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Agharta is a live double album by American jazz trumpeter and composer Miles Davis. It was recorded on the afternoon of February 1, 1975, at one of two concerts Davis performed at the Osaka Festival Hall in Japan; the evening show produced his 1976 live album Pangaea. He performed with his septet—flautist and saxophonist Sonny Fortune, bassist Michael Henderson, drummer Al Foster, percussionist James Mtume, guitarist Reggie Lucas, and Pete Cosey, who played guitar, synthesizer, and percussion.

The concert was recorded by Sony Records under the supervision of Teo Macero, who produced Agharta. Sony's Japanese division, who ultimately released the album, suggested the titular reference to Agharta, which is a version of the Hollow Earth theory of a mythological subterranean utopia. The album's artwork was done by Japanese artist Tadanori Yokoo and draws on both Eastern subterranean myths and Afrofuturism.

Agharta was first released in Japan in August 1975 after Davis had retired. The album's four seemingly unstructured segments emphasize the playing of Davis' sidemen rather than his own trumpet and eschew both melody and harmony in favor of a combination of riffs, crossing polyrhythms, and funk grooves for soloists to improvise throughout. Widely panned by contemporary music critics, the album has since received retrospective acclaim as an important and influential jazz-rock album. It was reissued by Columbia Records in 1991 and was remastered in 2009 as a part of Sony Legacy's Miles Davis: The Complete Columbia Album Collection.

Background

Festival Hall in Kita-ku, Osaka

After the release of his studio album Get Up with It and his poor showing in year-end magazine polls, Davis had felt that he was losing touch with audiences and listeners by the end of the 1974. He subsequently embarked on his first tour of Japan in 10 and a half years. Between January 22 and February 8, 1975, he played 14 concerts to capacity crowds in large-hall venues and earned enthusiastic reviews.[1] Japanese critic Keizo Takada praised Davis' band as "magnificent and energetic", and wrote that he "must be the genius of managing men and bringing out their hidden talent. He played his music with his band just as Duke Ellington did with his orchestra."[1]

At the time of his February 1 concert at Osaka Festival Hall, Davis was experiencing severe pain from his left hip, which had been operated on almost 10 years earlier.[2] He had been sick with pneumonia throughout the three-week tour of Japan and had a bleeding ulcer that grew worse, while his hip occasionally and unpredictably slipped out of its socket. During the tour, he was unable to work his wah-wah and volume pedals because of the pain in his legs, so he would go down on his knees to press them with his hand. To relieve his pain and continue performing, Davis used codeine and morphine, smoked, and drank large quantities of Heineken beer, and was able several times to perform two concerts in one day, as he did at Osaka Festival Hall.[3]

Recording and production

Sonny Fortune played both saxophone and flute at the show.

Davis' two concerts at the hall on February 1 were recorded and released as two double albums—Agharta was released in August 1975 in Japan and 1976 in North America; Pangaea was released in 1976.[4] The former was an afternoon show, and the latter was recorded in the evening.[5] They were recorded by Sony under the supervision of producer Teo Macero.[3]

The first concert began at 4:00 P.M.[3] Davis played both trumpet and organ, and led a septet that featured flautist and saxophonist Sonny Fortune, bassist Michael Henderson, drummer Al Foster, percussionist James Mtume, guitarist Reggie Lucas, and Pete Cosey, who played guitar, synthesizer, and percussion.[6] The first of their two sets at the concert included performances of "Tatu", "Agharta Prelude", and "Maiysha", which were titled as "Prelude (Part 1)", "Prelude (Part 2)", and "Maiysha", respectively, when they were released on Agharta.[3] "Prelude" was recorded over one and a half sides of the album.[2] The second set included "Right Off", "Ife", and "Wili", which were titled on the album as "Interlude" and "Theme from Jack Johnson", respectively.[3] The titles "Interlude" and "Theme from Jack Johnson" were erroneously reversed on the disc label's track listing and liner notes of all editions of Agharta.[6]

Composition

Agharta has a more aggressive and dynamic style than the atmospheric sound of Davis' previous electric albums.[7] Its music eschews melody and harmony, and is instead characterized by a combination of riffs, crossing polyrhythms, and funk grooves for soloists to improvise throughout.[8] As with Pangaea and Dark Magus (1977)—the two other live albums showcasing Lucas, Foster, Mtume, and Henderson—most of Agharta's music is arranged as generically titled medleys.[9] The album's four seemingly unstructured segments emphasize the playing of Davis' sidemen rather than his own trumpet.[10] In contrast to his previous recordings, the cadenzas throughout Agharta are dominated by Fortune and Cosey, who generated dissonance and feedback as often as possible.[3] The rhythmic direction of the compositions are occasionally interrupted by densely assembled layers of percussive and electronic effects, including repeated whirring sounds, synthesizer grinds, and guitar sounds run through a ring modulator.[11]

Agharta has been categorized as jazz-rock by music journalists Jim DeRogatis,[12] Andrzej Trzaskowski,[11] and Simon Reynolds.[13] According to The Wire magazine, the album's music "offers a drastic intensification of rock's three most radical aspects: space, timbre, and groove".[14] Music journalist Charles Shaar Murray asserted that Agharta invoked the influence of Jimi Hendrix on Davis' music more explicitly than any other of his albums. Murray felt that while Cosey drew on Hendrix's echoic, free jazz-inspired guitar improvisations and Lucas on his lyrical rhythm and blues songs, Davis played alternately succinct and expressive solos and unsentimental wails that suggested he was still mourning Hendrix's death.[15] By contrast, Martha Bayles of The New York Times felt that Davis albums such as Agharta, Pangaea, and Dark Magus "take little from jazz, apart from free improvisation (which Davis had spurned a decade earlier), and little from rock, apart from ear-bleeding volume and electronic instruments." She added that the music instead revealed Davis' affinity for minimalism and understated composition.[16] In response to others' categorizations of the music as jazz or rock, Davis insisted that he was simply exploring different directions in music.[17] He elaborated in jazz journalist Kiyoshi Koyama's liner notes for Agharta:

[My] music is strange. Why does it change so frequently? Is it because my life is always changing? My life could never be an open book, so there are many secrets in my music. People don't understand mode[s], Dorian mode, Phrygian mode, electronics, etc., just like they don't understand us. But it's okay, since they don't understand my music, they get surprised. Isn't it great that you can experience surprise through music?[18]

Agharta features approximately 50 breaks or stops in performance, which Davis directed by gesturing with his hand or head to the band. These stops served as dramatic turning points in the tension-release structure of the performances, which allowed the band to alternate between quiet passages and intense climaxes.[19] Lucas said that Davis applied the feel for dynamics he had developed earlier in his career playing jazz with a greater array of contrasts, including atonal and dissonant chords, and the contrast of his own bebop trumpet playing set against the band's James Brown-inspired funk rhythms: "Extreme textures and extreme volume were as much part of the pallete as the contrasting chord and rhythmic structures. Being equipped like a full rock band, we sometimes literally blew the walls out."[19]

Songs

"Prelude"
"Prelude" is based around a two-chord theme and directed by Davis from his organ.
Problems playing this file? See media help.

"Prelude" continued the intense groove lapses of Davis' earlier recordings of "Tatu" and "Rated X", but with more pronounced tonality and bass riffs, and more minimalist and repetitive playing by Davis, who was obscured by the rhythm section.[3] The composition is based around a two-chord theme.[2] It develops from a motif that Davis played on trumpet and alludes to it throughout the performance's disjunct rhythms. He directed the flow of the performance when behind his Yamaha organ and abruptly started and stopped the band to shift tempos.[20] At 1:28 in the track, Davis commands the first total stop by playing a dissonant, cacophonous figure on his organ. After a rhythm box at 1:44 makes the music's texture denser, Davis solos with rhythmic accents on his wah-wah trumpet and is followed by Fortune's dynamic, sonorous alto saxophone solo. Cosey's first guitar solo at 11:26 builds off of the last figure Fortune played.[19]

Cosey, who used a EMS Synthi A, said that his effects on the song, along with the rest of his guitar solos on the album, were improvised and that only the head of "Prelude" was rehearsed. According to Cosey, the composition was played at a slower tempo when he first joined Davis' band, but that they played it faster as they grew rapport with each other live: "[I]t was jetting by the second Japanese tour. We felt that line so that we could play it more or less in unison, even when Miles felt to change it. I was tracking him and feeling him to the point where I was on the same rhythm as him, so that when he played something that was a bit different I was right there with him and that knocked him out. He had that ability to transmit thoughts and ideas like that to his frontline guy."[21]

"Maiysha" features a samba theme played by Fortune on flute.[6] "Theme from Jack Johnson" opens with his longest turn on alto saxophone. After Lucas' guitar part, Fortune played a shuffle beat based on Henderson's walking bass line and Cosey's rhythm guitar. Henderson ended its long sequence by playing the ostinato from Davis' 1959 composition "So What", while Davis played an extended part on open trumpet.[2] "Interlude" is centered around Henderson's imposing, blues-derived bass line and accompanied by solo statements from the other musicians.[20]

Although the lengthy compositions appear to be randomly structured, the Italian Miles Davis scholar Enrico Merlin was able to identify the individual segments through an examination of what he called the 'coded phrases'.[22] During Agharta, these phrases are usually played by Miles on trumpet or organ and signify the end of one segment and the beginning of a new one. As a result, Enrico Merlin identified the individual musical segments as "Tatu," "Agharta Prelude," "Maiysha," "Right Off," "So What," "Ife, " and "Wili (=for Dave)." [23] In detail, the coded phrases in "Prelude" on Side 1 are noticeable at 2:36 when Davis first plays the "Tatu" theme on his trumpet, then at 22:01 when he plays the 8 note "Agharta Prelude" theme. The rhythm section hint at this shift earlier in the piece at the 16:37 and 18:45 mark, but only after Davis plays the second theme is the change from "Tatu" to "Agharta Prelude" obvious. The next track "Maiysha" is unusual as it is the only track on Agharta which doesn't appear to contain any coded phrases linking individual segments together. The bass riff to "Right Off" kicks off Side 2 of the album, and this particular segment continues until 13:37 when the band break into a rock shuffle. Acknowledging this shift, at the 13:46 mark Henderson can heard playing a variant of the "So What" theme, which Lucas then accompanies at the 16:20 mark. Davis, who, up to this point has sounded unwilling to accommodate this nostalgia trip finally joins in with the rest of the band after 16:51 and up to 17:23 when a 4 note organ riff signifies the end of the piece and the start of the next one. This next segment is instantly recognisable as the track "Ife" which continues until the 35.00 mark when the key of the piece switches to an A minor, and Davis plays the opening theme to "Wili". The pieces were sometimes changed almost beyond recognition from night to night, which led to the widespread misunderstanding that the music was mostly or entirely improvised. “But it wasn’t,” as Lucas asserts in Tingen's book. “We had a very defined compositional basis to start from and then elaborated on it in a very structured way, yet also in a very free way. We would play the same tunes, but the tunes were loosely structured. It allowed a lot of interaction between the rhythmic components to the band. We were improvising a lot more than just the notes that were being played in the solos; we were improvising the entire song as we went along. We would get incredible grooves going that would just continually evolve in the course of an evening, and over several performances. The band was a fantastic live unit. It was an improvisational unit, but it was a structured improvisation.” [24]

Title and packaging

The gatefold LP's back design by Tadanori Yokoo, who was inspired by ideas about the legendary city of Agharta

The album's title was proposed by Sony Japan.[3] Agharta is a mythological subterranean utopia that acts as a spiritual source of power.[25] It is one of several Eastern versions of the Hollow Earth theory, which proposed that an ancient high culture originally lived on Earth's surface but was forced to flee below because of political or geological circumstances. According to the theory, the highly spiritual and advanced beings of Agharta will save the Earth from materialism and destructive technology after a great cataclysm.[26] Agharta was first conceived by 19th-century French thinker Louis Jacolliot as a land ruled by an Ethiopian ruler, while Christian hermeticist Alexandre Saint-Yves d'Alveydre described it as "drowning in celestial radiances all visible distinctions of race in a single chromatic of light and sound, singularly removed from the usual notions of perspective and acoustics."[3]

Agharta's artwork draws on both Eastern subterranean myths and Afrofuturism. It was done by Japanese artist Tadanori Yokoo, who had been creating silkscreen prints on themes of Agharta and Shambhala the year before Davis' performance in Osaka,[26] including his cover for Carlos Santana's 1974 live album Lotus.[27] Yokoo had found his growing popularity in Japan distracting and moved to the United States, where he had more of his work published. Upon his return to Japan, he received a phone call from Davis, who had seen his work and wanted him to create an album cover for Agharta.[27] Although critics of the cover thought that he had been inspired by the psychedelic drugs popular at the time, Yokoo had listened to a tape of the live performance, meditated, and thought about his reading of Raymond W. Bernard's 1969 book The Hollow Earth.[28] However, he felt differently about the discussion of Agharta in the book, which said it existed in a large cavern in the center of the Earth: "[F]or me, Agharta could be down there under the sea like Atlantis or even hidden in the jungle like the lost city of El Dorado."[29]

The front cover depicts an advanced civilization with a vast landscape of skyscrapers,[29] and features red, sunburst-like flames that rise out of the cityscape and represent Agharta's power.[27] As with his previous work, Yokoo used a combination of collage, airbrushing, and painting techniques, but also used postcards he had collected from his trips to Tahiti and New York City. The cityscape on the front cover was taken from one of his postcards and used to depict Shambhala, the capital of Agharta.[27] The back cover was designed by Yokoo to show the city submerged in water, hovered over by a diver and fish, and embedded in coral reefs. A squid is shown ascending from it, and a UFO is either ascending or descending in a spotlight over the city.[29] According to graphic designers Storm Thorgerson and Aubrey Powell, Yakoo depicted groups of jellyfish, coral reefs, and brightly colored fish to suggest an association between Agharta and Atlantis. The inside packaging of the album featured images of winged, superhuman beings known as the Agharta supermen who guarded its entrances and secret tunnels.[28] The foreground of the back cover's painting shows a reptilian creature that alludes to similar ideas about Lemuria, a mythological continent in Earth's prehistory inhabited by an advanced civilization that was forced under the Earth's surface after its homeland was destroyed by the Great Deluge.[29] The original album's gatefold sleeve included an inscription that elaborated on Yokoo's imagery:

During various periods in history the supermen of Agharta came to the surface of Earth to teach the human race how to live together in peace and save us from wars, catastrophe, and destruction. The apparent sighting of several flying saucers soon after the bombing of Hiroshima may represent one visitation. The UFO shown here symbolizes a similar connection.[29]

Agharta's 1976 North American release had different artwork designed by Columbia Records art director John Berg.[30] The liner notes for the 1976 release stated that the album should be listened to at the highest possible volume.[31]

Critical reception

Professional ratings
Retrospective reviews
Review scores
SourceRating
AllMusic[8]
Robert ChristgauA[10]
Down Beat[20]
The Penguin Guide to Jazz[32]
The Rolling Stone Album Guide[33]
Sputnikmusic4.5/5[7]

Agharta was panned by music critics when it was originally released in 1975.[34] It was the most widely panned of Davis' double albums during the 1970s.[10] In a contemporary review for The New York Times, Robert Palmer said that the album is marred by long stretches of "sloppy, one-chord jams" and disjointed sounds, and that the music's banality is clearly rendered by the impeccable Japanese engineering. Palmer also said that Davis' wah-wah pedal deprives him of his phrasing and criticized the band as poor "by rock standards", particularly Cosey, whose overamplified lead guitar "whines and rumbles like a noisy machine shop" and relegates Lucas to background riffs.[35] In a positive review, Nathan Cobb of The Boston Globe said that its music is "a kind of firestorm for the '70s" with a "positively cosmic" rhythmic foundation and that Davis "remains the one who leads the others through the unknown waters of electronic jazz rock."[36]

Gary Giddins wrote an angrily dismissive review of the album for The Village Voice. A few days after it was published, he was sent a package full of large Q-tips, industrial-strength scouring pads, and a card that read: "The next time you review Miles Davis clean out your head."[37] Although he initially dismissed both the sender and Davis' direction, Giddins later wrote that Agharta became one of his favorite albums from Davis' electric period and ultimately praised the dramatic themes and relentless tension of the music: "[T]here really is not a moment when the music fails to reflect the ministrations of the sorcerer himself."[38] In his 1981 review of the album, Robert Christgau called Agharta "angry, dissociated, funky, and the best Davis music since Jack Johnson." He commended Foster for "moving from body to spirit rhythms in an effortless, guileless show of chops", Fortune for "the best reed playing on a Davis record in this decade", and praised Cosey as "simply astonishing—the noises he produces for the second half of side one comprise some of the greatest free improvisations ever heard in a 'jazz'-'rock' context."[10]

Legacy and influence

Back in the mid-1970's, fans who had formed emotional attachments to the moody soundscapes of Filles de Kilimanjaro and In a Silent Way had trouble adjusting to the electronic firestorms of Agharta. While Mr. Davis was being treated for two broken legs and a bone disease, a newer generation of listeners and musicians was inspired by the abrasive music his last band of the 70's had recorded.

— Robert Palmer, 1985[39]

Agharta was released after Davis had retired in 1975.[40] It was his last album of original material for five years.[41] Despite being one of his lesser-known albums, Agharta belonged to a musical period in Davis' career that influenced subsequent groups in the British jazz scene and Norwegian musicians such as Bugge Wesseltoft.[42] Both Agharta and Davis' 1972 album On the Corner were major influences for the Beastie Boys on their 1994 album Ill Communication.[13] Mtume said that Agharta was the culmination of Davis' electric experiments beginning with On the Corner,[19] while jazz guitarist Henry Kaiser said that the best band performance of jazz's electric era was on Agharta.[43] Phil Alexander of Mojo magazine likened the album's electronic aesthetic to that of Stockhausen: "Agharta is both ambient yet thrashing, melodic yet coruscating."[5] AllMusic's Thom Jurek said that it is inarguably the "greatest electric funk-rock jazz record" and "there is simply nothing like Agharta in the canon of recorded music."[8]

In January 1991, Agharta was reissued in the United States by Columbia Records.[44] Writer Paul Tingen found the CD dull and flat-sounding compared to the original LP, which he said "sounded infinitely better, with more punch, dynamics, depth, aliveness, and clarity. Had the CD been my first introduction, I might never have liked the album much."[45] Of the music, he said that Cosey's solos are amazingly revealing and still ahead of their time when heard in the 21st century: "Sometimes growling, scurrying around all corners like a caged tiger, sometimes soaring like a bird, sometimes deliriously abstract, sometimes elegantly melodic and tender, his electric guitar concept is one of the most original to have been devised on the instrument."[46] In a review of its reissue, Down Beat magazine's Bill Milkowski called Agharta an important electric music album that inspired an entire generation of musicians to focus on cathartic playing rather than precise instrumentation and musical notes. He credited Cosey's excursive style for "spawning an entire school of 'sick' guitar playing" and claimed that the combination of Fortune's acerbic sax lines atop Foster, Henderson, and Lucas' syncopated grooves predated Steve Coleman and Greg Osby's M-Base experiements by a decade.[20] Sputnikmusic's Hernan M. Campbell felt that while each musician is extremely dexterous, Cosey is the highlight because of his Hendrix-like deployment of electrical distortion.[7]

In his reassessment of Davis' career, music journalist Richard Cook cited Agharta as among his best works.[47] Davis biographer Jack Chambers said that it is superior to most of the other music from his electric period,[6] and that its "Maiysha" and "Jack Johnson" segments "magically bring into focus the musical forces over which many thought Davis had lost control."[40] In The Rolling Stone Album Guide (2004), J. D. Considine wrote that the album's "alternately audacious, poetic, hypnotic, and abrasive" music has endured better than Davis' other concert recordings from the 1970s.[48] In 2009, Agharta was one of 52 albums by Davis that were remastered and released in mini-LP sleeves as a part of Sony Legacy's Miles Davis: The Complete Columbia Album Collection.[49]

Track listing

All compositions by Miles Davis.[50]

2006 mini-LP edition

Disc one[52]
  1. "Prelude" – 32:31
  2. "Maiysha" – 13:10
Disc two
  1. "Interlude/Theme from Jack Johnson" – 60:55

Personnel

Credits are adapted from the album's liner notes.[52]

Musicians

Production

  • Takaaki Amano – assistant engineering
  • Shigeo Anzai – photography
  • John Berg – artwork (North American release)[30]
  • Mitsuru Kasai – assistant engineering
  • Kiyoshia Koyama – liner notes
  • Yoshihiro Kumagai – liner notes
  • Teo Macero – production
  • Tadayuki Naitoh – photography
  • Keiichi Nakamura – album direction
  • Tamoo Suzuki – engineering
  • Tadanori Yokoo – artwork

Charts

Chart (1976)[53] Peak
position
U.S. Billboard 200 158
U.S. Top Jazz Albums (Billboard) 16
Chart (2006) Peak
position
Japanese Albums Chart[54] 243

References

  1. ^ a b Chambers 1998, p. 274.
  2. ^ a b c d Chambers 1998, p. 276.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Szwed 2004, p. 342.
  4. ^ Chambers 1998, pp. 274–5.
  5. ^ a b Alexander, Phil (December 27, 2007). "Miles Davis – Disc of the day". Mojo. London. Archived from the original on May 22, 2010. Retrieved November 20, 2012. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ a b c d e Chambers 1998, p. 275.
  7. ^ a b c Campbell, Herman M. (May 26, 2012). "Review: Miles Davis – Agharta". Sputnikmusic. Archived from the original on August 11, 2013. Retrieved November 20, 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ a b c Jurek, Thom. "Agharta – Miles Davis". AllMusic. Rovi Corporation. Archived from the original on August 11, 2013. Retrieved November 20, 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ Tingen 2001, p. 151.
  10. ^ a b c d Christgau 1981, p. 103.
  11. ^ a b Trzaskowski, Andrzej (1976). Jazz Forum: The Magazine of the International Jazz Federation: 74. Most of the selections are kept in the rock-jazz climate with the rhythm course being interrupted now and again by an overflowing patch of accumulated layers of electronic and percussive effects (Theme from Jack Johnson, Prelude). In fact, electronic effects appear repeatedly in the form of 'bruitistic' whizzes and grinds of the synthi resembling a buzz saw and of the guitar steered through a ring modulator. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  12. ^ DeRogatis, Jim (July 13, 2001). "Vans Warped Tour stays true to its roots". Chicago Sun-Times. p. 5. Retrieved November 20, 2012. the jazz-rock fusion of Miles Davis circa 'Pangea' and 'Agharta'
  13. ^ a b Reynolds 2011, p. 182.
  14. ^ The Wire (161). London: 60. July 1997. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  15. ^ Murray 1991, p. 202.
  16. ^ Bayles, Martha (May 13, 2001). "Miles Davis: The Chameleon of Cool; An Innovator With Dueling Ambitions". The New York Times. p. 3. Archived from the original on August 11, 2013. Retrieved November 20, 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ Wilson, Calvin (December 14, 2003). "Legendary Trumpeter Was Musical Genius". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. p. 60. Retrieved November 20, 2012. (subscription required)
  18. ^ Szwed 2004, pp. 342–3.
  19. ^ a b c d Tingen 2001, p. 163.
  20. ^ a b c d Milkowski, Bill (July 1991). "Review: Agharta". Down Beat. Chicago.
  21. ^ "Interview: Pete Cosey". TheLastMiles.com. Retrieved November 20, 2012.
  22. ^ Losin, Peter. MilesAhead/CodeMD.html "Code MD: Coded Phrases in the First "Electric Period"". Miles Ahead. Peter Losin. Retrieved March 6, 2014. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  23. ^ Tingen 2001, p. 328.
  24. ^ Tingen 2001, p. 152.
  25. ^ Tingen, Paul (May 1998). "Bill Laswell: Re-shaping the Music of Miles Davis". Sound on Sound. Cambridge. Archived from the original on August 11, 2013. Retrieved November 20, 2012. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  26. ^ a b Berressem, Bucher & Schwagmeier 2012, p. 109.
  27. ^ a b c d Thorgerson & Powell 1999, p. 21.
  28. ^ a b Thorgerson & Powell 1999, p. 20.
  29. ^ a b c d e Berressem, Bucher & Schwagmeier 2012, p. 110.
  30. ^ a b Agharta (gatefold LP). Columbia Records. 1976. {{cite AV media notes}}: Unknown parameter |artist= ignored (|others= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |publisherid= ignored (help)
  31. ^ Mandel 2007, p. 82.
  32. ^ Cook & Morton 1992, p. 272.
  33. ^ Considine et al. 2004, p. 215.
  34. ^ French, Alex (December 23, 2009). "We Want Miles: The Q". GQ. Retrieved November 20, 2012.
  35. ^ Palmer, Robert (April 4, 1976). "A Jazz Giant Explores Rock". The New York Times. Arts & Leisure-Recordings section, p. REC2. Retrieved November 20, 2012. (subscription required)
  36. ^ Cobb, Nathan (February 26, 1976). "Sound". The Boston Globe. p. A8. Retrieved November 20, 2012. (subscription required)
  37. ^ Giddins 2006, p. 186.
  38. ^ Giddins 2006, pp. 186–7.
  39. ^ Palmer, Robert (May 26, 1985). "Miles Davis Revives His Bad-Guy Image with a Pop Album". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 11, 2013. Retrieved November 20, 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  40. ^ a b Chambers 1998, p. 234.
  41. ^ "Miles Davis Biography". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on February 23, 2014. Retrieved November 20, 2012.
  42. ^ Graham, Stephen (September 21, 2009). "Miles Electric Bassist Michael Henderson Begins Three-Night Stint At Ronnie Scott's". Jazzwise. London. Archived from the original on August 11, 2013. Retrieved November 20, 2012. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  43. ^ Higgins, Jim (May 27, 2001). "Miles of Electricity". Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel. Retrieved November 20, 2012. (subscription required)
  44. ^ Schwann Spectrum. 4 (4): 329. 1993. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  45. ^ Tingen 2001, p. 142.
  46. ^ Milkowski, Bill (July/August 2007). "Pete Cosey: Guitar Catharsis". JazzTimes. Retrieved November 20, 2012. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  47. ^ Greenlee, Steve (March 4, 2007). "Reassessing the man with the horn". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on August 11, 2013. Retrieved November 20, 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  48. ^ Considine et al. 2004, p. 219.
  49. ^ Barton, Chris (November 28, 2009). "Miles and miles of Davis in career retrospective". Orlando Sentinel. Archived from the original on August 11, 2013. Retrieved November 20, 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  50. ^ Agharta (gatefold LP). CBS/Sony. 1975. {{cite AV media notes}}: Unknown parameter |artist= ignored (|others= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |publisherid= ignored (help)
  51. ^ Agharta (CD reissue booklet). Columbia Records. 1991. {{cite AV media notes}}: Unknown parameter |artist= ignored (|others= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |publisherid= ignored (help)
  52. ^ a b Agharta (DSD mini-LP liner notes). Sony Music Japan. 2006. {{cite AV media notes}}: Unknown parameter |artist= ignored (|others= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |publisherid= ignored (help)
  53. ^ "Agharta – Miles Davis : Awards". AllMusic. Archived from the original on August 11, 2013. Retrieved November 20, 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  54. ^ "マイルス・デイビスのアルバム売り上げランキング" (in Japanese). Oricon. Archived from the original on August 11, 2013. Retrieved November 20, 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
Footnote
  1. ^ "Theme from Jack Johnson" starts side three, not side four as erroneously listed.[6]

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

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