Jump to content

Boeing 747-8

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Reub2000 (talk | contribs) at 20:11, 2 April 2014 (→Flight testing and certification: clarify the QC comment). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Boeing 747-8
Boeing 747-8F during the 747-8's maiden flight on February 8, 2010
Role Wide-body jet airliner
National origin United States
Manufacturer Boeing Commercial Airplanes
First flight 747-8F: February 8, 2010
747-8I: March 20, 2011
Introduction 747-8F: October 12, 2011, with Cargolux
747-8I: June 1, 2012, with Lufthansa
Status In service
Primary users Cathay Pacific Cargo
Atlas Air
Cargolux Airlines
Lufthansa
Produced 2008–present
Number built 64 delivered as of December 2013[1]
Developed from Boeing 747-400

The Boeing 747-8 is a wide-body jet airliner developed by Boeing Commercial Airplanes. Officially announced in 2005, the 747-8 is the third-generation Boeing 747 version, with lengthened fuselage, redesigned wings, and improved efficiency. The 747-8 is the largest 747 version, the largest commercial aircraft built in the United States, and the longest passenger aircraft in the world.[2]

The 747-8 is offered in two main variants: the 747-8 Intercontinental (747-8I) for passengers and the 747-8 Freighter (747-8F) for cargo. The first 747-8F performed the model's maiden flight on February 8, 2010, with the 747-8 Intercontinental following on March 20, 2011. Delivery of the first freighter aircraft occurred in October 2011 and the passenger model began deliveries in 2012. In December 2013, confirmed orders for the 747-8 totaled 119, including 68 of the freighter version, and 51 of the passenger version.

Development

Background

Main article: Boeing 747

Boeing had considered larger-capacity versions of the 747 several times during the 1990s and 2000s.[3] The 747-500X and −600X, proposed at the 1996 Farnborough Airshow, would have stretched the 747 and used a 777-derived wing,[3] but did not attract enough interest to enter development. In 2000, Boeing offered the 747X and 747X Stretch derivatives as alternatives to the Airbus A3XX. This was a more modest proposal than the previous −500X and −600X. The 747X would increase the 747's wingspan to 229 ft (69.8 m) by adding a segment at the root.[4] The 747X was to carry 430 passengers up to 8,700 nmi (16,100 km). The 747X Stretch would be extended to 263 ft (80.2 m) long, allowing it to carry 500 passengers up to 7,800 nmi (14,400 km).[4] However, the 747X family was unable to attract enough interest to enter production. Some of the ideas developed for the 747X were used on the 747-400ER.[5]

Boeing's Everett Facility at Paine Field, originally built for the 747 program, has also become the site of 747-8 assembly.

After the 747X program, Boeing continued to study improvements to the 747. The 747-400XQLR (Quiet Long Range) was meant to have an increased range of 7,980 nmi (14,780 km), with better fuel efficiency and reduced noise.[6] Changes studied included raked wingtips similar to those used on the 767-400ER and a sawtooth engine nacelle for noise reduction.[7] Although the 747-400XQLR did not move to production, many of its features were used for the 747 Advanced.

In early 2004, Boeing announced tentative plans for the 747 Advanced that were eventually adopted. Similar in nature to the 747X, the stretched 747 Advanced used technology from the Boeing 787 Dreamliner to modernize the design and its systems.[8] On November 14, 2005, Boeing announced that it was launching the 747 Advanced as the "Boeing 747-8".[9]

Design effort

The 747-8 was designed to be the first lengthened 747 to go into production. The 747-8 and 747SP are the only 747 variants with a fuselage of modified length. The 747-8 was intended to use the same engine and cockpit technology as that of the 787, including the General Electric GEnx turbofan and partial fly-by-wire.[10] Boeing said that the new design would be quieter, more economical, and more environmentally friendly than previous versions of the 747. As a derivative of the already-common 747-400, the 747-8 has the economic benefit of similar training and interchangeable parts. Boeing firmed the 747-8 Freighter's configuration in October 2006.[11]

The 747-8, as the current new development of Boeing's largest airliner, is notably in direct competition on long-haul routes with the Airbus A380, a full-length double-deck aircraft now in service. For airlines seeking very large passenger airliners, the two have been pitched as competitors on various occasions. Boeing states that the 747-8 is more than 10 percent lighter per seat and is to consume 11 percent less fuel per passenger than the A380, translating into a trip-cost reduction of 21 percent and a seat-mile cost reduction of over 6 percent.[12]

Production of the first 747-8 Freighter began in Everett in early August 2008.[13][14] On November 14, 2008, Boeing announced a delay to the 747-8 program, citing limited availability of engineering resources within Boeing, design changes, and the recent strike by factory workers.[15][16][17] On July 21, 2009, Boeing released a photograph of the first cargo airplane, its fuselage and main wing assembled.[18]

The 747-8 landing gear configuration is the same as on earlier 747 versions

In February 2009, only one airline customer (Lufthansa) had ordered the 747-8I passenger model, and Boeing announced it was reassessing the 747-8 project. Chief executive Jim McNerney stated that continuation of the project was not a foregone conclusion. The company was assessing various options.[19][20]

In October 2009, Boeing announced that it had delayed the first flight on the 747-8 until first quarter 2010 and delayed 747-8I delivery. The company took a US$1-billion charge against its earnings for this delay.[21][22][23] In response, launch customer Cargolux stated it still intended to take delivery of the thirteen freighters it had ordered; Lufthansa confirmed its commitment to the passenger version.[24] On November 12, 2009, Boeing announced that Cargolux's first airplane was fully assembled and entering the Everett plant's paint shop. It will undergo flight testing prior to delivery.[25]

On December 4, 2009, Korean Air became the second airline customer for the −8I passenger model, with an order for five airliners.[26][27] On January 8, 2010, Guggenheim Aviation Partners (GAP) announced the reduction of its −8F order from four to two aircraft.[28] In March 2011, Korean Air converted options into a firm order for two additional −8 freighters.[29][30]

On April 21, 2010, Boeing chief executive officer Jim McNerney announced that the company would be accelerating the production of both the Boeing 747 and 777 to support increasing customer demand.[31]

Flight testing and certification

Boeing 747-8 flight deck

The 747-8's first engine runs were completed in December 2009.[32] Boeing announced the new model had successfully completed high-speed taxi tests on February 7, 2010.[33] On February 8, 2010, after a 2.5-hour weather delay, the 747-8 Freighter made its maiden flight, taking off from Paine Field, Washington at 12:39 PST,[34] and landed at 4:18 pm PST.[35] Boeing estimated that more than 1,600 flight hours would be needed in order to certify the 747-8.[36] The second test flight in late February, a ferry flight to Moses Lake, Washington, tested new navigation equipment.[37] Further flight testing was to take place in Moses Lake, conducting initial airworthiness and flutter tests, before moving to Palmdale, California, for the majority of flight tests, so as to not interfere with 787 flight tests based out of Boeing Field in Seattle.[38]

By March 11, 2010, the 747-8F had flown thirteen flights for a total of 33 hours of flying time.[39] On March 15, 2010, the second 747-8F first flew from Paine Field to Boeing Field, where it was briefly based before moving to Palmdale to continue flight testing with the first −8F.[40] On March 17 the third −8F made its first flight and joined the test program.[41] Boeing planned to display the 747-8F at the 2010 Farnborough Airshow, along with the 787, although appearances by both aircraft are contingent on flight testing remaining on schedule.[42][needs update]

The prototype 747-8F during flight testing

During the flight tests, Boeing discovered a buffet problem with the aircraft, involving turbulence coming off the landing gear doors interfering with the inboard flaps. Boeing undertook an evaluation of the issue, which included devoting the third test aircraft to investigating the problem.[43] The issue was resolved by a design change to the outboard main landing gear doors.[44] In early April 2010, Boeing identified a possible defect in a part at the top of the fuselage called a longeron. According to Boeing, the parts, manufactured by subcontractor Vought Aircraft Industries, are, under certain loads, susceptible to cracking. Boeing said that the issue would not affect flight testing, but other sources stated that the problem could impact the operating envelope of the aircraft until it is fully repaired.[45] Two other problems have been found, with oscillation in the inboard aileron, and a structural flutter, and have not yet been resolved. Combined, these problems have slowed flight testing and used up almost all the margin in Boeing's development schedule.[46]

On April 19, 2010, the second flight-test aircraft was moved from Moses Lake to Palmdale to conduct tests on the aircraft's engines in preparation for obtaining a type certification for the aircraft. The remaining aircraft in the test fleet are scheduled to be moved to Palmdale during May.[47] It was reported on June 3, 2010, that an engine on the second 747-8F was struck by a tug during a ground move. The engine cowling was damaged, but there was no damage to the engine itself. After repairs the aircraft is to perform fuel efficiency testing.[48] It was announced on June 14, 2010, that the 747-8 had completed the initial phase of flight-worthiness testing and that the FAA had given Boeing an expanded type inspection authorization for the aircraft.[49]

Cargolux's first Boeing 747-8F in flight over Fresno, California

By the end of June 2010, the three 747-8Fs that composed the flight-test program had flown a total of over 500 hours and had completed hot-weather testing in Arizona.[50] In June 2010, Boeing determined that a fourth −8F aircraft was needed to help complete flight testing. It was decided to use the second production aircraft, RC503, to conduct the non-instrumented or minimally-instrumented tests, such as HIRF and Water Spray Certifications.[51][52] The aircraft, painted in delivery customer Cargolux's new livery, first flew on July 23, 2010.[53]

On August 21, 2010, the 747-8F proved its capability by taking off from the runway at Victorville, California, weighing 1,005,000 pounds (455,860 kg). Its design maximum take-off weight (MTOW) is 975,000 pounds (442,253 kg). The fifth 747-8F joined the flight-test effort with its first flight on February 3, 2011.[54] On September 30, 2010, Boeing announced a further postponement, with the delivery of the first freighter to Cargolux planned for mid-2011.[55][56]

The 747-8I passenger variant took to the skies over Everett, Washington, for the first time on March 20, 2011.[57] The second 747-8I flew on April 26, 2011.[58] Three 747-8I aircraft have taken part in flight testing by December 2011.[59]

The 747-8F received its amended type certificate jointly from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) on August 19, 2011. Freighter deliveries were to begin on September 19, 2011.[60][61] Then on September 17, 2011, Cargolux announced that it would not accept the first two 747-8Fs scheduled for delivery on September 19 and 21, 2011, due to "unresolved contractual issues between Boeing and Cargolux" with the aircraft.[62][63]

On October 25, 2011, the 747-8I flew to Grantley Adams International Airport in Barbados to begin flight testing in the tropical climate of the Caribbean to determine its effects on the aircraft. The Boeing 787 Dreamliner performed similar testing at Barbados the previous week.[64][65][66] One test −8I was used for an evaluation by Lufthansa in early December 2011 before first delivery in early 2012.[59] On December 14, 2011, the 747-8I received its type certificate from the FAA.[67][68]

The 747-8 has an airport Quota Count of 2 for takeoff and 1 for landing,[69] permitting night operations at London Heathrow Airport.

Entry into service

After resolving their contractual issues, Boeing handed over the first 747-8F to Cargolux in Everett, Washington, on October 12, 2011. The freighter then flew to Seattle–Tacoma International Airport and picked up cargo before flying to Luxembourg.[70]

Lufthansa received its first 747-8I on May 5, 2012, and began operating the 747-8I on flights from Frankfurt to Washington, D.C., on June 1, 2012.[71] Flights from Frankfurt to Delhi, Bangalore, Chicago and Los Angeles are to be added later.[72] On September 15, 2012, the United States' National Transportation Safety Board requested the grounding of GE-powered 747-8s and 787s until engines receive inspections following cracks discovered in three GEnx engines.[73]

On January 27, 2013, the 747-8 fleet reached the 100,000 hours mark.[74] The 747-8 production rate was decreased from 2 to 1.75 aircraft per month and in April 2013 and then reduced further to 1.5 aircraft per month in October 2013.[75]

The future for the 747-8 passenger version seems limited. Boeing's own 787 model delivers greater operational savings than the 747-8 (mainly in fuel costs), and the 787's smaller size makes it a better fit for many air routes, particularly high-volume routes where schedule convenience can deliver competitive advantages.[76][77] But its large cargo space, coupled with the growing worldwide demand for efficient air cargo transport, suggest that the 747-8 cargo version may have a strong future.[78][79]

Design

File:Boeing 747-8 Test Planes in Assembly.jpg
Boeing 747-8 wing-fuselage sections during final assembly

The 747-8 is a development of the Boeing 747 that takes advantage of improvements in technology and aerodynamics. The two 747-8 variants feature a fuselage stretch of 18.3 ft (5.6 m) over the 747-400, bringing the total length to 250 ft 2 in (76.25 m). The 747-8 is the world's longest passenger airliner, surpassing the Airbus A340-600 by approximately 3 ft (0.91 m).[2][80] With a maximum take-off weight of 975,000 lb (442,000 kg),[81] the 747-8 is the heaviest aircraft, commercial or military, manufactured in the United States.[80]

Compared to the 747-400, the main changes have been on the wings, which have undergone a complete design overhaul. The sweep and basic structure has been kept to contain costs, but the wing is thicker and deeper, with the aerodynamics recalculated. The pressure distribution and bending moments are different, and the new wing for the passenger version holds 64,225 US gal (243,120 L) of jet fuel, and the cargo aircraft 60,925 US gal (230,630 L).[81] The increased wing span makes the 747-8 a Category F plane rather than a Category E plane,[82] similar to the Airbus A380.[83] The new wing features single-slotted outboard flaps and double-slotted inboard flaps.[84]

The General Electric GEnx engine for the 747-8/787 on display at the 2009 Paris Air Show

Raked wingtips, similar to the ones used on the 777-200LR, 777-300ER, and 787 aircraft, are used on the new 747 variant instead of winglets used on the 747-400.[85][86] These wingtip structures help reduce the wingtip vortices at the lateral edges of the wings, decreasing wake turbulence and drag, and thereby improving fuel efficiency. Another effort to reduce weight is the introduction of fly-by-wire technology for the majority of the lateral controls.[10]

The extra fuel capacity in the redesigned wing compared to the 747-400 eliminates the need to significantly change the horizontal tail unit to accommodate auxiliary tanks, further saving costs.[87] The 747-8's vertical tail unit is largely unchanged with a height of 63 feet 6 inches (19.35 m).[81] The lower rudder has changed from single-jointed to double-jointed in order to increase its effect in the event of 2 engines failing on the same side.[citation needed] Some carbon fiber-reinforced plastic is used in the 747-8's airframe to reduce weight. However, structural changes are mostly evolutionary, rather than revolutionary with respect to the 747-400.[citation needed]

The General Electric GEnx is the only engine available for the 747-8. It is one of the two powerplant choices offered for the Boeing 787. The 747 engine variant has been adapted to provide bleed air for conventional airplane systems and feature a smaller diameter to fit on the 747 wing. The flight tests of the GEnx 2b engine fitted to a Boeing 747-100 aircraft at the left inner engine began in March 2009.[88]

Variants

747-8 Freighter

The Boeing 747-8F during flight testing at Everett, Washington

The 747 has proven to be a very popular freighter, carrying around half of the world's air freight.[89] To maintain this position, Boeing designed a freight variant of the 747-8, named the 747-8 Freighter or 747-8F. The company launched the freighter version on November 14, 2005.[90] The 747-8F is the initial model to enter service. As on the 747-400F, the upper deck is shorter than passenger models; the 18 feet 3+1⁄2 inches (5.575 m) stretch is just before and just aft of the wing. With a 975,000 lb (442,000 kg) maximum take-off weight, it is to have a total payload capability of 308,000 lb (140,000 kg) and a range of 4,390 nmi (8,130 km).[91] Four extra pallet spaces were created on the main deck, with either two extra containers and two extra pallets, or three extra pallets, on the lower deck.[18] The 747-8F is expected to achieve a 16% lower ton-mile operating cost than the 747-400F and offer a slightly greater range.[92]

The first 747-8 Freighter at the fuel dock of Boeing's Everett Plant

The 747-8F is to have more payload capacity but less range than the current 747-400ERF. When Boeing launched the −400ERF, all of the 35,000 lb (16,000 kg) increase over the 747-400F's maximum take-off weight (MTOW) of 875,000 lb (397,000 kg) allowed for greater range with the same landing weight as the 747-400F. Cargo carriers often move machinery or indivisible loads that require a higher payload and landing capability. As is common with cargo planes, range is given with maximum payload, not maximum fuel. The 747-8's 65,000 lb (29,000 kg) MTOW increase over the -400ERF has been directed exclusively to its Zero-Fuel weight or payload capacity. If taking off at maximum payload, the 747-8 takes off with its tanks not full. On trips where the payload is not at maximum, the plane can take on more fuel and extend its range.

Cargolux and Nippon Cargo Airlines were the first customers for the 747-8, placing orders for the freighter variant in November 2005.[1] The firm configuration of the aircraft was finalized in October 2006.[93] Major assembly of the aircraft began on August 8, 2008,[14] and the aircraft first left Boeing's Everett factory on November 12, 2009.[94] The first aircraft was delivered on October 12, 2011, to Cargolux.[95] At its six-month service mark, Boeing announced that initial 747-8F operators had achieved a 1-percent reduction in fuel burn over projections.[96] Nippon Cargo's business suffers from a slow market, and several of its new 747-8F aircraft are parked long-term in the Arizona Desert rather than carrying freight.[75]

747-8 Intercontinental

The prototype Boeing 747-8 Intercontinental on a test flight

The passenger version, named 747-8 Intercontinental or 747-8I was formally launched on November 14, 2005, by Boeing.[97] It can carry up to 467 passengers in a typical three-class configuration over 8,000 nmi (15,000 km) at Mach 0.855. The 747-8I can carry 51 more passengers and two more freight pallets with 26% more cargo volume than the 747-400.[92] Despite initial plans for a shorter stretch than the freighter model, the two variants were set at the same length, increasing passenger capacity and allowing easier modification of the 747-8I to freighter use.[98] The upper deck is lengthened on the −8I.[99] New engine technology and aerodynamic modifications allow longer range. Boeing has stated that compared to the 747-400, the −8I is to be 30% quieter, 16% more fuel-efficient, and have 13% lower seat-mile costs with nearly the same cost per trip.[100]

Main deck seating on the 747-8 Intercontinental

For the 747-8, Boeing has proposed some changes to the interior layout of the aircraft. Most noticeable is the curved stairway to the upper deck and a more spacious main passenger entrance.[101] The 747-8's main cabin uses an interior similar to that of the 787. Overhead bins are curved, and the center row is designed to look as though it is attached to the curved ceiling, rather than integrated into the ceiling's curve like on the 777. The windows are also of similar size to the type used on the 777, which are 8% larger than those on the current 747-400s. The 747-8 features a new solid-state light-emitting diode (LED) lighting system, which can create mood lighting.[99] LED technology also offers improved reliability and lower maintenance costs.

Boeing 747-8 Intercontinental upper deck staircase and skylight

Further down the aircraft, it has been proposed to place cabin-accessible facilities in the "crown" area, the space above the passenger cabin, previously used for air-conditioning ducts and wiring. The wiring and ducts are moved to the side to create extra space; as a consequence, this area will not have windows. The added space can be used for galleys and crew rest areas, freeing up main deck space for additional passenger seating.

During the initial 747-8 marketing phase, Boeing also proposed creating a revenue-generating "SkyLoft" passenger facility in the crown space. This facility would include "SkySuites", small individual compartments with sliding doors or curtains, featuring beds, seating, and entertainment or business equipment. A common lounge area could also be provided. Boeing also proposed smaller, more modest "SkyBunks". Access to the crown area would be via a separate stairway at the rear of the aircraft. Passengers using the SkySuites, sold at a premium price, would sit in regular economy class seats for take-off and landing, and move to the crown area during flight. However, pricing feasibility studies found the SkyLoft concept difficult to justify. In 2007, Boeing dropped the SkyLoft concept in favor of upper-deck galley storage options, which were favored by the airlines.[102] Outfitting the crown space for sleeping remains an option on VIP aircraft,[103] and the first BBJ 747-8 with AeroLoft was produced in 2012.[104][105]

The first order for the 747-8 Intercontinental was placed by an undisclosed VIP customer in May 2006.[106][107] Lufthansa became the first airline to order the 747-8 Intercontinental on December 6, 2006.[108] In December 2009, Korean Air announced the order of five 747-8Is.[26][27] Boeing stated firm configuration for the −8I was reached in November 2007.[109]

A Boeing 747-8 Intercontinental of launch customer Lufthansa shortly after take-off

Major assembly of the first 747-8I began on May 8, 2010.[100] The final body join occurred on October 15, 2010, slightly ahead of the projected schedule.[110] Assembly of first 747-8I was completed in February 2011, before being unveiled at a rollout ceremony in Everett, Washington on February 13, 2011.[111][112] At the time, deliveries were set to begin in late 2011.[113]

Gauntlet ground testing of the −8I, which tests systems by simulating flight conditions, took place on March 12 and 13, 2011.[113] The 747-8I's first flight occurred on March 20, 2011 from Paine Field in Everett, Washington.[114] The second 747-8I first flew the following month.[58] Following a flight test program the 747-8I was FAA certified on December 14, 2011.[115] At that time, −8I deliveries were planned to begin in early 2012.[59][67]

To prevent a chance of aeroelastic flutter, the 747-8I's fuel tanks in the horizontal stabilizers will be closed off to prevent their use until the issue can be resolved. This will reduce its range by 550–930 km.[116] On December 18, 2013 Boeing announced that a series of new performance packages will allow for the reactivation of the tail fuel tanks starting no later then early 2014. Older 747-8s can also be retrofitted with them.[117] The first 747-8 Intercontinental was delivered to a VIP customer on February 28, 2012. It is to be outfitted with a VIP interior before entering service in 2014.[118] The first 747-8I was delivered in May and began commercial service on June 1, 2012, with Lufthansa.[72]

Presidential aircraft replacement

The United States Air Force is seeking to upgrade Air Force One by replacing the Boeing VC-25 (two heavily modified 747-200Bs).[119] Boeing is reported to be exploring a 747-8 proposal, along with a Boeing 787 Dreamliner variant.[120] In 2010, South Korea government sources indicated that the country was considering purchasing the 747-8 to serve as the country's presidential aircraft.[121]

Operators

See also: List of Boeing 747 operators

A total of 44 Boeing 747-8 aircraft were in airline service as of July 2013, with Cathay Pacific Cargo (9), Cargolux (8), Lufthansa (8), AirBridgeCargo Airlines (3), Atlas Air (3), Global Supply Systems (3), Korean Air Cargo (3), Nippon Cargo Airlines (2), Saudia Cargo (2), Polar Air Cargo (2), and Etihad Cargo (1).[122] Also 3 sub-operators include Panalpina by Atlas Air (2),[123] DHL Express by Polar Air Cargo (2),[124] and Global Supply Systems for British Airways World Cargo (3).[125]

Orders and deliveries

Boeing 747-8 firm orders and deliveries
Date of
initial order 		Customer 747‑8I 747‑8F Delivered
Nov 15, 2005 Luxembourg Cargolux Airlines 14 9
Nov 15, 2005 Japan Nippon Cargo Airlines 14 5
May 30, 2006 Business Jet / VIP 9 8
Sep 11, 2006 United States Atlas Air 9 9
Nov 30, 2006 Russia Volga-Dnepr Airlines 5 5
Dec 6, 2006 Germany Lufthansa 19 10
Dec 28, 2006 South Korea Korean Air Cargo 7 4
Nov 8, 2007 Hong Kong Cathay Pacific Cargo 14 [126] 13
Dec 7, 2009 South Korea Korean Air 10
Jun 15, 2011 Nigeria Arik Air 2
Jul 29, 2011 Republic of Ireland GE Capital Aviation Services 2
Sep 11, 2012 China Air China 5
Nov 27, 2012 Saudi Arabia Unidentified Customer(s) (Saudia Cargo)[127][n 1] 2 2
Jul 9, 2013 Azerbaijan Silk Way Airlines 2
Dec 21, 2013 Unidentified Customer(s) 2
Dec 27, 2013 Russia Transaero Airlines 4
Totals 51 69 64
120

Data through the end of February 2014[1][128]

Sales and marketing

Cargo aircraft

Boeing holds a 90% share of the heavy air freighter market. The freighter version of the 747-8 has attracted orders from several cargo airlines; the plane has the benefit of similar training and interchangeable parts with the Boeing 747-400F. In addition, the 747 has a long history as a cargo aircraft, and remains popular among operators as it has greater cargo capacity and longer range than other freight aircraft.[129] GE Capital Aviation Services (GECAS) agreed to buy two freighters the next day.[130][131]

The recent recession in the United States, combined with market softness in Europe and Asia,[132] has led to lower demand for air freighters as more shipments are made by sea. The world's air cargo fleet in 2012 was smaller than it was in 2003, defying Boeing's predictions. However, the proportion of very large freighters in that fleet has increased, and Boeing's dominant position in large, fuel-efficient freighters has offered the company an opportunity to protect its market share and its product line despite the market weakness.[133] For example, in March 2013, Boeing, Cathay Pacific Cargo and Air China entered into an agreement wherein three 747-8F aircraft were purchased, increasing Cathay's official order total to 13 aircraft. Eight 777F freighters were canceled, and five 777F purchase options were created. The eight canceled 777Fs were then picked up by Air China Cargo, which in turn sold seven 747-400BCF (passenger aircraft converted to freighters) back to Boeing. Boeing will use these aircraft as sources for spare parts. In December 2013, Cathay ordered one more aircraft to increase its order total to 14 -8Fs.[134][135]

Emirates SkyCargo ordered ten aircraft in October 2006, then sold the frames to Dubai Aerospace Enterprise (DAE) in July 2008 to be leased back.[136] In November 2011, DAE cancelled five of the 747-8F and converted them to 777F.[137] In December 2012, DAE cancelled the remaining five on order; Emirates SkyCargo decided to focus its fleet on the 777F only.[citation needed]

US based lessor Guggenheim Aviation Partners cut its order of eight -8Fs in half in December 2009, and canceled the remainder in January 2011 because of uncertainty surrounding the timing of the deliveries.[138]

Passenger aircraft

Compared to the freighter version, the passenger version of the 747-8 has received fewer orders. Airlines including Emirates and British Airways considered ordering the 747-8 Intercontinental, but opted to purchase the Airbus A380 instead.[139][140] The 747-8I has also received several VIP orders from various customers. Boeing Chairman and Chief Executive Jim McNerney acknowledged in a conference call to Boeing's investors in April 2008 that he would like to see more orders for the passenger version of the 747-8.[141]

On March 7, 2011, it was announced that Air China had agreed to purchase five 747-8Is;[142][143] after approval by the Chinese government, the order was confirmed 18 months later.[144] Air China has agreed to purchase an additional two 747-8Is after approval by the Chinese government and confirmed by Boeing.[145] In June 2011, Hong Kong Airlines reportedly agreed to order 15 747-8Is.[146]

On June 20, 2011, at the Paris Air Show, Boeing announced that it had received two orders and 15 commitments from two different undisclosed users for the -8I.[147] On October 6, Arik Air was announced as the customer for two 747-8Is; the airline was previously identified as an unidentified customer for the order at the Paris Air Show.[148] On November 8, 2011, it was reported that Transaero had preliminarily agreed to purchase four 747-8Is.[149] In 2013, Arik Air converted its order for two 747-8Is to two 777-300ERs.[150]

At the 2013 Paris Air Show, Korean Air agreed to order five 747-8Is, in addition to five ordered in 2009. Lufthansa was the only airline operator of the passenger version as of June 2013.[151] Korean Air and Boeing finalized the new -8I order in October 2013.[152]

Incidents

On July 31, 2013, an Airbridge Cargo 747-8F experienced core engine icing that caused engine malfunctions and damage to three engines near Chengdu, China, while en route to Hong Kong; the aircraft landed safely at its destination. Boeing and General Electric are working on software changes to mitigate the effects of core engine icing.[153][154][155]

Specifications

Comparison between four of the largest aircraft:
  Hughes H-4 Hercules
  Antonov An-225
  Airbus A380-800
  Boeing 747-8
747-8I 747-8F
Cockpit crew Two
Seating capacity 605 (maximum)[n 2][156]
467 (3-class)		 N/A
Overall length 250 ft 2 in (76.3 m)
Wingspan 224 ft 7 in (68.5 m)
Height 63 ft 6 in (19.4 m)
Cabin width 20.1 ft (6.13 m)
Maximum take-off weight 987,000 lb (448,000 kg)
Maximum landing weight 688,000 lb (312,000 kg) 757,000 lb (343,000 kg)
Maximum zero fuel weight 651,000 lb (295,000 kg) 727,000 lb (330,000 kg)
Maximum structural payload 169,100 lb (76,700 kg) 295,800 lb (134,000 kg)
Maximum fuel capacity 63,034 US gal (239,000 L; 52,500 imp gal) 60,211 US gal (228,000 L; 50,100 imp gal)
Cruising speed
at 35,000 ft (10,700 m) 		Mach 0.855
(570 mph (917 km/h; 495 kn)*)		 Mach 0.845
(564 mph (908 km/h; 490 kn)*)
Maximum speed
at 35,000 ft (11,000 m)  		Mach 0.92 (614 mph, 533 kn, 988 km/h)
Range 8,000 nmi (9,210 mi; 14,800 km)
at MTOW with 467 passengers and baggage		 4,390 nmi (5,050 mi; 8,130 km)
at full payload (295,800 lb (134,000 kg)*)
Cargo capacity 5,705 cu ft (162 m3) 30,177 cu ft (855 m3)
Service ceiling 43,000 ft (13,100 m)
Engines (4×) GEnx-2B67
Thrust (4×) 66,500 lbf (296 kN)

Sources: 747-8 Specifications,[81] 747-8 Airport Compatibility report,[157] 747-8 Airport brochure[158]

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

Footnotes
  1. ^ The delivery of a 747-8F in March 2013 indicates that the unidentified customer for two -8Fs is Saudia Cargo.[127]
  2. ^ Maximum seating is based on certification.[156]
Citations
  1. ^ a b c "747 Model Orders and Deliveries summary". Boeing, January 2014. Retrieved February 15, 2014.
  2. ^ a b "Boeing 747-8I completes first flight". Flight International, March 20, 2011. Quote: "At 76.3m (250ft), the −8I is the longest ever built in commercial aviation history..."
  3. ^ a b "Boeing Outlines the "Value" of Its 747 Plans." The Boeing Company, September 2, 1996. Retrieved April 5, 2012.
  4. ^ a b "Boeing 747 Celebrates 30 Years In Service". Boeing, January 21, 2000.
  5. ^ "Boeing Launches New, Longer-Range 747-400". Boeing, November 28, 2000.
  6. ^ "Boeing Offers New 747-400X Quiet Longer Range Jetliner". Boeing, February 26, 2002.
  7. ^ Steinke, Sebastian. "Boeing Proposes 747-400X Quiet Longer Range"[dead link]. Flug Revue Online, May 2002.
  8. ^ "Boeing 747, the 'Queen of the Skies,' Celebrates 35th Anniversary". Boeing, February 9, 2004.
  9. ^ "Boeing Launches New 747-8 Family". Boeing. November 14, 2005. Retrieved December 17, 2007.
  10. ^ a b "Boeing Rethinks 747-8 Outsourcing". Aviation Week, April 11, 2008.
  11. ^ "Boeing Completes Firm Configuration of 747-8 Freighter". Boeing
  12. ^ "Boeing 747-8 Intercontinental and 747-8 Freighter". Boeing. Retrieved July 1, 2011.
  13. ^ Dunlop, Michelle. "Boeing: Getting 747-8 and 777 ready for production". Heraldnet.com, August 25, 2008.
  14. ^ a b "Boeing 747 Program Milestone". Boeing Commercial Airplanes. Retrieved January 3, 2011.
  15. ^ "Boeing Adjusts 747-8 Program Production and Delivery Schedule". Boeing, November 14, 2008.
  16. ^ "Boeing announces delay in delivery of 747-8". The Seattle Times. November 15, 2008. Retrieved February 17, 2009.
  17. ^ Sobie, Brendan. "Atlas seeks compensation for 747-8F delays". Air Transport Intelligence news via flightglobal.com, June 12, 2009.
  18. ^ a b "First Boeing 747-8 Freighter Takes Shape". Boeing, July 21, 2009.
  19. ^ "Boeing hints at possible reassessment of 747-8 programme". Flight International. January 31, 2009. Retrieved July 2, 2011.
  20. ^ Wallace, James; Aerospace, P-I (February 24, 2009). "Boeing replaces head of 747-8 program". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved July 2, 2011.
  21. ^ Frean, Alexandra (October 7, 2009). "Boeing takes 1bn charge as further problems beset 7478 jumbo jet". The Times. London. Retrieved April 26, 2010.
  22. ^ Rothman, Andrea (October 6, 2009). "Boeing to Take $1 Billion Charge on 747 Program Costs (Update4)". Bloomberg. Retrieved January 4, 2011.
  23. ^ "Boeing admits further 747-8 delay". BBC, October 6, 2009.
  24. ^ "Boeing Settles In for a Bumpy Ride". Wall Street Journal, Marketplace Section, October 7, 2009, p. B1.
  25. ^ "First Boeing 747-8 Freighter Leaves Factory". Boeing, November 12, 2009.
  26. ^ a b "Boeing, Korean Air Announce Order for New 747-8 Intercontinental". Boeing, December 4, 2009.
  27. ^ a b "KAL orders five Boeing 747-8 passenger aircraft". Air Transport Intelligence news via FlightGlobal.com, December 4, 2009.
  28. ^ "Guggenheim cancels orders for two Boeing 747-8Fs". Air Transport Intelligence news via FlightGlobal.com, January 8, 2010.
  29. ^ "Korean Air firms up two additional 747-8F options". Flight International. March 18, 2011. Retrieved March 18, 2011.
  30. ^ /index.php?s=43&item=1673 "Boeing, Korean Air Announce Order for Two 747-8 Freighters". Boeing, March 18, 2011.
  31. ^ "Boeing Production Rate Increases to Meet Customer Demand". Boeing. Retrieved July 1, 2011.
  32. ^ Boeing Successfully Completes 747-8 Freighter Engine Runs. Boeing
  33. ^ "Boeing Says 747-8 Freighter to Make First Flight". ABC News. February 7, 2010. Retrieved February 7, 2010.[dead link]
  34. ^ Ostrower, Jon. "Boeing's 747-8F lifts off on maiden flight". Flightglobal.com, February 8, 2010.
  35. ^ "Boeing 747-8 Freighter Successfully Completes First Flight". Boeing
  36. ^ "PICTURES & VIDEO: Boeing's 747-8F lifts off on maiden flight". Flight International. February 8, 2010. Retrieved February 9, 2010.
  37. ^ "Second flight with a first". Boeing. February 25, 2010. Retrieved March 3, 2010.
  38. ^ "747-8 Resumes Flight Testing". Aviation International News. February 23, 2010. Retrieved July 2, 2011.
  39. ^ "13 flights, 33 hours". Boeing. March 11, 2010.
  40. ^ "Details and photo from first flight of second Boeing 747-8". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. March 15, 2010. Retrieved March 15, 2010.
  41. ^ "Boeing's last test-flight 747-8 Freighter completes first flight". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. March 17, 2010. Retrieved July 2, 2011.
  42. ^ "Boeing aiming to bring 787 and 747-8F to Farnborough". Flight International. March 17, 2010. Retrieved March 21, 2010.
  43. ^ "747-8F flap buffet could force landing gear door redesign". Flightglobal.com, March 24, 2010.
  44. ^ "Boeing develops fix for 747-8's flap buffet". flightglobal. 2010. Retrieved July 2, 2010.
  45. ^ "Boeing inspects 747-8F fleet for defective stringers". Flight International. April 9, 2010. Retrieved April 11, 2010.
  46. ^ "Boeing 747-8F nears schedule slip as first 747-8I progresses". August 20, 2010. Retrieved August 21, 2010.
  47. ^ "Boeing 747-8F tests move to Palmdale". Flight International. April 20, 2010. Retrieved April 20, 2010.
  48. ^ Ostrower, Jon. "747-8F undergoing repairs after tug incident". Air Transport Intelligence news via Flightglobal.com, June 3, 2010.
  49. ^ "Boeing 747-8 gets initial flight-worthiness OK from FAA". The Seattle Times. June 14, 2010.
  50. ^ "Boeing 747-8s endure hot weather, top 500 flight hours". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. June 29, 2010. Retrieved June 30, 2010.[dead link]
  51. ^ Ostrower, Jon. "Boeing details role of fourth 747-8F flight test aircraft". Flightblogger via Flightglobal.com, June 3, 2010.
  52. ^ Ostrower, Jon. "FARNBOROUGH: Boeing presses on with 747-8 certification effort". Flight International, July 13, 2010.
  53. ^ Ostrower, Jon. "Fourth 747-8F flight test aircraft completes first flight". Flightblogger via Flightglobal.com, July 23, 2010.
  54. ^ Ostrower, Jon. "Fifth 747-8F test aircraft completes first flight". Air Transport Intelligence news via Flightglobal.com, February 4, 2011.
  55. ^ "Boeing Sets 747-8 Freighter Delivery Schedule for Mid-Year 2011". Boeing, September 30, 2010.
  56. ^ Trimble, Stephen (September 30, 2010). "Boeing pushes 747-8F delivery back to mid-2011". Air Transport Intelligence news via flightglobal.com. Retrieved February 22, 2011.
  57. ^ "First 747-8I Takes to the Air" AINOnline, March 20, 2011. Retrieved March 26, 2011.
  58. ^ a b Benedikz, Richard. "Boeing 747-8 Intercontinental Flight Test". Key Publishing via key.aero, April 27, 2011.
  59. ^ a b c Norris, Guy and Lee Ann Tegtmeier. "Lufthansa A380 Lessons Pave Way For 747-8". Aviation Week, December 16, 2011. Retrieved December 16, 2011.
  60. ^ Ostrower, Jon. "747-8F and 787 delivery dates come into focus". Air Transport Intelligence news via Flightglobal.com, August 24, 2011.
  61. ^ "Boeing 747-8 Freighter First Delivery Set for Sept. 19". Boeing. Retrieved September 7, 2011.
  62. ^ "Cargolux rejects delivery of Boeing 747-8 Freighter aircraft". Cargolux, September 17, 2011.
  63. ^ "Cargolux 747-8F dispute linked to late Qatar 787 deliveries". Air Transport Intelligence news via flightglobal.com, September 19, 2011.
  64. ^ Brancker, Nadia. "Boeing B787 Dreamliner being tested in Barbados". Barbados Advocate, October 20, 2011.
  65. ^ 747-8 Landing in Barbados. YouTube.com, October 25, 2011.
  66. ^ "747-8 landing in Barbados". b747.anyonecanfly.net, October 25, 2011.
  67. ^ a b Mecham, Michael. "Boeing Completes 747-8I FAA Certification". Aviation Week, December 15, 2011. Retrieved December 16, 2011.
  68. ^ "Boeing 747-8 Intercontinental Receives FAA Certification". WSJ Marketwatch, December 14, 2011
  69. ^ "747-8 Environmental performance – Quieter airport communities" page 17, Boeing / Cargolux Jul 15, 2012. Retrieved September 18, 2012.
  70. ^ Ostrower, Jon. "Boeing delivers first 747-8F". Flightglobal.com, October 12, 2011.
  71. ^ via COMTEX, PR Newswire. "Lufthansa conducts inaugural flight of world's first Boeing 747-8 Intercontinental passenger aircraft from Frankfurt to Washington, D.C. – Scheduled flights begin today – Commemorative celebrations today at Dulles International Airport (IAD) – Lufthansa's brand-new Business Class comes to the U.S. market – Latest in-flight products in every class". Market Watch: The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved June 23, 2012.
  72. ^ a b Our Bureau. "Business Line : Industry & Economy / Logistics : Lufthansa to deploy latest Boeing aircraft on India flights". Thehindubusinessline.com. Retrieved July 14, 2012.
  73. ^ "NTSB urges grounding for certain GEnx-powered 787 and 747-8s". Flightglobal.com. September 15, 2012. Retrieved June 21, 2013.
  74. ^ "100,000 reasons to celebrate the 747-8". Boeingblogs.com. Retrieved June 21, 2013.
  75. ^ a b STEPHEN TRIMBLE. "Boeing cuts 747-8 production to 1.5 per month" Flight Global, 18 October 2013. Accessed: 20 October 2013.
  76. ^ Boeing 747-8 and 787 comparisons
  77. ^ Technical Forum - Boeing 747-8 v 787
  78. ^ Boeing 747-8 Cargo advantage
  79. ^ Boeing 747-8F Cargo Plane
  80. ^ a b Molnar, Matt. "Boeing's Biggest Bird Takes to the Skies". Popular Mechanics, February 9, 2010.
  81. ^ a b c d Boeing 747-8 Technical Specifications. Boeing. Retrieved November 11, 2007.
  82. ^ "747-8 Airport Compatibility". Boeing. Retrieved October 28, 2012.
  83. ^ "Common Agreement Document of the A380 Airport Compatibility Group Version 2.1", p. 8, European Civil Aviation Conference, December 2002. Retrieved: 29 September 2012.
  84. ^ Steinke, Sebastian. "Boeing stretches 747-8I".[dead link] Flug Revue, January 2007.
  85. ^ Thomas, Geoffrey. "A Timely Stretch". Air Transport World, December 2005.
  86. ^ "Flightdeck, wing and engines key to design". Flight International, November 22, 2005. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
  87. ^ Steinke, Sebastian (January 2006). "BOEING LAUNCHES 747-8". Flug Revue.[dead link]
  88. ^ "GEnx-2B Flight Tests Begin". Aviation Today, March 26, 2009.
  89. ^ "Boeing 747–400 Freighter Family: The World's Best Freighters." Boeing.
  90. ^ "Boeing Launches New 747-8 Family". Boeing, November 14, 2005.
  91. ^ Boeing 747-8 Intercontinental and 747-8 Freighter. Boeing.
  92. ^ a b Boeing 747-8 Family background. Boeing.
  93. ^ "Boeing Completes Firm Configuration of 747-8 Freighter". Boeing.com. October 31, 2006. Retrieved July 14, 2012.
  94. ^ First Boeing 747-8 Freighter Leaves Factory. Boeing
  95. ^ "Boeing Delivers First 747-8 Freighter to Cargolux – Oct 12, 2011". Boeing.mediaroom.com. October 12, 2011. Retrieved July 14, 2012.
  96. ^ "Proof of Performance". Boeingblogs.com. Retrieved July 14, 2012.
  97. ^ "Boeing Launches New 747-8 Family". Boeing.com. November 14, 2005. Retrieved July 14, 2012.
  98. ^ Added revenue. Randy Baseler, Boeing Commercial Airplanes Vice President of Marketing
  99. ^ a b Wallace, James. "Aerospace Notebook: Take a sneak peek inside a 747-8". Seattle Post-Intelligencer, December 14, 2005.
  100. ^ a b "Boeing Begins Assembly of First 747-8 Intercontinental" (Press release). Boeing. May 8, 2010. Retrieved May 9, 2010.
  101. ^ Terdiman, Daniel. "From Boeing, a whole new 747". CNET news, January 19, 2007.
  102. ^ Kingsley-Jones, Max (April 17, 2007). "Space race: next-generation cabins". Flight International. Retrieved April 19, 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  103. ^ Ostrower, Jon. "Boeing unveils a new berth for 747". Flight Daily News via flightglobal.com, May 11, 2009.
  104. ^ Walton, John. "Boeing's best bedroom: the luxury loft of a private jumbo 747-8" Australian Business Traveller, September 5, 2012. Retrieved September 6, 2012.
  105. ^ Singh, Karanvir. "World's first Aeroloft-equipped Boeing Business Jet 747-8 revolutionizes VIP flying experience" BornRich.com, September 5, 2012. Retrieved September 6, 2012.
  106. ^ Flight International January 19–25, 2010. p. 32.
  107. ^ "747-8 orders through April 2010". Active.boeing.com. Retrieved July 14, 2012.
  108. ^ "Boeing, Lufthansa Announce Order for 747-8 Intercontinental". Boeing.com. December 6, 2006. Retrieved July 14, 2012.
  109. ^ Boeing Completes 747-8 Intercontinental Firm Configuration. Boeing
  110. ^ "PICTURE: Boeing 747-8I enters final body join". Flight International. October 15, 2010. Retrieved October 15, 2010.
  111. ^ "Boeing Updates: 747-8I Roll Out — 787 Delivery — 737 Fuel Efficient Engines — 777-300ER Order — China's Big "Purchase"". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. February 2011. Retrieved February 13, 2011.
  112. ^ "Boeing's New Airplane – The New 747-8 Intercontinental". February 13, 2011. Retrieved February 13, 2011.
  113. ^ a b "VIDEO: 747-8I completes gauntlet testing". Flight International. March 15, 2011. Archived from the original on March 18, 2011. Retrieved March 18, 2011.
  114. ^ "Video and Photos of the Boeing 747-8 Intercontinental First Flight". David Parker Brown. March 20, 2011. Retrieved March 20, 2011.
  115. ^ "747-8I Receives FAA certification". Boeing. December 14, 2011. Retrieved December 14, 2011.
  116. ^ "Boeing locks out 747-8 tail fuel tanks on flutter concerns". January 19, 2012.
  117. ^ "Boeing Delivers First 747-8 with Performance-Improved Engines - Dec 18, 2013". boeing.mediaroom.com. Retrieved February 11, 2014.
  118. ^ "Boeing Delivers First 747-8 Intercontinental VIP Airplane". Boeing, February 28, 2012.
  119. ^ "US considers Airbus A380 as Air Force One and potentially a C-5 replacement". FlightGlobal.com, October 17, 2007.
  120. ^ Butler, Amy. "Boeing Only Contender for New Air Force One". Aviation Week, January 28, 2009. Retrieved January 28, 2009.
  121. ^ Jung Sung-ki (8/11/10). "Boeing close to deal on Korean presidential jet". The Korea Times. Retrieved January 3, 2011. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  122. ^ "World Airliner Census". Flightglobal Insight, August 14, 2013.
  123. ^ Atlas places two new 747-8F aircraft with Panalpina
  124. ^ Two Atlas Air 747-8Fs to operate for DHL Express
  125. ^ Global Supply Systems commercial operations
  126. ^ "Cathay Pacific orders additional 747-8F and three 777-300ERs | CAPA - Centre for Aviation". centreforaviation.com. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
  127. ^ a b "Saudia Cargo Adds Two Aircraft to Fleet". U.S.-Saudi Arabian Business Council, April 4, 2013.
  128. ^ "Orders" (recent changes). Boeing, February 11, 2014. Retrieved February 15, 2014.
  129. ^ "Boeing 747–400 Freighter Family: The World's Best Freighters". Boeing
  130. ^ Reals, Kerry (June 21, 2011). "PARIS: GECAS orders two 747-8Fs and eight 777-300ERs". Flightglobal. Retrieved June 22, 2011.
  131. ^ "Boeing Statement on GECAS Agreement for 747-8 Freighters and 777-300ERs". Boeing
  132. ^ "IATA chief says weak cargo remains biggest airline worry". Reuters. February 9, 2014.
  133. ^ Norris, Guy. "Slow down", Aviation Week and Space Technology, February 3/10, 2014, pp. 54-55.
  134. ^ [1]. Boeing
  135. ^ "Boeing and Cathay Pacific Airways today announced an order for three 747-8 Freighter airplanes". Boeing
  136. ^ "DAE Capital adds 18 Boeing 747 and 777 Freighters in Emirates' deal". Retrieved September 13, 2012.
  137. ^ "Boeing's newest 747 loses five orders". Retrieved September 13, 2012.
  138. ^ "Boeing Loses Guggenheim's Order for 747-8 Freighters on Delivery Setbacks". Retrieved March 25, 2014.
  139. ^ "BA opts for A380 and Dreamliner". BBC News. BBC. September 27, 2007. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
  140. ^ "Boeing close to 747-8I order from Emirates: report". Reuters, August 14, 2007.
  141. ^ "More 747-8 Intercontinental sales?". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Seattle PI. April 23, 2008. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
  142. ^ Cantle, Katie and Geoffrey Thomas. "Air China orders five 747-8Is; HNA Group signs MOU for 32 787s, six 777Fs". ATW Online, March 9, 2011.
  143. ^ "UPDATE 1-Air China says to buy 5 Boeing aircraft". Reuters. March 7, 2011. Archived from the original on March 8, 2011. Retrieved March 8, 2011.
  144. ^ "The Boeing Company". Active.boeing.com. Retrieved June 21, 2013.
  145. ^ (Reuters). "Air China To Buy 31 Boeing Aircraft". Airwise. Retrieved 03/01/2013. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help); Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  146. ^ "HK Airlines orders 747-8I, to sign for A380s". FlightBlogger, June 22, 2011.
  147. ^ "Boeing Signs Orders and Commitments for 17 747-8 Intercontinentals". Boeing, June 20, 2011.
  148. ^ "Arik Air Orders Two Boeing 747-8 Intercontinentals". Boeing, October 6, 2011.
  149. ^ Kaminski-Morrow, Davis. "Transaero signs for 747-8s days after A380 agreement". Flight International, November 8, 2011.
  150. ^ [2]
  151. ^ "Boeing wins life-support order for 747-8 from Korean Air". Puget Sound Business Journal, June 18, 2013. Retrieved on August 1, 2013.
  152. ^ "Korean Air orders more Boeing widebodies". Flight Global, October 24, 2013.
  153. ^ Guy Norris (September 2, 2013). "Core Engine Icing Strikes Russian 747-8F". Aviation Week. Retrieved September 2, 2013.
  154. ^ Simon Hradecky (?). "Incident: Airbridge Cargo B748 near Hong Kong on Jul 31st 2013, both left hand engines surged at same time, one right hand engine damaged too". Retrieved September 2, 2013. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  155. ^ Polina Borodina (?). "Russia to investigate AirBridgeCargo 747-8F engine incident with Boeing, GE". Retrieved September 2, 2013. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  156. ^ a b "Special Conditions: Boeing Model 747-8 Airplanes; Stairway Between the Main Deck and Upper Deck." Office of the Federal Register. Retrieved April 29, 2012.
  157. ^ 747-8 Airport Compatibility Report. Boeing, December 2011.
  158. ^ 747-8 Airport Compatibility brochure. Boeing, January 2008.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Boeing 747-8.
External videos
video icon First "flight" of 747-8 Intercontinental
video icon 747-8 Intercontinental rollout ceremony webcast

Template:Giant aircraft

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boeing_747-8&oldid=602465637"