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Boeing Vertol CH-46 Sea Knight

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CH-46 Sea Knight
A U.S. Marine Corps CH-46 Sea Knight helicopter flies over Huntington Beach, California in October 2011.
Role Cargo helicopter
Manufacturer Vertol Aircraft Corp.
Boeing Vertol
First flight August 1962
Introduction 1964
Status In service
Primary users United States Marine Corps
United States Navy
Japan
Saudi Arabia
Produced 1962–1971
Number built H-46: 524[1]

The Boeing Vertol CH-46 Sea Knight is a medium-lift tandem rotor transport helicopter. It is used by the United States Marine Corps (USMC) to provide all-weather, day-or-night assault transport of combat troops, supplies and equipment. Additional tasks include combat support, search and rescue (SAR), support for forward refueling and rearming points, CASEVAC and Tactical Recovery of Aircraft and Personnel (TRAP).

Canada also operated the Sea Knight, designated as CH-113, and operated them in the SAR role until 2004. Other export customers include Japan, Sweden, and Saudi Arabia. The commercial version is the BV 107-II, commonly referred to simply as the "Vertol".

Development

Origins

Piasecki Helicopter was a pioneering developer of tandem-rotor helicopters, with the most famous previous helicopter being the H-21 "Flying Banana". Piasecki Helicopter became Vertol in 1955 and work began on a new tandem rotor helicopter designated the Vertol Model 107 or V-107 in 1956. The V-107 prototype had two Lycoming T53 turboshaft engines, producing 877 shp (640 kW) each.[2] The first flight of the V-107 took place on 22 April 1958.[3] The V-107 was then put through a flight demonstration tour in the United States and overseas. In June 1958, the U.S. Army awarded a contract to Vertol for ten production aircraft designated "YHC-1A".[4]

U.S. Marines from the 24th Marine Expeditionary Unit prepare to board a CH-46 in August 2006.

The order was later decreased to three, so the U.S. Army could divert funds to the V-114, also a turbine powered tandem, but larger than the V-107.[4] The Army's three YHC-1As were powered by GE-T-58 engines. The YHC-1As first flew in August 1959, and were followed by an improved commercial/export model, the 107-II.[1] During 1960, the U.S. Marine Corps evolved a requirement for a twin-turbine troop/cargo assault helicopter to replace the piston engine types then in use. Following a design competition, Boeing Vertol was selected to build its model 107M as the HRB-1, early in 1961.[1] Boeing had acquired Vertol in 1960 and renamed the group Boeing Vertol.[4]

The Sea Knight was first procured in 1961 by the U.S. Marine Corps to meet their medium-lift requirements.[5] Its first flight in August 1962 was followed by a change in designation to CH-46A. Fleet introduction of CH-46As with the Marines and the Navy's UH-46As was in November 1964. The UH-46A variant was modified for use in the vertical replenishment role.[1] The CH-46A was equipped with a pair of T58-GE8-8B turboshaft engines rated at 1,250 shp (930 kW) each and could carry 17 passengers or 4,000 pounds (1,815 kg) of cargo.[6]

Further developments

Production of the improved CH-46D followed with deliveries beginning in 1966. Its improvements included modified rotor blades and more powerful T58-GE-10 turboshaft engines[1] rated at 1,400 shp (1,040 kW) each. The increased power allowed the D-model to carry 25 troop or 7,000 pounds (3,180 kg) of cargo.[6] The CH-46D was introduced to the Vietnam theater in late 1967, supplementing the U.S. Marine Corps' existing unreliable and problematic CH-46A fleet.[7] Along with the USMC's CH-46Ds, the U.S. Navy received a small number of UH-46Ds for ship resupply.[8] Also, approximately 33 CH-46As were upgraded to CH-46Ds.[6]

A door gunner manning a pintle-mounted .50-caliber M2 heavy machine gun aboard a U.S. Marine Corps CH-46 in August 2006.

The Marines also received CH-46Fs from 1968 to 1971. The F-model retained the D-model's T58-GE-10 engines but revised the avionics and included other modifications. The CH-46F was the final production model.[1] The Sea Knight has undergone upgrades and modifications. Most of the U.S. Marine Corps' Sea Knights were upgraded to CH-46E standard. The CH-46E features fiberglass rotor blades, airframe reinforcement, and further uprated T58-GE-16 engines producing 1,870 shp (1,390 kW) each. Some CH-46Es have been given doubled fuel capacity.[6] The Dynamic Component Upgrade (DCU) incorporated starting in the mid-1990s provides for increased capabilities through strengthened drive systems and rotor controls.[citation needed]

The commercial variant, the BV 107-II, was first ordered by New York Airways in 1960. They took delivery of their first three aircraft, configured for 25 passengers, in July 1962.[5] In 1965, Boeing Vertol sold the manufacturing rights of the 107 to Kawasaki Heavy Industries. Under this arrangement, all Model 107 civilian and military aircraft built in Japan are known as KV 107.[5] On 15 December 2006, Columbia Helicopters, Inc acquired the type certificate for the Boeing Vertol 107-II, and is in the process of acquiring a Production Certificate from the FAA. Plans for actual production of the aircraft have not been announced.[5]

Design

A U.S. Marine Corps CH-46 Sea Knight prepares to take off from Al Taqaddum, Iraq in August 2006.

The CH-46 has tandem contrarotating rotors powered by two GE T58 turboshaft engines. The engines are mounted on each side of the rear rotor pedestal with a driveshaft to the forward rotor. The engines are coupled so either could power both rotors in an emergency. The rotors feature three blades and can be folded for on-ship operations.[6] The CH-46 has fixed tricycle landing gear, with twin wheels on all three units. The gear configuration causes a nose-up stance to facilitate cargo loading and unloading. The main gear are fitted in rear sponsons that also contain fuel tanks with a total capacity of 350 US gallons (1,438 L).[6]

The CH-46 has a cargo bay with a rear loading ramp that could be removed or left open in flight for extended cargo or for parachute drops. An internal winch is mounted in the forward cabin and can be used to pull external cargo on pallets into the aircraft via the ramp and rollers. A belly sling hook (cargo hook) which is usually rated at 10,000 lb (4,500 kg). could be attached for carrying external cargo. Although the hook is rated at 10,000 lb (4,500 kg)., the limited power produced by the engines preclude the lifting of such weight. It usually has a crew of three, but can accommodate a larger crew depending on mission specifics. For example, a Search and Rescue variant will usually carry a crew of five (Pilot, Co-Pilot, Crew Chief, Swimmer, and Medic) to facilitate all aspects of such a mission. A pintle-mounted 0.50 in (12.7 mm) Browning machine gun is mounted on each side of the helicopter for self-defense.[6] Service in southeast Asia resulted in the addition of armor with the guns.[1]

Operational history

United States

U.S. Marines load a simulated casualty onto a CH-46E while conducting convoy operations training in May 2004.

Known colloquially as the "Phrog", the Sea Knight has been used in all U.S. Marine combat and peacetime environments since its introduction.[9] As of 2011, it is still regularly flown by the U.S. Marine Corps, its longevity as a reliable airframe has led to such mantras as "phrogs phorever" and "never trust a helicopter under 30".[10]

CH-46E Sea Knights were used by the U.S. Marine Corps during the 2003 invasion of Iraq. CH-46Es transported personnel, brought supplies to forward arming and refueling points (FARP), carried ammunition and various tasks. Marine CH-46Es and CH-53Es carried US Army Rangers and Special Operations troops in a mission to extract captured Army Private Jessica Lynch from an Iraqi hospital on 1 April 2003.[11]

While the United States Navy retired the airframe on 24 September 2004, replacing it with the MH-60S Knighthawk,[12] the Marine Corps plans to maintain its fleet until the MV-22 is fully fielded.[13] In March 2006 Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron 263 (HMM-263) was deactivated and redesignated VMM-263 to serve as the first MV-22 squadron.[14] The replacement process is expected to continue through the other medium helicopter squadrons into 2014.

Canada

The Royal Canadian Air Force procured six CH-113 Labrador helicopters for the SAR role and the Canadian Army acquired 12 of the similar CH-113A Voyageur for the medium-lift transport role. The RCAF Labradors were delivered first with the first one entering service on 11 October 1963.[15][16] When the larger CH-147 Chinook was procured by the Canadian Forces in the mid-1970s, the Voyageur fleet was converted to Labrador specifications to undertake SAR missions. The refurbished Voyageurs were re-designated as CH-113A Labradors, thus a total of 15 Labradors were ultimately in service.[16]

CH-113 Labrador 11301 showing rear ramp.

The Labrador was fitted with a watertight hull for marine landings, a 5,000 kilogram cargo hook and an external rescue hoist mounted over the right front door. It featured an 1,110 kilometer flying range, emergency medical equipment and an 18 person passenger capacity. By the 1990s, heavy use and hostile weather conditions had taken their toll on the Labrador fleet, resulting in increasing maintenance costs and the need for prompt replacement.[16] In 1981, a mid-life upgrade of the fleet was carried out by Boeing Canada in Arnprior, Ontario. Known as the SAR-CUP (Search and Rescue Capability Upgrade Program), the refit scheme included new instrumentation, a nose-mounted weather radar, tail-mounted auxiliary power unit, a new high-speed rescue hoist mounted over the side door and front-mounted searchlights. A total of six CH-113s and five CH-113As were upgraded with the last delivered in 1984.[16]

In 1992 it was announced that the Labradors were to be replaced by 15 new helicopters, a variant of the AgustaWestland EH101, designated CH-149 Chimo. The order was subsequently cancelled by the Jean Chrétien Liberal government in 1993, resulting in cancellation penalties, as well as extending the service life of the Labrador fleet. However, in 1998, a CH-113 from CFB Greenwood crashed on Quebec's Gaspé Peninsula while returning from a SAR mission, resulting in the deaths of all crewmembers on board. The crash placed pressure upon the government to procure a replacement, thus an order was placed with the manufacturers of the EH101 for 15 aircraft to perform the search-and-rescue mission, designated CH-149 Cormorant. CH-149 deliveries began in 2003, allowing the last CH-113 to be retired in 2004.[16] In October 2005 Columbia Helicopters of Portland, Oregon purchased eight of the retired CH-113 Labradors to add to their fleet of 15 Vertol 107-II helicopters.[17]

Civilian

Columbia Helicopters BV 107-II

The Civilian version, the BV 107-II Vertol[18] was developed prior to the military CH-46, and was operated commercially by New York Airways, Pan American World Airways and currently solely by Columbia Helicopters.[18] As of 15 December 2006 Columbia Helicopters has purchased the Type certificate of the Model 107 from Boeing.[19] Currently the company is seeking FAA issuance of a Production Certificate to produce parts with eventual issuance of a PC to produce aircraft.

Variants

US versions

File:N6676D.jpg
New York Airways BV 107-II N6676D is hooked to a Ford Mustang at Downtown Manhattan/Wall St. Heliport for a publicity stunt
A UH-46D lowers mail to the fantail of USS Decatur
CH-113 Labrador landing on Bell Island
Model 107
Company model number for basic prototype, 1 built.[20]
Model 107-II
Commercial airline helicopter. All subsequent commercial aircraft were produced as BV 107-II-2, 2 built as Boeing Vertol prototypes, 5 sold to New York Airways, 10 supplied to Kawasaki as sub-assemblies or as parts.[21]
Model 107M
Company model number for military transport of BV-107/II-2 for the U.S. Marine Corps.[22]
YHC-1A
Vertol Model 107 for test and evaluation by the United States Army. Adopted by the U.S. Marine Corps as the HRB-1. Later redesignated YCH-46C, 3 built.
HRB-1
Original designation before being renamed as CH-46A before delivery under the 1962 United States Tri-Service aircraft designation system.
CH-46A
Medium-lift assault and cargo transport and SAR helicopter for the USMC, fitted with two 1,250 shp (935 kW) General Electric T58-GE-8 turboshaft engines. Previously designated HRB-1. 160 built for USMC, 1 static airframe.
UH-46A
Medium-lift utility transport helicopter for the United States Navy. Similar to the CH-46A. 14 built.
HH-46A
Approximately 50 CH-46As were converted into SAR helicopters for the United States Navy base rescue role.
RH-46A
Planned conversion of CH-46As into minesweeping helicopters for the US Navy, none converted. Nine SH-3As were converted to the RH-3A configuration instead.
UH-46B
Development of the CH-46A to specification HX/H2 for the United States Air Force; 12 ordered in 1962, cancelled and Sikorsky S-61R / CH-3C ordered instead.
YCH-46C
YHC-1A redesignated in 1962. United States Army retained 2, NASA used 1 for vertical autonomous landing trials (VALT).
CH-46D
Medium-lift assault and cargo transport helicopter for the USMC, fitted with two 1,400 shp (1,044 kW) General Electric T58-GE-10 turboshaft engines. 266 built.
HH-46D
Surviving HH-46A were upgraded and a small number of UH-46Ds were converted into SAR helicopters. SAR upgrades included the addition of an external rescue hoist near the front crew door and a 18-inch X 18-inch Doppler RADAR system located behind the nose landing gear, which provided for automatic, day/night, over-water hovering capability for at sea rescue. Additionally a "Loud Hailer" was installed opposite the crew entrance door for communicating with downed aviators on the ground or in the water.
UH-46D
Medium-lift utility transport helicopter for the US Navy combat supply role. Similar to the CH-46D. 10 built and one conversion from CH-46D.
CH-46E
Approximately 275 -A, -D, and -F airframes were updated to CH-46E standards with improved avionics, hydraulics, drive train and upgraded T58-GE-16 and T58-GE-16/A engines.
HH-46E
Three CH-46Es were converted into SAR helicopters for Marine Transport Squadron One (VMR-1) at MCAS Cherry Point.[23]
CH-46F
Improved version of CH-46D, electrical distribution, com/nav update BUNO 154845-157726. Last production model in the United States. 174 built, later reverted to CH-46E.[citation needed]
VH-46F
Unofficial designation of standard CH-46F used by HMX-1 as VIP support transport helicopter.
CH-46X
Replacement helicopter based on the Boeing Model 360, this Advance Technology Demonstrator from the 1980s never entered production. The aircraft relied heavily on composites for its construction and had a beefier drive train to handle the twin Avco-Lycoming AL5512 engines (4,200 shp).[24]
XH-49
Original designation of UH-46B.

Canadian versions

CH-113 Labrador
Search and rescue version of the Model 107-II-9 for the Royal Canadian Air Force.[25]
CH-113A Voyageur
Assault and utility transport version of the Model 107-II-28 for the Canadian Army. Later converted to CH-113A Labrador when the Canadian Forces acquired the CH-47 Chinook.[26]

Swedish versions

Boeing-Vertol civil prototype in service with the Swedish Navy as HKP 4B
HKP 4A
Boeing Vertol 107-II-14, used originally by Air Force for SAR, 10 built.[27]
HKP 4B
Boeing Vertol 107-II-15, mine-layer/ASW/SAR helicopter for Navy, three built and one conversion from Boeing-Vertol civil prototype.[28]
HKP 4C
Kawasaki KV-107-II-16, advanced mine-layer/ASW/SAR helicopter for Navy,eight built.
HKP 4D
Rebuilt HKP 4A for Navy as SAR/ASW helicopter, four conversions.[29]

Japanese versions

Columbia Helicopters' Kawasaki Vertol KV-107II at Fox Field
CHI Kawasaki Vertol KV-107II slinging a bucket during the Yellowstone fires of 1988
KV-107II-1 (CT58-110-1)
Utility transport version, 1 built from Boeing supplied kits.
KV-107II-2 (CT58-110-1)
Commercial airline version, 9 built from Boeing supplied kits.
KV-107IIA-2 (CT58-140-1)
Improved version of the KV-107/II-2, 3 built.
KV-107II-3 (CT58-110-1)
Minesweeping version for the JMSDF, 2 built.
KV-107IIA-3 (CT58-IHI-10-M1)
Uprated version of the KV-107/II-3, 7 built.
KV-107II-4 (CT58-IHI-110-1)
Assault and utility transport version for the JGSDF, 41 built.
KV-107II-4A (CT58-IHI-110-1)
VIP version of the KV-107/II-4, 1 built.
KV-107IIA-4 (CT58-IHI-140-1)
Uprated version of the KV-107/II-4, 18 built.
KV-107II-5 (CT58-IHI-110-1)
Long-range SAR version for the JASDF, 17 built.
KV-107IIA-5 (CT58-IHI-104-1)
Uprated version of the KV-107II-5, 35 built.
KV-107II-7 (CT58-110-1)
VIP transport version, 1 built.
KV-107II-16
HKP 4C for Swedish Navy. Powered by Rolls-Royce Gnome H.1200 turboshaft engines, 8 built.
KV-107IIA-17 (CT58-140-1)
Long-range transport version for the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department, 1 built.
KV-107IIA-SM-1 (CT58-IHI-140-1M1)
Firefighting helicopter for Saudi Arabia, 7 built.
KV-107IIA-SM-2 (CT58-IHI-140-1M1)
Aeromedical and rescue helicopter for Saudi Arabia, 4 built.
KV-107IIA-SM-3 (CT58-IHI-140-1M1)
VIP transport helicopter for Saudi Arabia, 2 built.
KV-107IIA-SM-4 (CT58-IHI-140-1M1)
Air ambulance helicopter for Saudi Arabia, 3 built.

Source:[30]

Operators

Military and Government operators

Military operators of the CH-46 (Blue = Active; Red = Former)
 Saudi Arabia
 United States

Civilian operators

Columbia Helicopters Inc Boeing Vertol 107 C-FHFW and Boeing 234 N245CH rest on the company pad in Aurora, Oregon
 Canada
 United States

Former operators

 Canada

 Japan

 Sweden

 Thailand

 United States

Notable accidents and incidents

  • On 9 December 1999, a CH-46D Sea Knight, Naval Bureau Number 154790 assigned to Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron 166 (HMM-166) crashed during a boarding exercise off the coast of San Diego, California, killing 7 U.S. Marines. The pilot landed the CH-46D short on the deck of the USNS Pecos, causing the left rear tire and strut to become entangled in the restraint equipment at the back of the ship and caused it to plunge into the ocean.[47]

Specifications (CH-46E)

Orthographically projected diagram of the CH-46 Sea Knight
Orthographically projected diagram of the CH-46 Sea Knight

Data from Frawley,[48] Donald[3]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 5: 2 pilots, 1 crew chief, 1 aerial gunner/observer, 1 tail gunner
  • Capacity: 25 troops

Performance Armament

Aircraft on display

Medal of Honor Mike Clausen's CH-46 preserved at Carolinas Aviation Museum

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

Notes
  1. ^ a b c d e f g CH-46 history page, U.S. Navy, 16 November 2000.
  2. ^ Apostolo, Giorgio. "Boeing Vertol Model 107". The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Helicopters. New York: Bonanza Books. 1984. ISBN 978-0-517-43935-7.
  3. ^ a b Donald 1997, p. 175.
  4. ^ a b c Spenser, Jay P. Whirlybirds, A History of the U.S. Helicopter Pioneers. University of Washington Press, 1998. ISBN 0-295-97699-3.
  5. ^ a b c d "Tandem Twosome", Vertical Magazine, February–March 2007.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g "Boeing Sea Knight". Vectorsite.net, 1 August, 2011.
  7. ^ Rottman and Hook 2007, p. 10.
  8. ^ Eden, Paul, ed. "Boeing-Vertol H-46 Sea Knight", Encyclopedia of Modern Military Aircraft. Amber Books, 2004. ISBN 1-904687-84-9.
  9. ^ "Boeing Vertol 107 - CH-46 Sea Knight". Helicopter History Site. Helis.com.
  10. ^ "Ask A Marine". HMM-364 Purple Foxy Ladies.
  11. ^ Stout, Jay A. Hammer from Above, Marine Air Combat Over Iraq. Ballantine Books, 2005. ISBN 978-0-89141-871-9.
  12. ^ Crawley, James W. "Swan song for Navy's ugly-duckling copter". SignonSanDiego.com.
  13. ^ "Major Acquisition Programs - Aviation Combat Element Programs" (PDF). Headquarters Marine Corps. 2006. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  14. ^ White, LCpl Samuel. "VMM-263 ready to write next chapter in Osprey program". U.S. Marine Corps.
  15. ^ Milberry, Larry: Sixty Years - The RCAF and Air Command 1924-1984, page 472. McGraw Hill Ryerson, 1984. ISBN 0-07-549484-1
  16. ^ a b c d e f Canada Aviation and Space Museum (undated). "Boeing Vertol CH-113 Labrador". Retrieved 2008-11-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)
  17. ^ "Columbia Helicopters Acquires eight CH-113 Labrador helicopters from Canadian military". RotorHub. RotorHub.com. Archived from the original on 22 December 2007. Retrieved 05 December 2010. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  18. ^ a b Eichel, Garth. "Columbia Helicopters". Vertical Magazine, February–March 2007.
  19. ^ "Type Certificate Data Sheet No. 1H16" (.pdf). Federal Aviation Administration. 2007-01-17. Retrieved 2007-02-08.
  20. ^ Boeing BV-107 helicopters built. Helis.com
  21. ^ Boeing BV-107/II helicopters built. Helis.com
  22. ^ Boeing H-46 helicopters built. Helis.com
  23. ^ LCpl Payne, Doug (December 20, 2007). "Pedro retires last HH-46Ds" (PDF). The Windsock. Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point, NC. pp. A1 & A3. Retrieved 2008-07-25.
  24. ^ Photo of Boeing Model 360 with CH-46X tail markings
  25. ^ CH-113 Labrador. Helis.com.
  26. ^ CH-113A Voyageur. Helis.com.
  27. ^ HKP 4A. Helis.com.
  28. ^ HKP 4B. Helis.com.
  29. ^ HKP 4D. Helis.com.
  30. ^ Helis.com database for all Kawasaki KV-107 helicopters built
  31. ^ "Kawasaki/Vertol KV107 operators". Retrieved 15-December-2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  32. ^ "Marine Aircraft Wing Units". United Stated Marine Corps. Retrieved 15-December-2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  33. ^ "Old Phrogs get new life". © 2012, Gannett Government Media Corporation. Retrieved 15-December-2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  34. ^ "Helifor-Industries Boeing-Vertol-107". Retrieved 15-December-2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  35. ^ "Columbia Helicopters". Retrieved 15-December-2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  36. ^ "CH-113 Labrador (". Retrieved 15-December-2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  37. ^ "警視庁 - Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department". Retrieved 15-December-2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  38. ^ "JASDF Kawasaki KV-107-IIA-4". Retrieved 15-December-2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  39. ^ "JGSDF Kawasaki KV-107-IIA-4". Retrieved 15-December-2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  40. ^ "JMSDF Kawasaki KV-107-IIA-4". Retrieved 15-December-2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  41. ^ "KV 107's of the Flygvapnet". Retrieved 15-December-2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  42. ^ "Boeing Vertol Hkp4B". Retrieved 15-December-2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  43. ^ "THAI AVIATION HISTORY". Retrieved 2012-12-14.
  44. ^ "New York Airways Boeing-Vertol V 107 N6672D". Retrieved 15-December-2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  45. ^ "US Navy retires UH-46D". Retrieved 15-December-2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  46. ^ "History of Construction Number 107". Retrieved 17-December-2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  47. ^ A Tailhook of a Different Kind... check-six.com
  48. ^ Frawley, Gerald. The International Directory of Military Aircraft, 2002/2003, p. 48. Fyshwick, ACT, Australia: Aerospace Publications, 2002. ISBN 1-875671-55-2.
  49. ^ Comox Air Force Museum (December 2009). "News". Retrieved 2 January 2012.
  50. ^ Display helicopters Kakamigahara Aerospace Science Museum
  51. ^ Museum Outline Kawasaki Good Times World
  52. ^ JA9555
  53. ^ National Air Force Museum of Canada (2010). "Labrador". Retrieved 3 October 2010.
  54. ^ Display aircraft JASDF Hamamatsu Air Base Publication Center
  55. ^ Aircraft at Museum. Aeroseum
Bibliography
  • Donald, David ed. "Boeing Vertol Model 107 (H-46 Sea Knight)", The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. Barnes & Nobel Books, 1997. ISBN 0-7607-0592-5.
  • Rottman, Gordon and Adam Hook. Vietnam Airmobile Warfare Tactics. Osprey Publishing, 2007. ISBN 1-84603-136-2.
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