In late 1942 Captain (later Rear-Admiral) Edmund Rushbrooke replaced Godfrey as head of the Naval Intelligence Division, and Fleming's influence in the organisation declined, although he retained control over 30AU.[1] Fleming was unpopular with the unit's members,[41] who disliked his referring to them as his "Red Indians".[42]

Before the Normandy landings, most of 30AU's operations were in the Mediterranean. Because of their successes in Sicily and Italy, 30AU became greatly trusted by naval intelligence.[43][44] In March 1944, Fleming oversaw the distribution of intelligence to Royal Navy units in preparation for Operation Overlord[45] and followed the unit into Germany after they located the German naval archives from 1870 that were archived in Tambach Castle.[46] Fleming visited 30AU in the field during and after Operation Overlord, especially following an attack on Cherbourg in which he was concerned that the unit had been incorrectly used as a regular commando force rather than an intelligence-gathering unit. This wasted the men's specialist skills, risked their safety on operations that did not justify the use of such skilled operatives, and threatened the vital gathering of intelligence. Afterwards, the management of these units was revised.[43] Fleming was replaced as head of 30AU on 6 June 1944,[40] and posted on an intelligence fact-finding trip to the Far East on behalf of the Director of Naval Intelligence.[47] Much of the trip was spent identifying opportunities for 30AU in the Pacific,[48] although the unit ultimately saw little action because of the Japanese surrender.[49]

T-Force

The success of 30AU led to the August 1944 decision to establish a "Target Force", which became known as T-Force. The official memorandum, held at The National Archives in London, described their primary role: "T-Force = Target Force, to guard and secure documents, persons, equipment, with combat and Intelligence personnel, after capture of large towns, ports etc. in liberated and enemy territory."[50]

A white-washed bungalow with a lawn in front
Goldeneye, where Fleming wrote all the Bond stories

Fleming sat on the committee that selected the targets for the T-Force unit, and compiled books listing them, called the "Black Books", which was issued to the unit's officers.[51] The infantry component of T-Force was in part made up of the 5th Battalion, King's Regiment, which supported the Second Army.[52] It was responsible for securing targets of interest for the British military, including nuclear laboratories, gas research centres and individual rocket scientists. The unit's most notable coup was during the advance on the German port of Kiel, where it captured the research centre for German engines used in the V-2 rocket, Messerschmitt Me 163 fighters and high-speed U-boats.[53] Fleming would later use elements of the activities of T-Force in his writing, particularly in his 1955 Bond novel Moonraker.[54]

In 1942 Fleming attended an Anglo-American intelligence summit in Jamaica and, despite the constant heavy rain during his visit, he decided to live on the island once the war was over.[55] His friend Ivar Bryce helped find a plot of land in Saint Mary Parish where, in 1945, Fleming had a house built, which he named Goldeneye.[56] The name of the house and estate where he wrote his novels has many possible sources. Ian Fleming himself mentioned both his wartime Operation Golden Eye[57] and Carson McCullers' 1941 novel, Reflections in a Golden Eye.[56]

Post-war

Upon Fleming's demobilisation in May 1945, he joined the Kemsley newspaper group, which at the time owned The Sunday Times as the paper's Foreign Manager, overseeing its worldwide network of correspondents. His contract allowed him to take three months holiday every winter in Jamaica.[1] Fleming worked full-time for the paper until December 1959,[58] but continued to write articles and attend the Tuesday weekly meetings until at least 1961.[59][60]

After Ann Charteris' first husband died in the war, she expected that she and Fleming would marry, but Fleming declined, and he decided to remain a bachelor.[1] On 28 June 1945, she married the second Viscount Rothermere.[21] Nevertheless, Charteris continued her affair with Fleming, travelling to him in Jamaica under the pretext of visiting his friend and neighbour Noël Coward. In 1948 she gave birth to Fleming's daughter, Mary, who died at birth. Rothermere divorced Charteris in 1951, because of her relationship with Fleming.[21] Both Fleming and Ann had affairs during their marriage, she, most notably, with Hugh Gaitskell, the Leader of the Labour Party and Leader of the Opposition.[61] Fleming had a long-term affair in Jamaica with one of his neighbours, Blanche Blackwell, mother of Chris Blackwell of Island Records.[62]

1950s

The book cover to the Casino Royale first edition
Casino Royale was published in 1953: all 4,728 copies were sold in the first month

Fleming had mentioned to friends during the war that he wanted to write a spy novel,[1]an ambition he achieved within two months in 1952 with Casino Royale.[63] He started writing the book at Goldeneye on 17 February 1952, gaining inspiration from his own experiences and imagination. He claimed afterwards that he wrote the novel to distract himself from his forthcoming wedding to the pregnant Charteris,[64] and called the work his "dreadful oafish opus"[65]. Clare Blanchard, a previous girlfriend, advised him not to publish it, but that if he did so, it should be under another name.[66]

During Casino Royale's final draught stages, Fleming allowed his friend William Plomer to see a copy, who remarked "so far as I can see the element of suspense is completely absent".[67] Despite this, Plomer thought the book had sufficient promise and sent a copy to the publishing house Jonathan Cape. At first, they were unenthusiastic about the novel, but Fleming's brother Peter, whose books they managed, persuaded them to publish it.[67]

On 13 April 1953 Casino Royale was released in the UK in hardcover, priced at 10s, 6d,[68] with a cover designed by Fleming.[69] Casino Royale was a success and three print runs were needed to cope with the demand.[69][68][70]

The novel centred on the exploits of James Bond, an intelligence officer in the Secret Intelligence Service, commonly known as MI6. Bond was also known by his code number, 007, and was a commander in the Royal Naval Reserve. Fleming took the name for his character from that of the American ornithologist James Bond, an expert on Caribbean birds and author of the definitive field guide Birds of the West Indies. Fleming, himself a keen birdwatcher, had a copy of Bond's guide, and later told the ornithologist's wife, "It struck me that this brief, unromantic, Anglo-Saxon and yet very masculine name was just what I needed, and so a second James Bond was born".[71] In a 1962 interview in The New Yorker, he further explained: "When I wrote the first one in 1953, I wanted Bond to be an extremely dull, uninteresting man to whom things happened; I wanted him to be a blunt instrument ... when I was casting around for a name for my protagonist I thought by God, (James Bond) is the dullest name I ever heard."[72]

Fleming's sketch of his character James Bond

Fleming based his creation on a number of individuals he met during his time in the Naval Intelligence Division during World War II, and admitted that Bond "was a compound of all the secret agents and commando types I met during the war".[73] Amongst those types were his brother Peter, whom he worshipped,[73] and who had been involved in behind-the-lines operations in Norway and Greece during the war.[7]

Aside from Fleming's brother, a number of others provided aspects of Bond's make-up, including Conrad O'Brien-ffrench, a spy whom Fleming had met whilst skiing in Kitzbühel in the 1930s, Patrick Dalzel-Job, who served with distinction in 30AU during the war, and Bill "Biffy" Dunderdale, station head of MI6 in Paris, who wore cufflinks and handmade suits and was chauffeured around Paris in a Rolls-Royce.[73][74] Sir Fitzroy MacLean was another possible model for Bond, based on his wartime work behind enemy lines in the Balkans, as was the MI6 double agent Dušan Popov.[75] One of the biggest influences on the Bond character was Fleming himself, who endowed Bond with many of his own traits, including the same golf handicap, his taste for scrambled eggs, and use of the same brand of toiletries.[41] Bond's behaviours, such as his loves for golf and gambling, are also often taken from Fleming's own.[76]

After the publication of Casino Royale, Fleming used his annual holiday at his house in Jamaica to write another Bond story.[1] Twelve Bond novels and two short-story collections were published between 1953 and 1966, the last two (The Man with the Golden Gun and Octopussy and The Living Daylights) posthumously.[77] Much of the background to the stories came from Fleming's previous work in the Naval Intelligence Division or from events he knew of from the Cold War.[78] The plot of From Russia, with Love uses a fictional Soviet Spektor decoding machine as a lure to trap Bond; the Spektor had its roots in the German World War II Enigma machine.[79] The novel's plot device of spies on the Orient Express was based on the story of Eugene Karp, a US naval attaché and intelligence agent based in Budapest who took the Orient Express from Budapest to Paris in February 1950, carrying a number of papers about blown US spy networks in the Eastern Bloc. Soviet assassins already on the train drugged the conductor, and Karp's body was found shortly afterwards in a railway tunnel south of Salzburg.[80]

Many of the names used in the Bond works are from people Fleming knew: Scaramanga, the principal villain in The Man with the Golden Gun, was named after a fellow Eton schoolboy with whom Fleming fought;[78] Goldfinger, from the eponymous novel, was named after British architect Ernő Goldfinger, whose work Fleming abhorred;[78] Sir Hugo Drax, the protagonist of Moonraker, was named after his acquaintance Admiral Sir Reginald Aylmer Ranfurly Plunkett-Ernle-Erle-Drax;[81] Drax' assistant, Krebs, bears the same name as Hitler's last Chief of Staff;[82] and one of the homosexual villains from Diamonds Are Forever, "Boofy" Kidd, was named after one of Fleming's close friends—and a relative of his wife—Arthur Gore, 8th Earl of Arran.[78]

Fleming's first work of non-fiction, The Diamond Smugglers, was published in 1957 and was partly based on background research for his fourth Bond novel, Diamonds Are Forever.[83] Much of the material had appeared in The Sunday Times and was based on Fleming's interviews with John Collard, a member of the International Diamond Security Organisation who had previously worked in MI5.[84] The book received mixed reviews in the UK and US.[85]

For the first five books (Casino Royale, Live and Let Die, Moonraker, Diamonds Are Forever and From Russia, with Love) Fleming received broadly positive reviews from the critics.[86] That began to change in March 1958 when Bernard Bergonzi, in the journal Twentieth Century, attacked Fleming's work as containing "a strongly marked streak of voyeurism and sado-masochism"[87] and wrote that the books showed "the total lack of any ethical frame of reference".[87] The article compared Fleming unfavourably with John Buchan and Raymond Chandler on both moral and literary criteria.[88] A month later, Dr. No was published, and Fleming received harsh criticism from a number of reviewers who, in the words of author and historian Ben Macintyre, "rounded on Fleming, almost as a pack".[89] The most strongly worded of the critiques came from Paul Johnson of the New Statesman, who opened his review, "Sex, Snobbery and Sadism", with: "I have just finished what is, without doubt, the nastiest book I have ever read".[90] Johnson went on to say that "by the time I was a third of the way through, I had to suppress a strong impulse to throw the thing away".[90] Although Johnson recognised that in Bond there "was a social phenomenon of some importance",[90] this was as a negative element, as the phenomenon concerned "three basic ingredients in Dr No, [sic] all unhealthy, all thoroughly English: the sadism of a schoolboy bully, the mechanical, two-dimensional sex-longings of a frustrated adolescent, and the crude, snob-cravings of a suburban adult."[90] Johnson saw no positives in Dr. No, and said, "Mr Fleming has no literary skill, the construction of the book is chaotic, and entire incidents and situations are inserted, and then forgotten, in a haphazard manner."[90]

Fleming's biographer, Andrew Lycett, noted that, due to a combination of marital problems and the attacks on his work, Fleming "went into a personal and creative decline".[1] Goldfinger had been written before the publication of Dr. No, so the next book Fleming produced after the criticism was For Your Eyes Only, a collection of short stories that were adaptations of outlines written for a television series which did not come to fruition.[91] Lycett noted that, as Fleming was writing the television scripts and the short story collection, "Ian's mood of weariness and self-doubt was beginning to affect his writing", which can be seen in Bond's thoughts.[92]

1960s

In 1960, Fleming was commissioned by the Kuwait Oil Company to write a book on the country and its oil industry. The typescript State of Excitement: Impressions of Kuwait was never published due to disapproval by the Kuwaiti Government. According to Fleming: "The Oil Company expressed approval of the book but felt it their duty to submit the typescript to members of the Kuwait Government for their approval. The Sheikhs concerned found unpalatable certain mild comments and criticisms and particularly the passages referring to the adventurous past of the country which now wishes to be 'civilised' in every respect and forget its romantic origins."[93]

Fleming followed the disappointment of For Your Eyes Only with Thunderball, the novelization of a film script on which he had worked with others. The work had started in 1958 when Fleming's friend Ivar Bryce introduced him to a young Irish writer and director, Kevin McClory, and the three, together with Fleming and Bryce's friend Ernest Cuneo, worked on a script.[85] In October McClory introduced experienced screenwriter Jack Whittingham to the newly formed team,[94] and by December 1959 McClory and Whittingham sent Fleming a script.[95] Fleming had been having second thoughts on McClory's involvement and, in January 1960, explained his intention of delivering the screenplay to MCA, with a recommendation from him and Bryce that McClory act as producer.[96] He additionally told McClory that if MCA rejected the film because of McClory's involvement, then McClory should either sell himself to MCA, back out of the deal, or file a suit in court.[96]

Between January and March 1960 Fleming wrote the novel Thunderball at Goldeneye, which was based on the screenplay written by himself, Whittingham and McClory.[97] In March 1961 McClory read an advance copy, and he and Whittingham immediately petitioned the High Court in London for an injunction to stop publication.[98] After two court actions, the second in November 1961,[99] Fleming offered McClory a deal, settling out of court. McClory gained the literary and film rights for the screenplay, while Fleming was given the rights to the novel, although it had to be recognised as being "based on a screen treatment by Kevin McClory, Jack Whittingham and the Author".[100]

Fleming's books had always sold well, but in 1961 sales increased dramatically. On 17 March 1961, four years after its publication and three years after the heavy criticism of Dr. No, an article in Life Magazine listed From Russia, with Love as one of US President John F. Kennedy's ten favourite books.[101] Kennedy and Fleming had previously met in Washington.[72] This accolade and the associated publicity led to a surge in sales that made Fleming the biggest-selling crime writer in the US.[102][103] Fleming considered From Russia, with Love to be his best novel, although he admitted, "the great thing is that each one of the books seems to have been a favourite with one or other section of the public and none has yet been completely damned."[79]

In April 1961, between the two court cases surrounding Thunderball and because of his concerns over the forthcoming second case,[1] Fleming suffered a heart attack during a regular weekly meeting at The Sunday Times.[59] During his convalescence he began work on a children's novel, Chitty-Chitty-Bang-Bang,[59] which would be published in October 1964, two months after Fleming's death.[104]

In June 1961 Fleming sold a six-month option on the film rights to his published and future James Bond novels and short stories to Harry Saltzman.[98] Saltzman was subsequently introduced to Albert R. "Cubby" Broccoli, and the pair co-produced Dr. No, which was released in 1962 through their joint production vehicle, Eon Productions.[105] After an extensive search, Broccoli and Saltzman hired Sean Connery on a five-film deal.[106] Connery's depiction of Bond in Dr. No affected the literary character; in You Only Live Twice, the first book written after Dr. No was released, Fleming gave Bond a sense of humour and Scottish antecedents that were not present in the previous stories.[107]

Fleming's second non-fiction book was published in November 1963: Thrilling Cities,[108] a reprint of a series of Sunday TImes articles based on Fleming's impressions of a number of world cities[109] in trips taken during 1959 and 1960.[110] Approached in 1964 by producer Norman Felton to write a spy series for television, Fleming provided a number of ideas, including the names of characters Napoleon Solo and April Dancer, for the series The Man from U.N.C.L.E..[111] However, Fleming withdrew from the project following a request from Eon Productions who were keen to avoid any legal problems that may occur if the project overlapped with Bond.[112]

In January 1964 Fleming went to Goldeneye for what proved to be his last holiday and wrote the first draft of The Man with the Golden Gun.[113] He was dissatisfied with it and wrote to William Plomer, the copy editor of his novels, asking for it to be re-written.[114] Fleming became increasingly unhappy with the book and thought about re-working it in the spring of 1965, but was dissuaded by Plomer, who considered it viable for publication.[115]

Death

An obelisk marking the site of the Fleming family grave
Ian Fleming's grave and memorial at Sevenhampton

Fleming was a heavy smoker and drinker throughout his adult life and suffered from heart disease. In 1961 he suffered a heart attack at the age of 56 and struggled to recuperate.[116] On 11 August 1964, whilst staying at a hotel in Canterbury, Fleming walked to the Royal St George's Golf Club for lunch and later dined at his hotel with friends. The day had been tiring for him, and he collapsed with another heart attack shortly after the meal[116] and died in the early morning of 12 August 1964—his son Caspar's twelfth birthday.[117][118] His last recorded words were an apology to the ambulance drivers for having inconvenienced them,[119] saying "I am sorry to trouble you chaps. I don't know how you get along so fast with the traffic on the roads these days."[120] Fleming was buried in the churchyard of Sevenhampton village, near Swindon.[121]

Fleming's last two books, The Man with the Golden Gun and Octopussy and The Living Daylights, were published posthumously.[77] The Man with the Golden Gun was published eight months after Fleming's death and had not been through the full editing process by Fleming.[122] As a result the novel was thought by publishers Jonathan Cape to be thin and "feeble".[123] Cape had passed the manuscript to Kingsley Amis to read on holiday, although they did not use his suggestions.[123] Fleming's biographer Henry Chandler noted that the novel "received polite and rather sad reviews, recognising that the book had effectively been left half-finished, and as such did not represent Fleming at the top of his game."[124] The final Bond book, Octopussy and The Living Daylights, was published in Britain on 23 June 1966[125] and was a collection of two short stories.[125]

In October 1975, Fleming's son Caspar, aged 23, committed suicide by drug overdose[126] and was buried with his father.[121] Fleming's widow, Ann, died in 1981 and was buried with her husband and son.[21]

Writing

Author Raymond Benson, who later wrote a series of Bond novels, noted that Fleming's books fall into two distinct periods along stylistic lines. Those books written between 1953–1960 tend to concentrate on "mood, character development, and plot advancement",[127] while those written in 1961–1966 have more detail and imagery incorporated in them. Benson argues that Fleming had become "a master storyteller" by the time he wrote Thunderball in 1961.[125]

Jeremy Black divides the series along a different line, based on the villains Fleming portrayed, a division also supported by fellow academic Christoph Linder.[128] The first wave consisted of SMERSH, the second of Blofeld and SPECTRE—undertaken because of the thawing of relations between the East and the West.[129][nb 3] The final two books, The Man with the Golden Gun and Octopussy and The Living Daylights, were classed with The Spy Who Loved Me as "the later Fleming stories".[131]

Style and technique

Fleming said of his work, "while thrillers may not be Literature with a capital L, it is possible to write what I can best describe as 'thrillers designed to be read as literature' ".[132] He was influenced in his style of writing by Raymond Chandler, Dashiell Hammett, Eric Ambler and Graham Greene,[133] while William Cook in the New Statesman considered that "James Bond is the culmination of an important but much-maligned tradition in English literature. As a boy, Fleming devoured the Bulldog Drummond tales of Lieutenant Colonel Herman Cyril McNeile (aka "Sapper") and the Richard Hannay stories of John Buchan. His genius was to repackage these antiquated adventures to fit the fashion of postwar Britain, ... In Bond, he created a Bulldog Drummond for the jet age."[76] Umberto Eco also considered Mickey Spillane to have been a major influence.[134]

In May 1963, Fleming wrote a piece for Books and Bookmen magazine in which he described his approach to writing Bond books: "I write for about three hours in the morning ... and I do another hour's work between six and seven in the evening. I never correct anything and I never go back to see what I have written ... By following my formula, you write 2,000 words a day."[132] Benson identified what he described as the "Fleming Sweep", a stylistic point that sweeps the reader from one chapter to another using 'hooks' at the end of chapters to heighten tension and pull the reader into the next.[127] This combines with Fleming's natural style, which Anthony Burgess calls "a heightened journalistic style".[135] The aim of the fast pace of the books was "a speed of narrative, which hustles the reader past each danger point of mockery".[136]

Umberto Eco, analysed Fleming's works from a Structuralist point of view,[137] and identified a series of oppositions within the storylines, which provide a structure and narrative machine. These oppositions include:

Eco also noted a number of characteristics relating to the Bond villains; they are from the ethnic area from Central Europe to the Slavic countries and Mediterranean; they are of mixed blood and have "complex and obscure origins".[139] Eco also saw that the villains were sexually abnormal—either asexual or homosexual—and that they are both inventive and organisationally astute, which has allowed them to become wealthy.[139] Academic Jeremy Black also observed the same point, saying "Fleming did not use class enemies for his villains instead relying on physical distortion or ethnic identity ... Furthermore, in Britain foreign villains used foreign servants and employees ... This racism reflected not only a pronounced theme of interwar adventure writing, such as the novels of Buchan, but also widespread literary culture",[140] while writer Louise Welsh observed that the novel Live and Let Die "taps into the paranoia that some sectors of white society were feeling" as the civil rights movements challenged prejudice and inequality.[141]

One of Fleming's concerns was to induce realism into the mind of the reader, and he used known brand names and additional details to assist.[132] Kingsley Amis called this "the Fleming effect",[142] describing it as "the imaginative use of information, whereby the pervading fantastic nature of Bond's world  ... [is] bolted down to some sort of reality, or at least counter-balanced.[143]

Major themes

Britain's position in the world

The Bond books were written in post-war Britain, when the country was still an imperial power.[144] While the series was being published, the British Empire was in decline; journalist William Cook observed that "Bond pandered to Britain’s inflated and increasingly insecure self-image, flattering us with the fantasy that Britannia could still punch above her weight."[76] The decline of British power was referred to in a number of the novels: in From Russia, with Love, this manifested itself in Bond's conversations with Darko Kerim when he admits in England "we don't show teeth any more – only gums."[145][146]

The theme is strongest in one of the later books of the series. You Only Live Twice, which dealt with the subject in conversations between Bond and the head of Japan's secret intelligence service, Tiger Tanaka. Tanaka voices Fleming's own concerns about the state of Britain in the 1950s and early 60s,[146] accusing Britain of throwing away the empire "with both hands".[147] This was a contentious situation for Fleming: he wrote the novel as the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation was breaking out in December 1962, a direct challenge to British interests in the region.[148] The plot of the novel is centred on Britain's position in the world. Jeremy Black points out that the US did not want to share intelligence regarding the Pacific with the British, and he goes on to identify the defections of four members of MI6 to the Soviet Union, which had a major impact in US intelligence circles on how Britain was viewed.[149] The last of the defections was that of Kim Philby in January 1963,[150] while Fleming was still writing the first draft of the novel.[151] The briefing between Bond and M is the first time in the twelve books that Fleming acknowledges the defections.[152] Black contends that the conversation between M and Bond allows Fleming to discuss the decline of Britain, with the defections and the Profumo Affair of 1963 as a backdrop.[148]

By the end of the series, in the 1966 novel, The Man with the Golden Gun, Black notes that an independent inquiry in the book was undertaken by the Jamaican judiciary, while the CIA and MI6 were recorded as acting "under the closest liaison and direction of the Jamaican CID": this was the new world of a non-colonial, independent Jamaica, underlining the collapse of the British Empire.[153] The decline of the empire led to a lack of certainty in Fleming's mind,[154] and was reflected in Bond using US equipment and personnel in a number of novels.[155] This uncertainty and the shifting geopolitical backdrop led to the introduction of SPECTRE in Thunderball; its use over a number of books gives a measure of continuity to the remaining stories in the series.[156] Black argues that SPECTRE represents "evil unconstrained by ideology".[154]

Effects of the war

An on-going theme throughout the series was the effect of the Second World War.[157] The Times journalist Ben Macintyre considers that Bond was "the ideal antidote to Britain's postwar austerity, rationing and the looming premonition of lost power",[158] at a time when coal and many items of food were still rationed.[76] Fleming would often use the war to establish "good" or "evil" in character:[82][159] in For Your Eyes Only, the villain, Hammerstein, is a former Gestapo officer, while the sympathetic RCMP officer, Colonel Johns, served with the British under Montgomery in the Eighth Army.[160] Similarly, in Moonraker, Drax—real name Graf Hugo von der Drache—is a "megalomaniac German Nazi who masquerades as an English gentleman";[161] and his assistant, Krebbs, bears the same name as Hitler's last Chief of Staff.[82] In using a German as the novel's main enemy, "Fleming ... exploits another British cultural antipathy of the 1950s. Germans, in the wake of World War II, made another easy and obvious target for bad press."[161] As the series progressed, the threat of a re-emergent Germany was overtaken by concerns about the Cold War and the novels changed their focus accordingly.[162]

The "traitor within"

From the opening novel in the series, the idea of treachery was strong. Bond's target in Casino Royale, Le Chiffre, was the paymaster of a French communist trade union and the overtones of a fifth column struck a chord with the largely British readership, as Communist influence in the trade unions had been an issue in the press and parliament at the time.[163] Britain had also suffered from defections to the Soviet Union from two MI5 operatives who were part of the Cambridge Five spy ring that betrayed Western secrets to the Soviets,[164] Fleming's biographer Andrew Lycett observes that Casino Royale can be seen as Fleming's "attempt to reflect the disturbing moral ambiguity of a post-war world that could produce traitors like Burgess and Maclean".[165] The "traitor within" theme continued in Live and Let Die and Moonraker.[166]

Good versus evil

Raymond Benson considered that the most obvious theme of the series was good versus evil.[167] This crystallised in Goldfinger with the Saint George motif, which is stated explicitly in the book as part of Bond's thoughts:[95] "Bond sighed wearily. Once more into the breach, dear friend! This time it really was St George and the dragon. And St. George had better get a move on and do something".[168] Jeremy Black notes that the image of the "latter-day St. George [is] again an English, rather than British image."[169]

Anglo-American relations

The question of Anglo-American relations was also raised within the series, reflecting the central role of the US in the defence of the West.[170] Tensions surfaced between the desire of British governments to retain the empire and the American desire for a capitalist new world order, but Fleming did not focus on this directly, instead ensuring his plots created "an impression of the normality of British imperial rule and action".[157] Author and journalist Christopher Hitchens observed that "the central paradox of the classic Bond stories is that, although superficially devoted to the Anglo-American war against communism, they are full of contempt and resentment for America and Americans".[171] Fleming was aware of this tension between the two countries, but did not focus on it too strongly.[157] Kingsley Amis, in his exploration of Bond in The James Bond Dossier, pointed out that "Leiter, such a nonentity as a piece of characterization ... he, the American, takes orders from Bond, the Britisher, and that Bond is constantly doing better than he".[172]

For three of the novels, Goldfinger, Live and Let Die and Dr. No, it is Bond the British agent who has to sort out what turns out to be an American problem[173] and Jeremy Black points out that although it is American assets that are under threat in Dr. No, it is British power, through the British agent that concludes the issue and a British warship, HMS Narvick, that is sent with British soldiers to the island at the end of the novel.[174]

Fleming became increasingly jaundiced about America and his comments in You Only Live Twice reflect this;[175] Bond's responses to Tanaka's comments reflect the declining relationship between Britain and America—in sharp contrast to the warm, co-operative relationship between Bond and Leiter in the earlier books.[148]

Legacy

A view of an international airport
Ian Fleming International Airport, Jamaica

After Fleming's death, his literary executors periodically hired other authors to continue the James Bond novels. During the period between 1957 and 1964 Fleming worked intermittantly with the author Geoffrey Jenkins on a Bond story idea. After Fleming's death, Jenkins was commissioned by Bond publishers Glidrose Productions to write a Bond novel, Per Fine Ounce, but it was never published.[176] Starting with Kingsley Amis' Colonel Sun, under the pseudonym "Robert Markham" in 1968,[177], several authors have been commissioned to write Bond novels, including Sebastian Faulks, who was asked by Ian Fleming Publications to write a new Bond novel in observance of what would have been Fleming's 100th birthday in 2008.[178]

During his lifetime Fleming sold thirty million books; double that number were sold in the two years following his death.[1] In 2008, The Times ranked Fleming fourteenth on its list of "The 50 greatest British writers since 1945".[179] In 2002 Ian Fleming Publications announced the launch of the CWA Ian Fleming Steel Dagger award, presented by the Crime Writers' Association to the best thriller, adventure or spy novel originally published in the UK.[180]

The Eon Productions series of Bond films, which started in 1962 with Dr. No, continued after Fleming's death. Along with two non-Eon produced films, there have been twenty-two Eon films, and a twenty-third, Skyfall, was announced in November 2011.[181] The Eon Productions series has grossed $4,910,000,000 (over $12,360,000,000 when adjusted for inflation) worldwide, making it the second highest grossing film series, behind Harry Potter.[182]

The influence of Bond in the cinema and in literature is evident in films and books as diverse as the Austin Powers series,[183] Carry on Spying[184] and the Jason Bourne character.[180] In 2011 Fleming became the first English-language writer to have an international airport named after him. Ian Fleming International Airport, near Oracabessa, Jamaica, was officially opened on 12 January 2011 by Jamaican Prime Minister Bruce Golding and Fleming's niece, Lucy.[185]

Works

See also: List of James Bond novels and stories

Biographical films

See also

Notes and references

Notes
  1. ^ Since 2000 Robert Fleming & Co has been part of JP Morgan Chase.[4]
  2. ^ The school was near to the estate of the Bond family, who could trace their ancestry to an Elizabethan spy named John Bond, and whose motto was Non Sufficit Orbis—The World Is Not Enough.[11]
  3. ^ Despite the thaw, the cold war heated up again shortly afterwards, with the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the construction of the Berlin Wall and the Cuban Missile Crisis all occurring in an eighteen month period from April 1961 to November 1962.[130]
  4. ^ The first US paperback edition of Casino Royale was re-titled You Asked For It,[186] and Bond's name was changed to "Jimmy Bond".[187]
  5. ^ First US paperback edition of Moonraker was re-titled Too Hot to Handle.[188]
  6. ^ Consisting of: "From a View to a Kill"; "For Your Eyes Only";"Risico"; "Quantum of Solace" and "The Hildebrand Rarity"
  7. ^ Due to a legal battle, the book's storyline is also credited to Kevin McClory and Jack Whittingham;[100] see the controversy over Thunderball
  8. ^ Fleming refused to allow a paperback edition to be published in the UK,[190] but one was published after his death.[191]
  9. ^ See the controversy over authorship
  10. ^ Originally published as two stories, "Octopussy" and "The Living Daylights"; modern editions now also contain "The Property of a Lady" and "007 in New York".[194]
References
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Lycett, Andrew (2004). "Fleming, Ian Lancaster (1908–1964)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/33168. Retrieved 3 December 2011. (subscription required)
  2. ^ General Register Office, England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes (1837–1915), volume 1a, p. 420a.
  3. ^ a b Churchill, Winston (25 May 1917). "Valentine Fleming. An appreciation". The Times. London. p. 9.
  4. ^ Griffiths, Katherine (15 May 2001). "Abbey buys Fleming Premier for £106m". The Independent. London. p. 18.
  5. ^ Lycett 1996, p. 12.
  6. ^ Lycett 1996, p. 13.
  7. ^ a b c "Obituary: Colonel Peter Fleming, Author and explorer". The Times. London. 20 August 1971. p. 14.
  8. ^ Fleming, Fergus (5 August 1999). "Obituary: Amaryllis Fleming". The Independent. London. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
  9. ^ Lycett 1996, p. 19.
  10. ^ a b c d DelFattore 1989, p. 86.
  11. ^ Britten, Nick (30 October 2008). "Ian Fleming 'used 16th century spy as inspiration for James Bond'". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
  12. ^ a b Macintyre 2008, p. 33. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFMacintyre2008 (help)
  13. ^ Benson 1988, p. 45.
  14. ^ DelFattore 1989, p. 87.
  15. ^ Chancellor 2005, p. 17.
  16. ^ Macintyre 2008, p. 34. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFMacintyre2008 (help)
  17. ^ a b c Benson 1988, p. 46.
  18. ^ a b Macintyre 2008, p. 39. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFMacintyre2008 (help)
  19. ^ Lycett 1996, p. 72.
  20. ^ Lycett 1996, p. 96.
  21. ^ a b c d Lycett, Andrew. "Ann Geraldine Mary [other married names Ann Geraldine Mary O'Neill, Lady O'Neill; Ann Geraldine Mary Harmsworth, Viscountess Rothermere] (1913–1981)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/40227. Retrieved 15 December 2011. (subscription required)
  22. ^ a b Lycett 1996, p. 99.
  23. ^ Gant 1966, p. 45.
  24. ^ a b Lycett 1996, p. 101.
  25. ^ Lycett 1996, p. 103.
  26. ^ Chancellor 2005, p. 28.
  27. ^ Macintyre 2010, p. 6.
  28. ^ Chancellor 2005, p. 29.
  29. ^ a b c Macintyre 2010, p. 7.
  30. ^ Clout, Hugh (April 2003). "The Naval Intelligence Handbooks: a monument in geographical writing". Progress in Human Geography. 27 (2): 153–173. doi:10.1191/0309132503ph420oa. ISSN 0309-1325. {{cite journal}}: More than one of |at= and |pages= specified (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  31. ^ Lycett 1996, p. 121.
  32. ^ Lucy Fleming The Bond Correspondence, also featuring Roger Moore, BBC Radio 4. Broadcast on 24 May 2008
  33. ^ Lycett 1996, p. 120.
  34. ^ Pearson 1967, p. 137.
  35. ^ Lycett 1996, pp. 124–125.
  36. ^ Macintyre 2008, p. 54. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFMacintyre2008 (help)
  37. ^ Lycett 1996, p. 125.
  38. ^ Rankin 2011, p. 136.
  39. ^ Longden 2010, p. 2.
  40. ^ a b c d Chancellor 2005, p. 33.
  41. ^ a b c d Macintyre 2008, p. 50. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFMacintyre2008 (help)
  42. ^ Lycett 1996, p. 152.
  43. ^ a b Rankin 2011, p. 220.
  44. ^ Longden 2010, p. 6.
  45. ^ Macintyre 2008, p. 56. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFMacintyre2008 (help)
  46. ^ Macintyre 2008, pp. 56–57. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFMacintyre2008 (help)
  47. ^ Lycett 1996, p. 154.
  48. ^ Lycett 1996, pp. 154–155.
  49. ^ "History of 30 Assault Unit 1942–1946". Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives. London: King's College London. 8 August 2005. Retrieved 16 May 2012.
  50. ^ Longden 2010, p. 45: National Archives document WO219/551 (Special Force to Seize Intelligence)
  51. ^ Longden 2010, p. 51.
  52. ^ Longden 2010, p. 78.
  53. ^ Longden 2010, p. 198.
  54. ^ Longden 2010, p. 377.
  55. ^ Gant 1966, p. 51.
  56. ^ a b Pearson 1967, p. 161.
  57. ^ Lycett 1996, p. 165.
  58. ^ Lycett 1996, pp. 360–361.
  59. ^ a b c Lycett 1996, p. 384.
  60. ^ Lycett 1996, p. 394.
  61. ^ Lycett 1996, p. 295.
  62. ^ Chancellor 2005, p. 113.
  63. ^ "Ian Fleming". About Ian Fleming. Ian Fleming Publications. Retrieved 7 September 2011.
  64. ^ Bennett & Woollacott 2003, p. 1.
  65. ^ Macintyre 2008, p. 19. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFMacintyre2008 (help)
  66. ^ Chancellor 2005, p. 5.
  67. ^ a b Lycett 1996, p. 226.
  68. ^ a b Lycett 1996, p. 244.
  69. ^ a b "The great Bond cover up". The Guardian. London. 8 May 2008. Retrieved 8 September 2011.
  70. ^ Lindner 2009, p. 14.
  71. ^ Griswold 2006, p. 46.
  72. ^ a b Hellman, Geoffrey T. (21 April 1962). "Bond's Creator". Talk of the Town. The New Yorker. p. 32. Retrieved 9 September 2011. (subscription required)
  73. ^ a b c Macintyre, Ben (5 April 2008). "Bond – the real Bond". The Times. London. p. 36.
  74. ^ Macintyre 2008, pp. 68–69. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFMacintyre2008 (help)
  75. ^ Chancellor 2005, p. 54.
  76. ^ a b c d Cook, William (28 June 2004). "Novel man". New Statesman. p. 40.
  77. ^ a b Black 2005, p. 75.
  78. ^ a b c d Macintyre 2008, p. 90. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFMacintyre2008 (help)
  79. ^ a b Chancellor 2005, p. 97.
  80. ^ Chancellor 2005, p. 96.
  81. ^ Macintyre 2008, p. 88. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFMacintyre2008 (help)
  82. ^ a b c Black 2005, p. 20.
  83. ^ Benson 1988, pp. 16–17.
  84. ^ Benson 1988, p. 16.
  85. ^ a b Benson 1988, p. 17.
  86. ^ Macintyre 2008, pp. 196–197. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFMacintyre2008 (help)
  87. ^ a b Bergonzi, Bernard (March 1958). "The Case of Mr Fleming". Twentieth Century: 221.
  88. ^ Lindner 2009, p. 19.
  89. ^ Macintyre 2008, p. 197. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFMacintyre2008 (help)
  90. ^ a b c d e Johnson, Paul (5 April 1958). "Sex, Snobbery and Sadism". New Statesman: 430.
  91. ^ Benson 1988, p. 18.
  92. ^ Lycett 1996, p. 369.
  93. ^ "The Ian Fleming Collection of 19th–20th Century Source Material Concerning Western Civilization together with the Originals of the James Bond-007 Tales: a machine-readable transcription". Lilly Library Publications Online. Lilly Library. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
  94. ^ Pearson 1967, p. 374.
  95. ^ a b Benson 1988, p. 231.
  96. ^ a b Pearson 1967, p. 381.
  97. ^ Benson 1988, p. 20.
  98. ^ a b Benson 1988, p. 21.
  99. ^ Sellers, Robert (30 December 2007). "The battle for the soul of Thunderball". The Sunday Times. London.
  100. ^ a b Lycett 1996, p. 432.
  101. ^ Sidey, Hugh (17 March 1961). "The President's Voracious Reading Habits". Life. 50 (11). Time, Inc. ISSN 0024-3019. Retrieved 10 December 2011.
  102. ^ Lycett 1996, p. 383.
  103. ^ Fleming & Higson 2006, p. vi.
  104. ^ Benson 1988, p. 27.
  105. ^ Benson 1988, p. 22.
  106. ^ Inside Dr. No Documentary (DVD). Dr. No (Ultimate Edition, 2006): Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. 1999.{{cite AV media}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  107. ^ Macintyre 2008, p. 205. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFMacintyre2008 (help)
  108. ^ Hope, Francis (10 November 1963). "Purple Trail". The Observer. London. p. 24.
  109. ^ Pearson 1967, p. 375.
  110. ^ Fleming 1963, p. 7.
  111. ^ Benson 1988, p. 26.
  112. ^ Britton 2004, p. 36.
  113. ^ DelFattore 1989, p. 108.
  114. ^ Benson 1988, p. 30.
  115. ^ Lycett 1996, p. 438.
  116. ^ a b Lycett 1996, p. 442.
  117. ^ "Obituary: Mr. Ian Fleming". The Times. London. 13 August 1964. p. 12.
  118. ^ "Ian Fleming and the British Heart Foundation". About Ian Fleming. Ian Fleming Publications. Retrieved 15 December 2011.
  119. ^ DelFattore 1989, p. 110.
  120. ^ Lycett 1996, p. 443.
  121. ^ a b Benson, Morgan. "Ian Fleming". Find A Grave. Retrieved 15 December 2011.
  122. ^ Benson 1988, p. 141.
  123. ^ a b Lycett 1996, p. 445.
  124. ^ Chancellor 2005, p. 233.
  125. ^ a b c Benson 1988, p. 31.
  126. ^ "Son of Ian Fleming took barbiturate overdose". The Times. London. 14 October 1975. p. 3.
  127. ^ a b Benson 1988, p. 85.
  128. ^ Lindner 2009, p. 81.
  129. ^ Black 2005, p. v.
  130. ^ Black 2005, p. 49-50.
  131. ^ Black 2005, p. 71.
  132. ^ a b c Faulks & Fleming 2009, p. 320.
  133. ^ Bennett & Woollacott 2003, p. 13.
  134. ^ Eco 2003, p. 34.
  135. ^ Burgess 1984, p. 74.
  136. ^ Faulks & Fleming 2009, p. 318.
  137. ^ Lindner 2009, p. 3.
  138. ^ Eco 2003, p. 36.
  139. ^ a b Eco 2003, p. 40.
  140. ^ Black 2005, p. 19.
  141. ^ Fleming & Welsh 2006, p. v.
  142. ^ Amis 1966, p. 112.
  143. ^ Amis 1966, pp. 111–112.
  144. ^ Black 2005, p. 3.
  145. ^ Fleming & Higson 2006, p. 227.
  146. ^ a b Macintyre 2008, p. 113. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFMacintyre2008 (help)
  147. ^ Chancellor 2005, p. 200-201.
  148. ^ a b c Black 2005, p. 62.
  149. ^ Black 2005, p. 61.
  150. ^ Clive, Nigel. "Philby, Harold Adrian Russell (Kim) (1912–1988)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/40699. Retrieved 25 October 2011. (subscription required)
  151. ^ Benson 1988, p. 24.
  152. ^ Chancellor 2005, p. 200.
  153. ^ Black 2005, p. 78.
  154. ^ a b Black 2005, p. 50.
  155. ^ Black 2005, p. 53-4.
  156. ^ Black 2005, p. 49.
  157. ^ a b c Black 2005, p. 7.
  158. ^ Macintyre 2008, p. 85-6. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFMacintyre2008 (help)
  159. ^ Black 2005, p. 59.
  160. ^ Black 2005, p. 41.
  161. ^ a b Black 2005, p. 81.
  162. ^ Black 2005, p. x.
  163. ^ Black 2005, p. 5.
  164. ^ Kerr, Sheila (January 2011). "Burgess, Guy Francis de Moncy (1911–1963)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/37244. Retrieved 20 September 2011. (subscription required)
  165. ^ Lycett 1996, p. 221.
  166. ^ Black 2005, p. 16.
  167. ^ Benson 1988, p. 86.
  168. ^ Fleming 2006, ch 18.
  169. ^ Black 2005, p. 39.
  170. ^ Black 2005, p. 6.
  171. ^ Hitchens, Christopher (April 2006). "Bottoms Up". The Atlantic Monthly. p. 101.
  172. ^ Amis 1966, p. 90.
  173. ^ Black 2005, p. 38-39.
  174. ^ Black 2005, p. 33.
  175. ^ Macintyre 2008, p. 187. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFMacintyre2008 (help)
  176. ^ Lane & Simpson 2000, p. 433.
  177. ^ "Colonel Sun". The Books. Ian Fleming Publications. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
  178. ^ "Faulks pens new James Bond novel". BBC News. London. 11 July 2007. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
  179. ^ Macintyre, Ben (5 January 2008). "14. Ian Fleming". The Times. London. p. 12.
  180. ^ a b Cork, John (20 September 2002). "The man with the golden pen". The Bookseller (5044): 20. ISSN 0006-7539.
  181. ^ Masters, Tim (3 November 2011). "James Bond: Skyfall opens new chapter for 007". BBC News. London. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
  182. ^ "Movie Franchises". The Numbers. Nash Information Services, LLC. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
  183. ^ Gleiberman, Owen (9 May 1997). "A wild and crazy spy". Entertainment Weekly (378): 56. ISSN 1049-0434. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  184. ^ Angelini, Sergio. "Carry On Spying (1964)". BFI Screenonline. British Film Institute. Retrieved 3 July 2011.
  185. ^ "Ian Fleming International Airport opened in Jamaica!". News & Press. Ian Fleming Publications. 17 January 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
  186. ^ Pfeiffer & Worrall 1998, p. 203.
  187. ^ Benson 1988, p. 9.
  188. ^ Benson 1988, pp. 11–12.
  189. ^ "The Diamond Smugglers". The Books. Ian Fleming Publications. Retrieved 8 December 2011.
  190. ^ Lycett 1996, p. 402.
  191. ^ Lycett 1996, p. 446.
  192. ^ "Thrilling Cities". The Books. Ian Fleming Publications. Retrieved 8 December 2011.
  193. ^ "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang". The Books. Ian Fleming Publications. Retrieved 8 December 2011.
  194. ^ "Octopussy & The living daylights / Ian Fleming". The British Library Catalogue. The British Library. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
  195. ^ McEntee, John (2 April 2001). "Diary: Charles Dance". Daily Express. London. p. 29.
  196. ^ Wilkinson, Jack (28 June 1990). "BC cycle". United Press International.
  197. ^ Pryor, Cathy (28 August 2005). "TV Choice: Ian Fleming: Bondmaker. Tonight, 10.45 pm BBC1". Independent on Sunday. London. p. 29.
  198. ^ Lumley, Joanna (18 October 2008). "My bond with Bond: an English girl's cable car ride to another world". The Times. London. p. 26.
  199. ^ "Film: "Age of Heroes" Charts Ian Fleming's Commando Unit". The Global Herald. London. 23 April 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2011.

Bibliography

Template:Persondata

Template:Link FA

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ian_Fleming&oldid=504176301"