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Jacob's Ladder (1990 film)

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Jacob's Ladder
Theatrical release poster
Directed byAdrian Lyne
Written byBruce Joel Rubin
Produced byAlan Marshall
StarringTim Robbins
Elizabeth Peña
Danny Aiello
Matt Craven
Pruitt Taylor Vince
Eriq LaSalle
CinematographyJeffrey L. Kimball
Edited byTom Rolf
Music byMaurice Jarre
Production
company
Distributed byTriStar Pictures
Release date
  • November 2, 1990 (1990-11-02)
Running time
113 minutes
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$25 million[1]
Box office$26,118,851[2]
(domestic)

Jacob's Ladder is a 1990 American psychological horror film directed by Adrian Lyne, written and produced by Bruce Joel Rubin and starring Tim Robbins, Elizabeth Peña and Danny Aiello. The Special Edition of the film was released on DVD by Artisan Entertainment in 1998 and on Blu-ray Disc by Lions Gate Entertainment in 2010.

The film's protagonist, Jacob, is a Vietnam veteran whose experiences prior to and during the war result in strange, fragmentary flashbacks and bizarre hallucinations that continue to haunt him. As his ordeal worsens, Jacob desperately attempts to figure out the truth.

Jacob's Ladder was made by Carolco Pictures ten years after being written by Rubin. It drew from several inspirations for its story and effects, including the short film An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge and the paintings of Francis Bacon. Though only moderately successful upon release, the film garnered a cult following and became a source of influence for various other works such as the horror franchise Silent Hill. A loose remake of Jacob's Ladder was announced to be in works by LD Entertainment.

Plot summary

On October 6, 1971, American soldier Jacob Singer is with the 1st Air Cavalry Division, deployed in a village in the Mekong Delta during the Vietnam War, when his close knit unit comes under attack. As many of Jacob's comrades are killed or wounded, others exhibit abnormal behavior, including catatonia and a bloody seizure. A terrified Jacob flees into the jungle, only to be bayoneted in the gut.

In 1975, Jacob awakens on a New York City Subway, with the novel The Stranger. Despite having a PhD, Jacob works as a postal clerk and lives in a run down apartment in Brooklyn with his seductive girlfriend Jezzie. But he misses his wife and their three sons, especially the youngest, Gabe, who died before the war. He is increasingly beset by disturbing experiences, including inexplicably locked subway exits, faceless vibrating people, a car trying to run him down, a nurse with grotesque teeth on the top of her head, and a bat-like monster penetrating Jezzie at a party, where he collapses with a dangerous fever.

The comrade who had gone catatonic, Paul, contacts him to reveal having had similar terrifying experiences, but is immediately killed when his car explodes. Commiserating together after the funeral, the platoon-mates confess that all but one have also been been living a nightmare. Jacob explains that the army must have done something to them, and they hire a lawyer to investigate, who later backs out after reading military files documenting that the soldiers were never in combat, but were discharged for psychological reasons. Jacob's comrades also back out, looking scared, as Jacob demands they tell him who got to them. Jacob himself is later thrown into a car with intimidating men in suits who tell him to stop nosing around in military business, but he is able to jump from the moving car. Taken to the hospital, he finds himself strapped to a stretcher being wheeled over bloody body parts, past demented, disfigured inmates. Trapped with doctors wielding barbaric metal instruments, he is told he is already dead, but denies it.

He is taken out of the hospital by his friend and chiropractor Louis, who cites the 14th-century Christian mystic Meister Eckhart:

Eckhart saw Hell too. He said: "The only thing that burns in Hell is the part of you that won't let go of life, your memories, your attachments. They burn them all away. But they're not punishing you", he said. "They're freeing your soul. So, if you're frightened of dying and... you're holding on, you'll see devils tearing your life away. But if you've made your peace, then the devils are really angels, freeing you from the earth."

Jacob is approached by a distressed Michael Newman, the same man who treated his wound in a medevac helicopter in Vietnam, and who dragged him away from Paul's burning car. Newman tells a story of having been a chemist with the Army's chemical warfare division in Saigon. He designed "the Ladder", a drug that massively increased aggression, taking people straight to their most primal urges. A dose was secretly given to Jacob's unit, who then turned homicidally on each other.

At various times Jacob experiences the aftermath of his attack, such as being found gutted in the jungle and being evacuated under fire. At one point he awakens in his home before the war with his wife and all three sons, telling his wife he had a dream he was living with another woman, Jezzie. Eventually he re-experiences the traumatic moment, where it is a fellow American soldier that bayonets him.

Finally given knowledge of what happened to him and why, in a calmer place, Jacob returns to the apartment of his family. He sorts through his mementos, including his combat dog tags and honorable discharge. He is surprised to then see Gabe at the foot of the stairwell, who takes him by the hand and leads him up the stairwell into a bright light. In a wartime triage tent, military doctors declare Jacob dead after "putting up quite a fight." He has an expression of peace on his face.

Cast

Production

The horror of the movie would be in the revelation that hope is hell's final torment, that life is a dream that ends over and over with the final truth: that life was never real, that we are all creatures trapped in eternal suffering and damnation.

–Bruce Joel Rubin[3]

The film's title refers to the biblical story of Jacob's Ladder, or the dream of a meeting place between Heaven and Earth (Genesis 28:12). Its little-known alternate title is Dante's Inferno, in a reference to Inferno by Dante Alighieri.[4][5][6] Screenwriter and co-producer Bruce Joel Rubin perceived the film as a modern interpretation of the Liberation Through Hearing During the Intermediate State, the Tibetan Book of the Dead.[7][8] Rubin said: "The inspiration in a sense is my entire spiritual upbringing. Once you have a meditative life you start to see that the world is really far different than what it appears to be. What appears to be finite is really couched in the infinite, and the infinite imbues everything in our lives."[9] Before writing his scripts for Jacob's Ladder and Ghost, which too was released in 1990, the Jewish-born Rubin spent two years in a Tibetan Buddhist monastery in Nepal;[1][10] previously, he has also written afterlife-themed Brainstorm and Deadly Friend. His original screenplay for Jacob's Ladder differs significantly at parts from the final film, especially towards the ending.[11]

Rubin's work on Jacob's Ladder began in 1980, sparked by his nightmare in which he dreamt about being trapped in a subway. For several years, Rubin tried to sell the script, without success; Thom Mount of Universal Pictures said he "loved it, but it was not for his studio". Directors Michael Apted, Sidney Lumet and Ridley Scott all expressed an interest in making the film, but still no major studio was ready to invest in Rubin's "too metaphysical" stories as "Hollywood does not make ghost movies". Eventually, after Deadly Friend was filmed by Wes Craven in 1986, Rubin's screenplays for both Jacob's Ladder and Ghost were picked by Paramount Pictures.[7] In 1988,[1] Adrian Lyne, who described Rubin's work as "certainly one of the best scripts I've ever read", decided then to direct it instead of an adaptation of The Bonfire of the Vanities as he had originally planned (incidentally, Tom Hanks, an actor originally considered by Lyne for the role of Jacob, ended up starring in Bonfire). The ownership and policy changes at Paramount resulted in the cancellation of the project; the executives had doubts about the film's ending and the scenes taking place in Vietnam. The independent film studio Carolco Pictures decided to take over the production of Jacob's Ladder, giving Lyne a greater creative control[7] and a budget of $25 million.[1] Rubin became the film's co-producer, along with Mario Kassar, Alan Marshall and Andrew G. Vajna.

I can see why people didn't want to make it for so long. It reads like a novel, and it's very intimidating because it's written so descriptively. Bruce had these very literal images of heaven and hell that I didn't know how to bring off. How do you introduce a character with horns?

–Adrian Lyne[7]

Lyne, who downplayed Rubin's "intimidating" Old Testament themes,[12] said that he prepared for making the film by watching "endless" documentary films about the war in Vietnam and reading "countless" chronicles of near-death experiences.[1] The film's plot device of a long period of subjective time passing in an instant has been explored by several authors. A particularly strong inspiration for both Rubin and Lyne was Robert Enrico's 1962 short film An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge,[13] one of Lyne's favourite movies,[7] which was in turn based on Ambrose Bierce's 1890 short story of the same name.

Hundreds of actors sought the main roles in the film, including Al Pacino, Dustin Hoffman and Richard Gere for Jacob, and Andie MacDowell, Julia Roberts and Madonna for Jezzie. Eventually, Tim Robbins and Elizabeth Peña were cast; both auditioned early and neither of them had starred in a feature film before. Robbins said the film presented for him "a great opportunity to go in a different direction. I love doing comedy, but I know I can do other things as well."[1] The film's military advisor was Vietnam veteran Captain Dale Dye,[14] who provided a five-day boot camp military training for the actors playing soldiers in the Vietnam storyline (including Robbins, Pruitt Taylor Vince, Eriq La Salle and Ving Rhames).

All of the film's special effect sequences were filmed in camera, with no use of post production effects. In several scenes of Jacob's Ladder, Lyne used a body horror technique in which an actor is recorded waving his head around at a low frame rate, resulting in horrifically fast motion when played back. In the Special Edition's commentary track, Lyne said he was inspired by the art of the painter Francis Bacon when developing the effect.[15] In his screenplay, Rubin used traditional imagery of demons and hell. However, Lyne decided to use images similar to thalidomide deformities to achieve a greater shock effect.[13] After many heated arguments,[1] Lyne managed to convert Rubin to his vision. Lyne and Rubin used the works of the artist H. R. Giger and the photographers Diane Arbus and Joel-Peter Witkin for inspiration; another influence came from the Brothers Quay's 1986 stop motion short film Street of Crocodiles.

Vietnam was really a means to an end. It was a plot device rather than something we were trying to make a huge issue of.

–Alan Marshall[1]

In the film, Jacob is told by Michael that the horrific events he experienced on his final day in Vietnam were the product of an experimental drug called "the Ladder", which was used on troops without their knowledge. At the end of the film, a message is displayed saying that reports of testing of BZ, NATO code for a deliriant and hallucinogen known as 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate, on U.S. soldiers during the Vietnam War were denied by the Pentagon. Lyne said a part of the inspiration for this motif was Martin A. Lee's book Acid Dreams: The CIA, LSD and Sixties Rebellion, but noted that "nothing in the book suggests that the drug BZ — a super-hallucinogen that has a tendency to elicit maniac behavior — was used on U.S. troops."[7] The war scenes were filmed in Puerto Rico, in the area of Vega Baja, and the UH-1 helicopters were provided by the Puerto Rico National Guard.

According to Lyne's audio commentary, test screenings indicated that the initial version of the film was overwhelming for the audience. In response, about 20 minutes of disturbing scenes, mostly from the last third of the film, were removed from the final cut.

Release

Theatrical release

Jacob's Ladder opened on November 2, 1990, distributed by TriStar Pictures. Jacob's Ladder: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack with the music by Maurice Jarre was released by Varèse Sarabande in 1993.[16] Rubin's companion book, released by Applause Theater Book Publishers on the same day as the film,[7] features a final draft of the screenplay, including the deleted scenes, and his essay on making of the screenplay and the film.[13]

Home media

The Special Edition DVD was released by Artisan Entertainment on July 14, 1998, containing three deleted scenes ("Jezzie's Transformation", "The Antidote" and "The Train Station") along with several other special features, such as audio commentary by Adrian Lyne and a 26-minute making-of documentary "Building Jacob's Ladder".[17] On September 14, 2010, the film was released on Blu-ray Disc by Lions Gate Entertainment and retains all of the special features of the DVD version, along with two trailers, omitting only a TV spot that came with the DVD.[18][19]

Reception

Box office

The film took the number one spot at the weekend box office in North America, garnering ticket sales of $7.5 million from 1,052 screens.[20] However, the attendance dropped fast and its overall domestic box office result was only $26,118,851.[2]

Critical reception

According to aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes, 69% of reviews of the film were positive based on 61 reviews.[21] Roger Ebert of Chicago Sun-Times wrote that watching it left him "reeling with turmoil and confusion, with feelings of sadness and despair," and called it "thoroughly painful and depressing experience - but, it must be said, one that has been powerfully written, directed and acted."[22] Janet Maslin of The New York Times wrote that this "slick, riveting, viscerally scary film about what in other hands would be a decidedly unsalable subject, namely death," is "both quaint and devastating."[23] However, Desson Thomson of The Washington Post felt disappointed with the film that is "ultimately flat on its surrealistic face, the victim of too many fake-art sequences."[24] Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly wrote that "Jacob's Ladder is so 'dark' it sucks Robbins right down with it. By the time Jacob is being strapped to a bed and wheeled down a hospital corridor strewn with bloody limbs, it's hard to care whether the Orwellian image is a hallucination or not. You just want out."[25] Kim Newman called the film "effectively the blunt remake" of Carnival of Souls.[12]

According to IGN's review of the DVD release in 2004, "After movies like Se7en, it may not pack the same subtle horror for today's audiences it did when it was first released, but it's still a great film."[17] IGN's review of Jacob's Ladder's 2010 Blu-ray release called it is "an emotionally poignant, creepy horror masterpiece."[18] According to Slant Magazine, Jacob's Ladder is "a bizarrely cohesive hybrid of war movie, character study, art film, and horror flick" and "the very act of watching the film is so emotionally draining that the viewer leaves the film feeling worked-in; the thought of repeat viewings is daunting yet insatiable."[19] In 2011, John Kenneth Muir called the film's nightmarish hospital scene "one of the most terrifying moments in all of 1990s horror cinema." Muir further wrote: "In its musings about death, about the end we all fear, Jacob's Ladder proves a deeply affecting and meaningful motion picture. After a screening, you'll immediately want to hug the people you love and then go outside and breathe the fresh air, or otherwise affirm your very existence."[26]

Back in 1983, the film's screenplay was included on the list of "Hollywood's ten best unproduced screenplays" by American Film magazine.[1] In 1991, Jacob's Ladder was nominated at Horror Hall of Fame II for best horror film, losing to The Silence of the Lambs. The film was also featured in Bravo's 2004 documentary miniseries The 100 Scariest Movie Moments[27] and in the 2009 book 1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die. In 2012, Total Film ranked it as the 31st best independent horror film of all time.[28] That same year, the film's elements were included on the list of top ten scariest movie demons by CraveOnline[29] and ranked as the 19th best movie plot twist by Complex;[30] similarly, it was also included on the 2013 list of 20 shocking movie plot twists by Digital Spy.[31] In 2013, Slate ranked it as the 146th greatest horror film of all time,[32] the Jacob Burns Film Center Projectionist Andrew Robinson chose it as his favourite scary movie,[33] and IGN's Lucy O'Brien wrote a feature article about this "brilliant" film, where she called it "the movie every survival horror fan should watch".[34]

Legacy

Influence

It was officially acknowledged that Jacob's Ladder greatly inspired the horror fiction franchise Silent Hill,[35] including the video games Silent Hill (1999),[36] Silent Hill 2 (2001),[37] Silent Hill 3 (2003)[38] and Silent Hill: Homecoming (2007),[39] as well as the series' 2006 film adaptation by Christophe Gans.[40] Kim Manners prepared for directing The X-Files episode "Grotesque" by listening to the music from Jacob's Ladder.[41] The film's influence on their works was recognised by Ryan Murphy, writer of the 2011 TV series American Horror Story: Asylum,[42] and Shinji Mikami, director of the video game The Evil Within.[34] Jacob's Ladder as a film is directly referenced in Silent Hill 3,[43] as well as in the 2002 The Twilight Zone episode "Night Route", the 2005 film Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit and the 2010 The Simpsons episode "The Squirt and the Whale".

In 1991, Claytown Troupe used a sample of Newman's quote "It's a fast trip..." at the beginning of the track "Rainbow's Edge" in their album Out There. The band UNKLE sampled dialogue from the film in their 1998 song "Rabbit In Your Headlights" and again in 2003 in the song "Inside". VNV Nation's track "Forsaken" from the 1998 album Praise the Fallen ends with the quotation from Eckhart, while "Devils" from IVardensphere's 2011 album APOK begins with the same quotation; a sample of Jacob's yell "Stop it, you're killing me!" is used in the song "Next in Line" in Nevermore's 1996 album The Politics of Ecstasy. The music video for the 2010 song "Nightmare" by Avenged Sevenfold is a homage to the famous hospital scene from the film, chosen because the band's deceased drummer The Rev was a fan of the film. One of the directors of Linkin Park's music video "Papercut" stated that "some inspiration for the video was taken from the film "Jacob's Ladder", especially with the twitching blue man in one of the rooms of the house".

Scholars have seen the film's influence in works ranging from M. Night Shyamalan's 1999 hit psychological horror film The Sixth Sense[44] to Peter Arnett's controversial 1998 CNN report "Valley of Death" about the Vietnam War's 1970 Operation Tailwind.[45] Jeff Millar of Houston Chronicle wrote that Giuseppe Tornatore's 1994 psychological thriller A Pure Formality uses the plot device of Jacob's Ladder mixed with several other sources.[46] According to Premiere, Massy Tadjedin's 2005 psychological thriller The Jacket "is a film for those who don't remember Jacob's Ladder, perhaps for someone like Jacob himself," as it "resembles Jacob's Ladder too much for its own good."[47] PopMatters called Michael Hurst's 2006 horror film Room 6 a "Jacob’s Ladder lift".[48] Adam Gierasch's 2014 horror film Fractured was "described as a classic film noir with a Jacob's Ladder-like vibe."[49]

Remake

Jeff Buhler (The Midnight Meat Train) was reported as writing a script for LD Entertainment's new version of Jacob's Ladder, which is based on an earlier draft by Jake Wade Wall. According to The Hollywood Reporter, "the producers are looking to make something more akin to an homage and not mimic the original. The plan is to contemporize the story with new situations and characters but still maintain a story that examines issues and poses existential questions."[50] James Foley has been attached to direct the project.[51]

Buhler said that since, due to two recent wars, the American "cultural understanding of the experience of warfare and what it does to people mentally" has become "a completely different place than it was" in 1990, he decided to not be "necessarily going to the same conclusion, and finding a new way to give the audience an experience that is similar in terms of impact and feeling, but that doesn’t play the same tune. It was a very tricky situation in the sense that we were trying to recreate something, but honor the spirit and concept (of the original), while telling a different story."[52]

See also

Similar films

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Time Golden, Up 'Jacob's Ladder' And Into the Hell Of a Veteran's Psyche, The New York Times, October 28, 1990
  2. ^ a b Jacob's Ladder at Box Office Mojo
  3. ^ Paul Meehan, Horror Noir: Where Cinema's Dark Sisters Meet, McFarland, 2011 (p.259)
  4. ^ John Flowers, Paul Frizler, Psychotherapists on Film, 1899-1999: A Worldwide Guide to Over 5000 Films, Volume 1, McFarland, 2004 (p.309)
  5. ^ Pamela Jaye Smith, Inner Drives, Michael Wiese Productions, 2005 (p.217)
  6. ^ Eric G. Wilson, Secret Cinema: Gnostic Vision in Film, Bloomsbury, 2006 (p.123)
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Hartl, John (1990-11-01). "Adrian Lyne Met A Metaphysical Challenge". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 2010-02-06.
  8. ^ Golden, Tim (1990-10-28). "FILM; Up 'Jacob's Ladder' And Into the Hell Of a Veteran's Psyche". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-10-22.
  9. ^ Tricycle: The Buddhist Review - Volume 1, Buddhist Ray, 1991 (p.77)
  10. ^ Carrol Lee Fry, Cinema of the Occult: New Age, Satanism, Wicca, and Spiritualism in Film, Associated University Presse, 2008 (p.77)
  11. ^ Alex Raynor (Russia). "Jacob's Ladder (1990) movie script - Screenplays for You". Sfy.ru. Retrieved 2012-06-18.
  12. ^ a b Tom Ruffles, Ghost Images: Cinema of the Afterlife, McFarland, 2004 (p.192)
  13. ^ a b c Bruce Joel Rubin, Jacob's Ladder, Applause Theatre & Cinema Books, 1990
  14. ^ Almar Haflidason, Dale Dye: Part 2 - Stop Whining at Me!, BBC, October 2003
  15. ^ "Jacob's Ladder". Widerscreenings.com. Retrieved 2012-06-18.
  16. ^ Maurice Jarre. "Jacob's Ladder: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack: Music". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2014-07-23.
  17. ^ a b Mike Drucker, Jacob's Ladder: The living nightmare of a movie has a pretty decent DVD., IGN, November 8, 2004
  18. ^ a b R.L. Shaffer, Jacob's Ladder Blu-ray Review, IGN, September 14, 2010
  19. ^ a b "Jacob's Ladder | DVD Review". Slant Magazine. 2010-09-14. Retrieved 2013-06-28.
  20. ^ Broeske, Pat H. (2000-08-17). "'Jacob's Ladder' Climbs to Top of Ticket Sales. - Los Angeles Times". Articles.latimes.com. Retrieved 2013-06-28.
  21. ^ "Jacob's Ladder (1990)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2010-04-16. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  22. ^ Ebert, Roger (1990-11-02). "Jacob's Ladder". Rogerebert.suntimes.com. Retrieved 2010-04-16. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  23. ^ Janet Maslin, Movie Review - Jacob s Ladder - Review/Film; It's Scary, Yes, and Death Has a Role, The New York Times, November 2, 1990
  24. ^ Desson Howe, 'Jacob's Ladder' (R), Washington Post, November 02, 1990
  25. ^ Owen Gleiberman, Jacob's Ladder (1990), EW.com, Nov 02, 1990
  26. ^ John Kenneth Muir, Horror Films of the 1990s, McFarland, 2011 (p.105)
  27. ^ "The 100 Scariest Movie Moments: 100 Scariest Moments in Movie History - Official Bravo TV Site". Web.archive.org. Archived from the original on 2007-10-30. Retrieved 2013-06-28.
  28. ^ Winning, Josh. "50 Greatest Indie Horror Film". TotalFilm.com. Retrieved 2013-06-28.
  29. ^ Editor (2012-09-10). "The Top Ten Scariest Movie Demons". CraveOnline. Retrieved 2013-06-28. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  30. ^ "Spoiler Alert! The 50 Best Movie Twists". Complex. 2012-04-11. Retrieved 2013-06-28.
  31. ^ "Jacob's Ladder - 20 shocking movie plot twists". Digital Spy. Retrieved 2013-06-28.
  32. ^ "100 Greatest Horror Films of All Time | The House Next Door". Slant Magazine. Retrieved 2013-10-29.
  33. ^ "Halloween Countdown – Day 8: Jacob's Ladder » Jacob Burns Film Center Blog". Blog.burnsfilmcenter.org. 2013-10-26. Retrieved 2014-07-23.
  34. ^ a b Lucy O'Brien, "Am I dying, Louie?", IGN, May 16, 2013.
  35. ^ John Gaudiosi, Resident Evil And Silent Hill Producer Samuel Hadida Talks Wolfenstein And Onimusha Movies, Forbes, 11/02/2012
  36. ^ Bernard Perron, Silent Hill: The Terror Engine, University of Michigan Press, 2012 (p. 55-56)
  37. ^ Interview with Silent Hill 2's Artist Takayoshi Sato, IGN, August 17, 2001
  38. ^ Silent Hill 3 Interview, IGN, June 12, 2002
  39. ^ Grayson, Vincent. "Silent Hill 5 Interview: Jason's Philosophy, Jacob's Ladder, and Pyramid Head". Shacknews.com. Retrieved 2012-06-18.
  40. ^ "Interview Silent Hill: Director Christophe Gans". Bloody Disgusting. Retrieved 2012-06-18. [dead link]
  41. ^ Brian Lowry, The Truth is Out There: The Official Guide to the X-Files, Harper Prism, 1995 (p.158)
  42. ^ Jessica Lange Sings 'The Name Game': 'American Horror Story: Asylum' Goes Musical, HUFFPOST TV, 01/03/2013
  43. ^ "Behind the Many Mysteries of Silent Hill from". 1UP.com. Retrieved 2013-06-28.
  44. ^ Charles Derry, Dark Dreams 2.0: A Psychological History of the Modern Horror Film from the 1950s to the 21st Century, McFarland, 2009 (p.223)
  45. ^ Jerry Lembcke, CNN's Tailwind Tale: Inside Vietnam's Last Great Myth, Rowman & Littlefield, 2003 (p.77)
  46. ^ Jeff Millar, `Pure Formality' so pretentious is hurts, Houston Chronicle, 10/06/1995
  47. ^ Brian W. Fairbanks, I Saw That Movie, Too: Selected Film Reviews, 2005 (p.201)
  48. ^ Bill Gibron, Room 6, PopMatters, 8 August 2006.
  49. ^ Ryan Turek (2014-04-03). "Jacob's Ladder-esque Fractured Gets a Trailer". Shock Till You Drop. Retrieved 2014-07-22.
  50. ^ Boris Kit, 'Jacob's Ladder' Getting Remake Treatment (Exclusive), The Hollywood Reporter, 6/28/2013.
  51. ^ "'House of Cards' Director James Foley Climbs Aboard 'Jacob's Ladder' Homage (Exclusive)". TheWrap. 2013-11-20. Retrieved 2014-06-19.
  52. ^ "Exclusive: Writer Jeff Buhler Talks the 'Jacob's Ladder' Remake | News Article". Fearnet. 2014-04-09. Retrieved 2014-07-22.
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