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Bob Marley

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For the comedian, see Bob Marley (comedian).
Bob Marley

Nesta Robert Marley, OM (February 6, 1945 – May 11, 1981), better known as Bob Marley, was a Jamaican singer, songwriter, and guitarist. He is the most widely known performer of reggae music, and is famous for having popularized the genre outside Jamaica. A faithful Rastafari, Marley is regarded by many as a prophet of the religion,[1] as well as one of the greatest songwriters of all time.[2]

His best known songs are a mixture of reggae, rock, and rhythm and blues, and include "I Shot the Sheriff", "No Woman No Cry", "Exodus", "Could You Be Loved", "Jamming", and “Redemption Song".[3] His posthumous album Legend (1984) became the best-selling reggae album ever, with sales of more than 12 million copies.[3]

Early life and career

Bob Marley was born on Tuesday, February 6, 1945 in the small village of Nine Miles in Saint Ann, Jamaica. His father, Norval Sinclair Marley, was a white Jamaican born in 1895 to British parents from Sussex. However, recent scholarship has proven that Norval's mother Ellen Bloomfield listed herself as "colored" on her birth certificate, meaning that Norval was not white but a light-skinned black. [citation needed] Norval was a Marine officer and captain, as well as a plantation overseer, when he married Cedella Booker, an eighteen-year-old black Jamaican. Norval provided financial support for his wife and child, but seldom saw them, as he was often away on trips. Bob was ten years old when Norval died of a heart attack in 1955 at age 60.

Thinking himself a mulatto, Bob Marley faced questions about his own racial identity throughout his life. He reflected:

I don't have prejudice against myself. My father was a white and my mother was black. Them call me half-caste or whatever. Me don't dip on nobody's side. Me don't dip on the black man's side nor the white man's side. Me dip on God's side, the one who create me and cause me to come from black and white.

Marley and his mother moved to Kingston's Trenchtown slum after Norval's death. Marley was forced to learn self-defense, as he became the target of bullying because of his racial makeup and stature (he was 5'4" (163 cm) tall). He gained a reputation for his physical strength and constitution, which earned him the nickname "Tuff Gong".

Young Marley became friends with Neville "Bunny" Livingston (a.k.a. Bunny Wailer), with whom Marley started to play music. Marley left school at the age of 14 and started as an apprentice at a local welder's shop. In his free time, he and Livingston made music with Joe Higgs, a local singer and devout Rastafarian whom many critics regard as Marley's mentor. It was at one session with Higgs and Livingston that Marley met Peter McIntosh (later known as Peter Tosh), who had similar musical ambitions.

In 1962, Marley recorded his first two singles, "Judge Not" and "One Cup of Coffee", with local music producer Leslie Kong. These songs attracted little attention, and were later re-released on Marley's Songs of Freedom album.

The Wailers

File:Wailers group high res(resized).jpg
The Wailers in the mid-1960s. From left to right: Bunny Livingston, Bob Marley, Peter McIntosh.

In 1963, Bob Marley, Bunny Livingston, Peter McIntosh, Junior Braithwaite, Beverley Kelso, and Cherry Smith formed a ska and rocksteady group, calling themselves "The Teenagers". They later became "The Wailing Rudeboys" and then "The Wailing Wailers", which was finally shortened to "The Wailers". Braithwaite, Kelso, and Smith had left The Wailers by 1966, leaving the trio of Marley, Livingston, and McIntosh.

Marley took on the role of leader, singer, and main songwriter. Much of The Wailers' early work, including their first single Simmer Down, was produced by Coxsone Dodd at Studio One. The single topped Jamaican Charts in 1964 and established The Wailers as one of the hottest groups in the country. They followed up with songs such as "Soul Rebel" and "400 Years".

In 1966, Marley married Rita Anderson, and moved near his mother's residence in Wilmington, Delaware for a few months. Upon returning to Jamaica, Marley began practicing Rastafari and started to wear his trademark dreadlocks (see the religion section for more on Marley's religious views).

After a conflict with Dodd, Marley and his band teamed up with Lee "Scratch" Perry and his studio band, The Upsetters. Although the alliance lasted less than a year, they recorded what many consider The Wailers' finest work. Marley and Perry split after a dispute regarding the assignment of recording rights, but they would remain friends and work together again.

Between 1968 and 1972, Bob and Rita Marley, Peter McIntosh, and Bunny Livingston recut some old tracks with JAD Records in Kingston and London in an attempt to commercialize The Wailers' sound. Livingston later asserted that these songs "should never be released on an album... they were just demos for record companies to listen to".

File:JAD bob resized.jpg

The Wailers' first album, Catch A Fire, was released worldwide in 1973, and sold well. It was followed a year later by Burnin', which included "Get Up, Stand Up" and "I Shot The Sheriff". Eric Clapton made a hit cover of the latter in 1974.

The Wailers broke up in 1974, with each of the three main members going on to pursue solo careers. The reason for the breakup is shrouded in conjecture; some believe that there were disagreements amongst Livingston, McIntosh, and Marley concerning performances, while others claim that Livingston and McIntosh simply preferred solo work. McIntosh began recording under the name Peter Tosh, and Livingston continued on as Bunny Wailer.

Bob Marley & the Wailers

Despite the breakup, Marley continued recording as "Bob Marley & The Wailers". His new backing band included brothers Carlton and Aston "Family Man" Barrett on bass and drums, Junior Marvin and Al Anderson on lead guitar, Tyrone Downie and Earl "Wya" Lindo on keyboards, and Alvin "Seeco" Patterson on percussion. The "I Threes", consisting of Judy Mowatt, Marcia Griffiths, and Marley's wife, Rita, performed backup vocals.

In 1975, Marley had his international breakthrough with his first hit outside Jamaica, "No Woman, No Cry" from the Natty Dread album. This was followed by his breakthrough album in the US, Rastaman Vibration (1976), which spent four weeks in the Billboard charts Top Ten.

In December 1976, two days before "Smile Jamaica", a free concert organized by Jamaican Prime Minister Michael Manley in an attempt to ease tension between two warring political groups, Marley, his wife, and manager Don Taylor were wounded in an assault by unknown gunmen inside Marley's home. Taylor and Marley's wife sustained serious injuries, but later made full recoveries. Marley received only minor injuries in the chest and arm. The shooting was thought to have been politically motivated, as many felt the concert was really a support rally for Manley. Nonetheless, the concert proceeded, and an injured Marley performed as scheduled.

Marley left Jamaica at the end of 1976 for England, where he recorded his Exodus and Kaya albums. Exodus stayed on the British charts for 56 consecutive weeks. It included four UK hit singles: "Exodus", "Waiting In Vain", "Jamming", and also "One Love", a rendition of Curtis Mayfield's hit, "People Get Ready".

In 1978, Marley performed at another political concert in Jamaica, the One Love Peace Concert, again in an effort to calm warring parties. Near the end of the performance, by Marley's request, Manley and his political rival, Edward Seaga, joined each other on stage and shook hands.

Survival, a defiant and politically charged album, was released in 1979. Tracks such as "Zimbabwe", "Africa Unite", "Wake Up and Live", and "Survival" reflected Marley's support for the struggles of Africans. In early 1980, he was invited to perform at the April 17 celebration of Zimbabwe's Independence Day.

Uprising (1980) was Bob Marley's final studio album, and is one of his most religious productions, including "Redemption Song" and "Forever Loving Jah". It was in "Redemption Song" that Marley sang the famous lyric,

Emancipate yourselves from mental slavery
None but ourselves can free our minds...

Confrontation, released posthumously in 1983, contained unreleased material recorded during Marley's lifetime, including the hit "Buffalo Soldier" and new mixes of singles previously only available in Jamaica.

Religion

Bob Marley was a member of the Rastafari movement, whose culture was a key element in the development of reggae. Now considered a rasta legend, Marley's adoption of the characteristic Rastafarian dreadlocks and famous use of marijuana as a sacred sacrament in the late sixties were an integral part of his persona. He is said to have entered every performance proclaiming the divinity of Jah Rastafari.

Many of Marley's songs contained Biblical references, sometimes using wordplay to fuse activism and religion, as in "Revolution" and "Revelation":

Revelation, reveals the truth...

It takes a revolution to make a solution...

A few months before his death, Marley was baptised into the Ethiopian Orthodox Church and took the name Berhane Selassie (meaning the Light of the Holy Trinity in Amharic).

Battle with cancer

Diagnosis

In July 1977, Marley was found to have malignant melanoma in a football wound on his right hallux. Marley refused amputation, citing worries that the operation would affect his dancing, as well as the Rastafarian belief that the body must be "whole":

Rasta no abide amputation. I don't allow a man to be dismantled.

— from Catch a Fire

Marley may have seen medical doctors as samfai, confidence men who cheat the gullible by pretending to have the power of witchcraft [citation needed]. He finally agreed to undergo minor surgery to excise the cancer, which was kept secret from the public [citation needed].

Collapse and treatment

The cancer eventually spread to Marley's brain, lungs, liver, and stomach. After recently playing two shows at Madison Square Garden as part of his fall 1980 Uprising Tour, he collapsed while jogging in NYC's Central Park. The remainder of the tour was subsequently cancelled.

Bob Marley played his final concert at the Stanley Theater in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on September 23, 1980. The live version of "Redemption Song" on Songs of Freedom was recorded at this show.[4] Marley afterwards sought medical help from Munich specialist Josef Issels, but his cancer had already progressed to the terminal stage.

Death

While flying home from Germany to Jamaica for his final days, Marley became ill, and landed in Miami for immediate medical attention. He died at Cedars of Lebanon Hospital in Miami, Florida on May 11, 1981. His final words to his son Ziggy were "Money can't buy life" [citation needed]. Marley received a state funeral in Jamaica, which combined elements of Ethiopian Orthodoxy and Rastafari. He was buried in a crypt near his birthplace with his Gibson Les Paul, a soccer ball, a cannabis bud, and a Bible. A month before his death, he was awarded the Jamaican Order of Merit.

Children

Bob Marley had 12 children: three with his wife Rita, two adopted from Rita's previous relationships, and the remaining seven with separate women.[5][6] His children are, in order of birth:

  1. Sharon, born November 23, 1964 to Rita in a separate marriage;
  2. Cedella, born August 23, 1967 to Rita;
  3. David "Ziggy", born October 17, 1968 to Rita;
  4. Stephen, born April 20, 1972 to Rita;
  5. Robert "Robbie", born May 16, 1972 to Pat Williams;
  6. Rohan, born May 19, 1972 to Janet Hunt;
  7. Karen, born 1973 to Janet Bowen;
  8. Stephanie, born 1974 [citation needed] to Rita in a separate marriage;
  9. Julian, born June 4, 1975] to Lucy Pounder;
  10. Ky-Mani, born February 26, 1976 to Anita Belnavis;
  11. Damian, born July 21, 1978 to Cindy Breakspeare; and
  12. Makeda, born May 30, 1981 to Yvette Crichton.

Posthumous reputation

File:BobMarleymural.JPG
Mural on the side of a cafe in Amsterdam.

Bob Marley's music has continuously grown in popularity in the years since his death, providing a stream of revenue for his estate and affording him a mythical status in 20th century music history. He remains enormously popular and well-known all over the world. Marley was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1994. Time magazine chose Bob Marley & The Wailers' Exodus as the greatest album of the 20th century.

In February 2006, a Brooklyn community board voted to rename a portion of Church Avenue, which runs through several heavily populated Caribbean-American neighbourhoods, after Bob Marley, pending approval of the New York City Council.[7]

File:Kinsgton Bob Marley statue.jpg
Statue of Bob Marley in Kingston

In January 2005, it was reported that Rita Marley was planning to have her late husband's remains exhumed and reburied in Shashamane, Ethiopia.[8] Marley was quoted as having stated:

Bob's whole life is about Africa. It is not Jamaica.

This announcement was met with great resistance in Jamaica, with critics arguing that his life was a testament to the unique Jamaican culture. Marley's 60th birthday celebration on February 6, 2005 was celebrated in Shashamane, having previously always been held in Jamaica. Later that year, Rita and her son Damian denied having made such plans.[9]

Discography

For a detailed listing of albums by Bob Marley & the Wailers, see Bob Marley & The Wailers discography.

Tours

Awards and honors

Marley's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame

Sound samples

  • "Simmer Down" (1964)ⓘ
  • Audio file "Bob Marley & The Wailers - Soul Rebel (1970).ogg" not found
  • Audio file "The Wailers - Get Up, Stand Up (1973).ogg" not found
  • Audio file "Redemption Song.ogg" not found

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Smith, W. Alan, Songs of Freedom: The Music of Bob Marley as Transformative Education
  2. ^ "Who is the greatest lyricist of all time", BBC, May 23, 2001
  3. ^ a b "Bob Marley," Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2006.
  4. ^ http://www.bobmarley.com/songs/songs.cgi?redemption
  5. ^ http://debate.uvm.edu/dreadlibrary/dixon.html
  6. ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/1xtra/dancehall/marley_famtree1.shtm
  7. ^ http://1010wins.com/topstories/local_story_051101000.html
  8. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4168883.stm
  9. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4225239.stm

References

  • ISBN 1400052866 Vivien Goldman, The Book of Exodus: The Making and Meaning of Bob Marley and the Wailers' Album of the Century
  • ISBN 0060539917 Christopher John Farley, Before the Legend: The Rise of Bob Marley, Amistad/Harpercollins
  • ISBN 0811850366 James Henke, Marley Legend: An Illustrated Life of Bob Marley, Chronicle Books
  • ISBN 0786868678 Rita Marley, Hettie Jones, No Woman No Cry: My Life with Bob Marley
  • ISBN 080506009X Timothy White, Catch a Fire: The Life of Bob Marley
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