List of potentially habitable exoplanets
This is a list of potentially habitable exoplanets and possible exoplanets. The list is based on estimates of habitability by the Habitable Exoplanets Catalog (HEC), and data from the NASA Exoplanet Archive. The HEC is maintained by the Planetary Habitability Laboratory at the University of Puerto Rico at Arecibo.[1]
Planet habitability involves being at the right distance from the host star for liquid surface water to be present, various geophysical and geodynamical aspects, radiation type and intensity, and the host star's plasma environment.[2]
Potential habitable zone status
In astronomy and astrobiology, the circumstellar habitable zone (CHZ or sometimes "ecosphere", "liquid-water belt", "HZ", "life zone" or "Goldilocks zone") is the region around a star where a planet with sufficient atmospheric pressure can maintain liquid water on its surface.[3][4]
A potentially habitable planet implies a terrestrial planet within the circumstellar habitable zone and with conditions roughly comparable to those of Earth (i.e. an Earth analog) and thus potentially favourable to Earth-like life.[citation needed] However, the question of what makes a planet habitable is much more complex than having a planet located at the right distance from its host star so that water can be liquid on its surface: various geophysical and geodynamical aspects, the radiation, and the host stars plasma environment can influence the evolution of planets and life, if it originated.[2]
In November 2013, astronomers reported, based on Kepler space mission data, that there could be as many as 40 billion Earth-sized planets orbiting in the habitable zones of Sun-like stars and red dwarfs in the Milky Way,[5][6] 11 billion of which may be orbiting Sun-like stars.[7]
A 2015 review concluded that the exoplanets Kepler-62f, Kepler-186f and Kepler-442b were likely the best candidates for being potentially habitable.[8] These are at a distance of 1,200, 490 and 1,120 light-years away, respectively. Of these, Kepler-186f is similar in size to Earth with a 1.2-Earth-radius measure and it is located towards the outer edge of the habitable zone around its red dwarf.
When looking at the nearest terrestrial exoplanet candidates, Tau Ceti e is only 11.9 light-years away.[9]
List from the Habitable Exoplanets Catalog
List of exoplanets in the conservative habitable zone
This is a list of the exoplanets that are more likely to have a rocky composition and maintain surface liquid water (i.e. 0.5 < planet's radius ≤ 1.5 Earth radii or 0.1 < planet's minimum mass ≤ 5 Earth masses, and the planet is orbiting within the conservative habitable zone). Note that this does not ensure habitability, and that * represents an unconfirmed planet or planet candidate. Earth is included for comparison.
| Object | Star | Star type | Mass(M⊕) | Radius(R⊕) | Flux(F⊕) | Teq(K) | Period(Days) | Distance(Ly) | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Earth | Sun | G2V | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 255 | 365.25 | - | |
| Gliese 667 Cc | Gliese 667 C | M1.5V | ≥3.8 | 1.1 – 1.5 – 2.0 | 0.88 | 277 | 28.143 ± 0.029 | 23.62 | [10] [11] |
| Kepler-442b | Kepler-442 | K?V | 8.2 – 2.3 – 1.0 | 1.34 | 0.70 | 233 | 112.3053 | 1291.6 | [11] |
| Kepler-452b | Kepler-452 | G2V | 19.8 – 4.7 – 1.9 | 1.50, 1.63 | 1.11 | 265+15 −13 |
384.8 | 1402 | [11][12] |
| Wolf 1061c | Wolf 1061 | M3V | ≥ 4.3 | 1.1 – 1.6 – 2.0 | 0.60 | 223 | 17.9 | 13.8 | [11] |
| Kepler-1229b | Kepler-1229 | M?V | 9.8 – 2.7 – 1.2 | 1.4 | 0.49 | 213 | 86.8 | 769 | [11] |
| Kapteyn b* | Kapteyn | sdM1 | ≥ 4.8 | 1.2 - 1.6 - 2.1 | 0.43 | 205 | 48.6 | 13 | [11] |
| Kepler-62f | Kepler-62 | K2V | 10.2 – 2.8 – 1.2 | 1.41 | 0.39 | 208±11 | 267.291 | 1200 | [11][13] |
| Kepler-186f | Kepler-186 | M1V | 4.7 – 1.5 – 0.6 | 1.17 | 0.29 | 188 | 129.9459 | 561 | [11] |
List of exoplanets in the optimistic habitable zone
This is a list of the exoplanets that are less likely to have a rocky composition or maintain surface liquid water (i.e. 0.5 < planet's radius ≤ 1.5 Earth radii or 0.1 < planet's minimum mass ≤ 10 Earth masses, or the planet is orbiting within the optimistic habitable zone). Note that this not ensure habitability, and that * represents an unconfirmed planet or planet candidate.
| Object | Star | Star type | Mass(M⊕) | Radius(R⊕) | Flux(F⊕) | Teq(K) | Period(Days) | Distance(Ly) | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kepler-438b | Kepler-438 | M | 4.0 – 1.3 – 0.6 | 1.1 | 1.38 | 276 | 35.2 | 473 | [11] |
| Kepler-296e | Kepler-296 | M | 12.5 – 3.3 – 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.22 | 337.0±17.5 | 34.1 | 737 | [11][14] |
| Kepler-62e | Kepler-62 | K | 18.7 – 4.5 – 1.9 | 1.6 | 1.10 | 270±15 | 122.4 | 1200 | [11][15] |
| Gliese 832 c | Gliese 832 | M | ≥ 5.4 | 1.2 – 1.7 – 2.2 | 1.00 | 253; 233–280 | 35.7 | 16 | [11] |
| K2-3d | K2-3 | M | 11.1 | 1.5 | 1.46 | 300 | 44.6 | 137 | [11][16] |
| Kepler-1544b | Kepler-1544 | K | 31.7 - 6.6 - 2.6 | 1.8 | 0.90 | 248 | 168.8 | 1138 | [11] |
| Kepler-283c | Kepler-283 | K | 35.3 – 7.0 – 2.8 | 1.8 | 0.90 | 248 | 92.7 | 1741 | [11] |
| Tau Ceti e* | Tau Ceti | G | ≥ 4.3 | 1.1 – 1.6 – 2.0 | 1.51 | 282 | 168.1 | 12 | [11] |
| Gliese 180 c | Gliese 180 | M | ≥ 6.4 | 1.3 – 1.8 – 2.3 | 0.79 | 239 | 24.3 | 38 | [11] |
| Kepler-440b | Kepler-440 | K | 41.2 – 7.7 – 3.1 | 1.9 | 1.43 | 273 | 101.1 | 851 | [11] |
| Gliese 180 b | Gliese 180 | M | ≥ 8.3 | 1.3 – 1.9 – 2.4 | 1.23 | 268 | 17.4 | 38 | [11] |
| HD 40307 g | HD 40307 | K | ≥ 7.1 | 1.3 – 1.8 – 2.3 | 0.68 | 227 | 197.8 | 42 | [11] |
| Gliese 163 c | Gliese 163 | M | ≥ 7.3 | 1.3 – 1.8 – 2.3 | 0.66 | 230; 277 | 25.6 | 49 | [11] |
| K2-18 b | K2-18 | M | ? – 16.5 – 6.0 | 2.2 | 0.94 | 272±15 | 32.9 | 111 | [11][17] |
| Kepler-61b | Kepler-61 | K | ? – 13.8 – 5.2 | 2.2 | 1.27 | 258, 273±13 | 59.9 | 1063 | [11][18] |
| Kepler-443b | Kepler-443 | K | ? – 19.5 – 7.0 | 2.3 | 0.89 | 247 | 177.7 | 2540 | [11] |
| Kepler-22b | Kepler-22 | G | ? – 20.4 – 7.2 | 2.04; 2.4 | 1.11 | 262 | 289.9 | 619 | [11][19] |
| Gliese 422 b* | Gliese 422 | M | ≥ 9.9 | 1.4 – 2.0 – 2.6 | 0.68 | 231 | 26.2 | 41 | [11] |
| K2-9b | K2-9 | M | ? – 16.8 – 6.1 | 2.2 | 1.38 | 284±14, 314+67 −64 |
18.4 | 359 | [11][20] |
| Gliese 3293 c* | Gliese 3293 | M | ≥ 8.6 | 1.4 – 1.9 – 2.5 | 0.60 | 223 | 48.1 | 59 | [11] |
| Kepler-298d | Kepler-298 | K | ? – 26.8 – 9.1 | 2.5 | 1.29 | 271 | 77.5 | 1545 | [11] |
| Kepler-174d | Kepler-174 | K | ? – 14.8 – 5.5 | 2.2 | 0.43 | 206 | 247.4 | 1174 | [11] |
| Kepler-296f | Kepler-296 | M | 28.7 – 6.1 – 2.5 | 1.8 | 0.34 | 198, 274.0±15.0 | 63.3 | 737 | [11][21] |
| Gliese 682 c | Gliese 682 | M | ≥ 8.7 | 1.4 – 1.9 – 2.5 | 0.37 | 198 | 57.3 | 17 | [11] |
| KOI-4427 b* | KOI-4427 | M | 38.5 – 7.4 – 3.0 | 1.8 | 0.24 | 179 | 147.7 | 782 | [11] |
Previous candidates
HD 85512 b was initially found to be potentially habitable,[22][23] but updated models for the boundaries of the habitable zone placed the planet interior to the HZ,[24][25] and it is now considered non-habitable.[11] Kepler-69c has gone through a similar process; though initially believed to be potentially habitable,[26] it was quickly realized that the planet is more likely to be similar to Venus,[27] and is thus no longer considered habitable.[11]
Similarly, Tau Ceti f was initially considered potentially habitable,[28] but the improved model of the circumstellar habitable zone places the planet exterior to the outer limits of habitability, so it is now considered non-habitable.[11]
KOI-1686.01 was also considered even the single-most potentially habitable exoplanet after its detection in 2011, until it was proved a false positive by NASA in 2015.[29]
Gallery
| Notable exoplanets – Kepler Space Telescope | ||
|---|---|---|
(Kepler-62e, Kepler-62f, Kepler-186f, Kepler-296e, Kepler-296f, Kepler-438b, Kepler-440b, Kepler-442b) (Kepler Space Telescope; 6 January 2015).[30] |
| |
See also
- Carbon planet
- Earth analog
- Extraterrestrial life
- Extraterrestrial liquid water
- Goldilocks principle
- Habitability of red dwarf systems
- Habitable zone
- Hypothetical types of biochemistry
- List of multiplanetary systems
- List of nearby stars
- List of nearest terrestrial exoplanet candidates
- List of Kepler exoplanet candidates in the habitable zone
- Natural satellite habitability
- List of potentially habitable moons
- Planetary habitability
- Rare Earth hypothesis
- Super-Earth
- Terrestrial planet
- Superhabitable planet
References
- ^ "Habitable Exoplanets Catalog". University of Puerto Rico at Arecibo. 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
- ^ a b Lammer, H.; Bredehöft, J. H.; Coustenis, A.; Khodachenko, M. L.; et al. (2009). "What makes a planet habitable?" (PDF). The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review. 17: 181–249. Bibcode:2009A&ARv..17..181L. doi:10.1007/s00159-009-0019-z. Retrieved 2016-05-03.
- ^ "VPL Glossary". washington.edu.
- ^ "The Goldilocks Zone". NASA. 2 October 2003.
- ^ Overbye, Dennis (4 November 2013). "Far-Off Planets Like the Earth Dot the Galaxy". New York Times. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
- ^ Petigura, Erik A.; et al. (31 October 2013). "Prevalence of Earth-size planets orbiting Sun-like stars". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. arXiv:1311.6806. Bibcode:2013PNAS..11019273P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1319909110. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
- ^ Khan, Amina (4 November 2013). "Milky Way may host billions of Earth-size planets". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
- ^ Paul Gilster, Andrew LePage (30 January 2015). "A Review of the Best Habitable Planet Candidates". Centauri Dreams, Tau Zero Foundation. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
- ^ Giovanni F. Bignami (2015). The Mystery of the Seven Spheres: How Homo sapiens will Conquer Space. Springer. ISBN 9783319170046., Page 110
- ^ Feroz, F.; Hobson, M. P. (2014). "Bayesian analysis of radial velocity data of GJ667C with correlated noise: evidence for only two planets". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 437 (4): 3540–3549. arXiv:1307.6984. Bibcode:2014MNRAS.437.3540F. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt2148.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj PHL's Exoplanets Catalog – Planetary Habitability Laboratory @ UPR Arecibo
- ^ "Confirmed Planet Overview Page: Kepler-452 b". NASA Exoplanet Archive. NASA Exoplanet Science Institute. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
- ^ "Confirmed Planet Overview Page: Kepler-62f". NASA Exoplanet Archive. NASA Exoplanet Science Institute. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
- ^ "Confirmed Planet Overview Page: Kepler-296e". NASA Exoplanet Archive. NASA Exoplanet Science Institute. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
- ^ "Confirmed Planet Overview Page: Kepler-62e". NASA Exoplanet Archive. NASA Exoplanet Science Institute. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
- ^ "Confirmed Planet Overview Page: K2-3d". NASA Exoplanet Archive. NASA Exoplanet Science Institute. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
- ^ "Confirmed Planet Overview Page: K2-18 b". NASA Exoplanet Archive. NASA Exoplanet Science Institute. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
- ^ "Confirmed Planet Overview Page: Kepler-61 b". NASA Exoplanet Archive. NASA Exoplanet Science Institute. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
- ^ "Confirmed Planet Overview Page: Kepler-22 b". NASA Exoplanet Archive. NASA Exoplanet Science Institute. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
- ^ "Confirmed Planet Overview Page: K2-9b". NASA Exoplanet Archive. NASA Exoplanet Science Institute. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
- ^ "Confirmed Planet Overview Page: Kepler-296 f". NASA Exoplanet Archive. NASA Exoplanet Science Institute. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
- ^ Kaltenegger, L.; et al. (2011). "A Habitable Planet around HD 85512?". arXiv:1108.3561. Bibcode:2011arXiv1108.3561K.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Mendez, Abel (1 August 2012). "Five Potential Habitable Exoplanets Now" (Press release). Planetary Habitability Laboratory @ UPR Arecibo. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
- ^ Kopparapu, Ravi kumar; et al. (2013). "Habitable Zones Around Main-Sequence Stars: New Estimates". arXiv:1301.6674. Bibcode:2013ApJ...765..131K. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/765/2/131.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Mendez, Abel (29 January 2013). "A New Habitable Zone" (Press release). Planetary Habitability Laboratory @ UPR Arecibo. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
- ^ Barclay, Thomas; et al. (2013). "A super-Earth-sized planet orbiting in or near the habitable zone around Sun-like star". arXiv:1304.4941. Bibcode:2013ApJ...768..101B. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/768/2/101.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Kane, Stephen R.; et al. (2013). "A Potential Super-Venus in the Kepler-69 System". arXiv:1305.2933. Bibcode:2013ApJ...770L..20K. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/770/2/L20.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Mendez, Abel (28 December 2012). "Two Nearby Habitable Worlds?" (Press release). Planetary Habitability Laboratory @ UPR Arecibo. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
- ^ "Kepler Candidate Overview Page: KOI-1686.01". NASA Exoplanet Archive. NASA Exoplanet Science Institute. Retrieved 28 December 2015.
- ^ Clavin, Whitney; et al. (6 January 2015). "NASA's Kepler Marks 1,000th Exoplanet Discovery, Uncovers More Small Worlds in Habitable Zones". NASA. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
