Jump to content

Bhumibol Adulyadej

Edit links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Rlevse (talk | contribs) at 20:03, 1 September 2006. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX)
King of Thailand
Bhumibol Adulyadej
ReignJune 9, 1946 - Present
CoronationMay 5, 1950
PredecessorKing Ananda Mahidol (Rama VIII)
IssuePrincess Ubol Ratana
HRH Crown Prince Maha Vajiralongkorn
HRH Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn
HRH Princess Chulabhorn Walailak
HouseChakri Dynasty
FatherMahidol Adulyadej, Prince of Songkla
MotherSangwal, the Princess Mother

Bhumibol Adulyadej (Thai: ภูมิพลอดุลยเดช; IPA: pʰu:mipʰon adunjadeːd; listenⓘ) (born December 5, 1927), officially styled "the Great" and also known as Rama IX, is the current King of Thailand. Having reigned since June 9, 1946, Bhumibol is the world's longest-serving current Head of State and the longest-serving monarch in Thai history.[1]

Although Bhumibol is a constitutional monarch, he has several times made decisive interventions in Thai politics, including the political crisis of 2005-2006. Bhumibol is widely credited with facilitating Thailand's transition to democracy in the 1990s, although in earlier periods of his reign he supported military regimes. Bhumibol also uses his great wealth to fund numerous development projects, particularly in rural areas. Bhumibol is immensely popular in Thailand, and is revered as a semi-divine figure by many Thais. Critics, mostly outside Thailand, attribute this status to the suppression of criticism of the monarchy.[2]

Bhumibol was born in the United States and educated primarily in Switzerland. Bhumibol is also an accomplished musician, artist, and sailor. He is one of the wealthiest people in the world and has received many honors.

Early life

File:Mahidols-1938.jpg
King Ananda Mahidol, his grandmother Queen Savang Vadhana, and Prince Bhumibol in 1938.

Bhumibol was born at Mount Auburn Hospital in Cambridge, Massachusetts in the United States, the youngest son of Mahidol Adulyadej, Prince of Songkhla and son of King Chulalongkorn, and Mom Sangwal (later Somdej Phra Sri Nakarindhara Boromaratchachonnani). At the time of his birth, he was known in Thailand as Phra Worawongse Ther Phra Ong Chao Bhumibol Adulyadej (พระวรวงศ์เธอ พระองค์เจ้าภูมิพลอดุลยเดช), reflecting the fact that his mother was a commoner.[3] Had he been born just a few years earlier, before his uncle King Prajadhipok passed a law allowing children of a prince and a commoner to be called Phra Ong Chao (a prince of a lesser status than Chao Fa), he would have been called Mom Chao (the most junior class of the Thai princes), similar to his older brother and sister.[4]

Bhumibol was brought back to Thailand in 1928, after Prince Mahidol finished his medical study at Harvard University. After primary schooling at the Mater Dei school in Bangkok, he left with the rest of his family in 1933 for Switzerland, where he continued his secondary education at the École Nouvelle de la Suisse romande in Chailly-sur-Lausanne, and received the baccalauréat de lettres (high-school diploma with major in French literature, Latin, and Greek) from the Gymnase classique cantonal of Lausanne. He was studying science at the University of Lausanne when his elder brother, Phra Ong Chao Ananda Mahidol, was crowned King of Thailand. King Ananda Mahidol then elevated his brother and sister to the Chao Fa status, the most senior class of the Thai princes and princesses, in 1935. They came to Thailand briefly in 1938, but returned to Switzerland for further study, where they stayed until 1945.[5]

Succession and marriage

Bhumibol acceded to the throne following the death of his brother, King Ananda Mahidol, on June 9, 1946. Ananda Mahidol's death resulted from a gunshot to the head while he was in his bedroom in the Baromphiman Palace in the Grand Palace, under circumstances that to this day remain a mystery.[6] Bhumibol then returned to Switzerland in order to complete his education, and his uncle, Rangsit, Prince of Chainat, was appointed Prince Regent. Bhumibol switched over his field of study to law and political science in order to prepare himself more effectively for his new position as ruler.

While finishing his degree in Switzerland, Bhumibol visited Paris frequently. It was in Paris that he first met a first cousin once removed, Mom Rajawongse Sirikit Kitiyakara, daughter of the Thai ambassador to France.[7] He was 21, and she was 16. Bhumibol became a regular visitor to the ambassador's residence.

On October 4, 1948, while Bhumibol was driving a Fiat Topolino on the Geneva-Lausanne highway, he collided into the rear of a braking truck. He lost his right eye in the accident.[8][9] While he was hospitalized in Lausanne, Sirikit visited him frequently. She met Bhumibol's mother, who asked her to continue her studies nearby so that Bhumibol could get to know her better. Bhumibol selected for her a boarding school in Lausanne, Riante Rive. A quiet engagement in Lausanne followed on July 19, 1949, and the couple were married on April 28, 1950, just a week before his coronation.

Bhumibol and his wife Queen Sirikit have four children:

One of Bhumibol's grandchildren, Bhumi Jensen (also known as Khun Poom), was killed in the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. He was the son of Princess Ubol Ratana.

Coronation and titles

Bhumibol was crowned King of Thailand on May 5, 1950 at the Royal Palace in Bangkok. His ceremonial name, according to the ancient tradition, is:

พระบาทสมเด็จพระปรมินทรมหาภูมิพลอดุลยเดช มหิตลาธิเบศรามาธิบดี จักรีนฤบดินทร์ สยามินทราธิราช บรมนาถบพิตร (Phrabat Somdej Phra Paramindra Maha Bhumibol Adulyadej Mahitaladhibet Ramadhibodi Chakrinarubodindara Sayamindaradhiraj Boromanatbophit listenⓘ)

On the same day, he made his consort Queen (Somdej Phra Boromarajini). The date of his coronation is celebrated each May 5 in Thailand as Coronation Day, a public holiday. On December 5, 1996, Bhumibol celebrated his 50th anniversary as the King of Thailand, becoming the longest reigning monarch in Thai history.[1]

Following the death of his grandmother Queen Savang Vadhana (สว่างวัฒนา, Sawang Watthana Phra Phanvasa Aiyeekajao), Bhumibol entered a 15-day monkhood (October 22–November 5, 1956), as is customary at the death of elder relatives. During this time, Sirikit was appointed his regent. She was later appointed Queen Regent (Somdej Phra Boromarajininat) in recognition of this.

Although Bhumibol is often referred to as King Rama IX in English, the name "Rama" is never used in Thai. The name is used to approximate "Ratchakal ti Kao" (รัชกาลที่ 9, literally "the Ninth Reign"). More commonly, Thais refer to him as Nai Luang or Phra Chao Yu Hua (ในหลวง or พระเจ้าอยู่หัว: both mean "the King"). Formally, he would be referred to as Phrabat Somdej Phra Chao Yu Hua (พระบาทสมเด็จพระเจ้าอยู่หัว) or, in legal documents, Phrabat Somdej Phra Paraminthara Maha Bhumibol Adulyadej (พระบาทสมเด็จพระปรมินทรมหาภูมิพลอดุลยเดช), and in English as His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej. He signs his name as ภูมิพลอดุลยเดช ป.ร. (Bhumibol Adulyadej Por Ror; this is the Thai equivalent of Bhumibol Adulyadej R[ex]).

Role in Thai politics

Many public images of Bhumibol, such as this one outside the Danish Embassy, show him as many years younger than his current age, contributing to his cult-like status

In the early years of his reign, during the government of military dictator Plaek Pibulsonggram, Bhumibol had no real power and was little more than a ceremonial front for the military regime. In August 1957, General Sarit Dhanarajata accused the government of Marshal Pibulsonggram of lèse majesté, due to controversies surrounding Thailand's 2,500th anniversary celebration of Buddhism.[10][11] On September 16, 1957, Pibulsonggram went to Bhumibol to seek support for his government.[12] Bhumibol told the Marshal to resign to avoid a coup; Pibulsonggram refused. That evening, Sarit Dhanarajata seized power, and two hours later Bhumibol decreed martial law, named Sarit as "defender of the capital", and allowed Sarit to countersign royal decrees.[13]

Under Sarit's regime, the monarchy was revitalized. Bhumibol attended public ceremonies, toured the provinces and patronised development projects. Under Sarit, the practice of crawling in front of royalty during audiences, banned by King Chulalongkorn (Rama V), was revived and the royal-sponsored Thammayut Nikaya order was revitalized. For the first time since the absolute monarchy was overthrown, a King was conveyed up the Chao Phraya River in a royal barge procession to offer robes at temples.[14][15]

Other disused ceremonies from the classical period of the Chakri dynasty, like the royally-patronized ploughing ceremony (Thai: พิธีพืชมงคล), were also revived.[16] The close association with Bhumibol lent political legitimacy to Sarit and the military regime. After Sarit's death, his royalist policies were continued by Field Marshal Thanom Kittikachorn.

During the 1970's, Bhumibol was a key figure in the Village Scouts and Red Gaur, both anti-leftist vigilante movements.[17][18] Bhumibol wrote the Village Scout code of behavior and handed out "King's kerchiefs" at Scout induction ceremonies.[19] Bhumibol also visited Red Gaur functions and training camps.[20] He was also closely involved with the Navapol anti-leftist movement, led in part by Saiyud Kerdphol, Samran Bhaetyakul, Tanin Kraivixien, the later two of which became Privy Counselors.[21]

In October 1973 after massive protests and the deaths of a large number of pro-democracy demonstrators led by students, Bhumibol asserted himself politically for the first time by making it clear he favoured an end to Thanom's military regime, even opening the doors of the Chitralada Palace to fleeing students, and holding audiences with their leaders. Bhumibol subsequently appointed Thammasat University Rector Sanya Dharmasakti as the new Prime Minister. A succession of civilian governments followed, but in 1976 with the return of Thanom from self-imposed exile led to renewed conflict. Protests against the ex-dictator escalated and came to a head when two newspapers published forged photographs depicting Thammasat students hanging the Crown Prince Vajiralongkorn in effigy.[22] With many people believing that lèse majesté had been committed, military and paramilitary forces attacked the University, leading to a massacre.

The ensuing chaos was used as a pretext for a military coup which resulted in the appointment of Tanin Kraivixien as Prime Minister. He was replaced in another military coup by General Kriangsak Chomanan in October 1977. Kriangsak was succeeded in 1980 by Army Commander in Chief General Prem Tinsulanond, a favorite of Bhumibol and future Privy Council President. In April 1981 a group of army officers staged another coup. Their position quickly crumbled when Prem fled to Khorat and was soon joined by the royal family. The Queen, in a radio broadcast, gave public support to Prem's government. With royal support for Prem made clear, units loyal to Prem recaptured the capital.[23] Manoon Roopkachorn, one of the 1981 coup-makers, was accused in 1985 by the police of masterminding an assassination plot against Queen Sirikit in 1982. The grounds for the accusations were later found in 1994 to have been fabricated.[24]

Crisis of 1992

In 1992, Bhumibol played a key role in Thailand's transition to a democratic system. A coup on February 23, 1991 put Thailand back under military dictatorship. After a general election, held in 1992, the majority parties invited General Suchinda Kraprayoon, a leader of the coup, to be the Prime Minister. This caused much dissent, and the conflict escalated to demonstrations and then to a large number of deaths when the military was brought in to control the protestors. The situation became increasingly critical as neither side would back down and the violence escalated.

Bhumibol summoned Suchinda and the leader of the pro-democracy movement, Major General Chamlong Srimuang, to a televised audience. At the height of the crisis, the sight of both men appearing together on their knees (in accordance with royal protocol) made a strong impression on the nation, and led to Suchinda's resignation soon afterwards. It was one of the few public occasions where Bhumibol directly intervened in a political conflict. A general election was held shortly afterward leading to a civilian government.

Crisis of 2005-2006

A protestor wears the slogan 'We will fight for the King' during an anti-Thaksin protest.

Bhumibol was closely involved in the Thailand Political Crisis of 2005-2006. In April 2005 Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra presided over a merit-making ceremony at the Temple of the Emerald Buddha, the holiest site in Thai Buddhism. Phoochatkarn, a Thai newspaper, stated that Thaksin had usurped Bhumibol's powers by presiding over the ceremony. Sondhi Limthongkul, the owner of Phoochatkarn, promoted the use of slogans such as "We Love the King", "We Will Fight for the King", and "Return Power to the King" in anti-Thaksin rallies. Despite later claims that Bhumibol had approved of Thaksin's role in the ceremony,[25] Sondhi continued to use royal slogans in anti-Thaksin protests.

Weeks before the April 2006 legislative election, the anti-Thaksin coalition (including the Democrat Party, the People's Alliance for Democracy, and the Law Society of Thailand) petitioned Bhumibol to appoint a replacement Prime Minister and Cabinet to resolve the political crisis. However, demands for royal intervention in the political crisis met with much criticism. Bhumibol, in a speech on April 26, 2006, responded "Asking for a Royally appointed prime minister is undemocratic. It is, pardon me, a mess. It is irrational".[26]

One day after publicly declaring victory in the April parliamentary elections, Thaksin had a private audience with Bhumibol. A few hours later, a weeping Thaksin appeared on national television to announce that he would not accept the Premiership, and would be taking leave from politics.

In a rare, televised speech to senior judges, Bhumibol requested that the judiciary take action to resolve the political crisis.[26] On 8 May 2006, the Constitution Court invalidated the results of the April elections and ordered a new round of elections.[27] The Criminal Court later jailed the Election Commissioners.[28][29]

Royal powers

File:Bhumibol AdulyadejRamaIX.jpg
Bhumibol Adulyadej in 2006.

Despite Thailand's continuous transition to a mature parliamentary democracy, Bhumibol retains enormous powers, partly because of his immense popularity and partly because his powers - although clearly defined in the Thai Constitution - are often subject to conflicting interpretations. This was highlighted by the controversy surrounding the appointment of a new Auditor-General. The Constitution Court ruled in July 2004 that the appointment of Jaruvan Maintaka to this post by the State Audit Commission was unconstitutional. But Jaruvan refused to leave her position without an explicit order from Bhumibol. When the Senate approved of a replacement for Jaruvan, Bhumibol, in a very rare move, refused to approve the replacement.[30] The Senate declined to vote to override his veto.[31] Finally in February 2006 the Audit Commission reinstated Jaruvan when it became clear from a memo from the Office of the King's Principal Private Secretary that Bhumibol supported her position.

This raised the issue of whether Bhumibol was more powerful than the Constitution. Senator Kaewsan Atibhodi, a former member of the Constitution Drafting Committee, noted that under Article Seven of the 1997 Constitution said that: "whenever no provision under this Constitution is applicable to any case, it shall be decided in accordance with the constitutional practice in the democratic regime of government with the King as Head of the State”. Kaewsan interpreted this as giving Bhumibol veto powers over the Senate's appointment of Wisut Montriwat to replace Jaruvan: "Whatever [the King] considers [something as being] not beneficial to the people and being unjust, His Majesty has a veto power".[32]

Bhumibol has very rarely vetoed legislation in previous circumstances. In 1976, when the Parliament voted 149-19 to extend democratic elections down to local levels, Bhumibol refused to sign the law.[33] The Parliament refused to vote to overturn the King's veto. In 1954, Bhumibol vetoed parliamentary-approved land reform legislation twice before consenting to sign it.[34] The law limited the maximum land any person could hold at 50 rai (20 acres), at a time when the Crown Property Bureau was the Kingdom's largest land-owner. The law was repealed after power was seized by General Sarit.

Bhumibol's hold over Thai public opinion was demonstrated following the 2003 Phnom Penh riots in Cambodia, when hundreds of Thai protesters, enraged by the burning of Thai embassy in Phnom Penh, gathered outside the Cambodian embassy in Bangkok, ripped the Cambodian seal out of the front wall, and tried to break into the embassy. The situation was resolved peacefully when Police General Sant Sarutanonda told the crowd that he had received a call from royal secretary Arsa Sarasin conveying Bhumibol's call for calm.[35]

Bhumibol has the constitutional prerogative to pardon criminals. The 2006 pardon of several convicted paedophiles, including an Australian rapist and child pornographer, has caused controversy.[36][37][38]

Royal projects

Bhumibol has been involved in many social and economic development projects, although the nature of his involvement has varied by political regime.[39]

The military regime of Plaek Pibulsonggram (1951-1957) suppressed the monarchy; however, during that period Bhumibol managed to initiate a few projects using his own personal funds. These projects included the Royal Film and Radio Broadcasting Projects.

In the military regime of Sarit Dhanarajata and his successors (1958-1980), Bhumibol was reportrayed as the "Development King," and appropriated to the economic and political goals of the regime. Royally-initiated projects were implemented under the financial and political support of the government, including projects in rural areas and communities under the influence of the Communist Party of Thailand. Bhumibol's visits to these projects were heavily promoted by the Sarit government and broadcast on the state-controlled media.

During the civilian governments of General Prem Tinsulanond (1981-1987), the relationship between the Thai state and the monarch was at its closest. Prem, later to become President of Bhumibol's Privy Council, officially allocated government budgets and manpower to support royal projects. Most activities in this period involved the development of large scale irrigation projects.

During the modern period (post-1988), the structured development of the Royal Projects reached its apex. Bhumibol's Chaipattana Foundation was established, promoting what he called the self-sufficient economy, an alternative to the export-oriented policies adopted by the period's elected governments.

Awards

Bhumibol set a world record for receiving the greatest number of honorary university degrees (136) in 1997.[40] Most of his degrees came from Thai universities, for instance, Kasetsart University, which awarded him ten honorary doctorate degrees at once.

Bhumibol is a recipient of the Royal Victorian Chain, a personal award of the British Monarch. In May 2006, UN Secretary-General, Kofi Annan, presented the United Nations' first Human Development Lifetime Achievement Award to Bhumibol.[41]

Bhumibol, who serves as head of The National Scout Organization of Thailand, was presented the Bronze Wolf award on June 20, 2006, World Organization of the Scout Movement's highest award, for his support and development of Scouting in Thailand by Carl XVI Gustav, King of Sweden and Honorary President of the World Scout Foundation. The presentation took place at Chitralada Palace in Thailand and was witnessed by Chairman of the World Scout Committee Herman Hui.[42]

60th Anniversary celebrations

Main article: 60th anniversary of the accession of Bhumibol Adulyadej
Images of Bhumibol dominate the skyline at Chatuchak Park, Bangkok, August 2006
File:King60yrsLogo.jpg
The emblem for the 60th Anniversary Celebration of Bhumibol's Accession to the Throne.

Also called the Diamond Jubilee, the 60th Anniversary Celebrations of His Majesty the King's Accession to the Throne were a series of events marking Bhumibol's reign. Events included the royal barge procession on the Chao Phraya River, fireworks displays, art exhibitions, pardoning 25,000 prisoners,[43] concerts and dance performances. Tied in with the anniversary, on May 26, 2006 United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan presented Bhumibol with the United Nations Development Program's first Human Development Lifetime Achievement Award. National holidays were on June 9 and June 12–13, 2006. On June 9, the King and Queen appeared on the balcony of Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall before hundreds of thousands of people. The official royal barge procession on June 12 was attended by the King and Queen and royal visitors from 26 other countries. On June 13, a state banquet for the royal visitors was held in the new Rama IX Throne Hall at the Grand Palace, the first official function for the hall. All the Thai television channels were tuned to this historical event, preempting coverage of the FIFA World Cup.

Private life

Bhumibol is an accomplished jazz musician and composer. He was awarded honorary membership of the Vienna Institute of Music and Arts at the age of 32. He used to play jazz music on air on the Or Sor radio station. In his travels, he has played with such jazz legends as Benny Goodman, Jack Teagarden, Lionel Hampton and Maynard Ferguson. His songs can often be heard at social gatherings and are performed in concerts. They can be listened to here.

Bhumibol is also a painter, photographer, author and translator. His book Phra Mahachanok is based on a traditional Jataka story of Buddhist scripture. The Story of Thong Daeng is the story of his dog Thong Daeng. He is also the only Thai monarch—and possibly the only monarch in the world, to hold a patent;[44][45] holding one in 1993 for a waste water aerator named "Chai Pattana" and several patents on rainmaking since 1955: the "sandwich" rainmaking patent in 1999 and lately the "supersandwich" patent in 2003.[46][47][48]

In his youth, Prince Bhumibol was greatly interested in firearms.[49] He kept a carbine, a Sten gun, and two automatic pistols in his bedroom, and he and brother, King Ananda Mahidol, often used the gardens of the Baromphiman Palace for target practice.

Bhumibol suffers from lumbar spine stenosis, a narrowing of the canal that contains the spinal cord and nerve roots, which results in back and leg pain and numbness in the legs. He received a microsurgical decompression in July 2006.[50][51]

Sailing

Bhumibol is an accomplished sailor and sailboat designer.[52] He won a gold medal for sailing in the Fourth Southeast Asian Peninsular (SEAP) Games in 1967, together with HRH Princess Ubol Ratana who he tied for points.[53] This accomplishment is all the more remarkable given Bhumibol's lack of binocular depth perception. Bhumibol has also sailed the Gulf of Thailand from Hua Hin to Toey Harbour in Sattahip, covering 60 nautical miles in a 14-hour journey on the "Vega 1", an OK Class dinghy he built.

Like his father, a former naval engineer, Bhumibol was an avid boat designer and builder. He produced several small sail-boat designs in the International Enterprise, OK, and Moth Classes. His designs in the Moth class include the “Mod”, “Super Mod”, and “Micro Mod”.

Wealth

Bhumibol is one of the wealthiest men in the world. Estimates of the post-devaluation wealth of the royal household range from 2 billion to 8 billion USD (approx. 80 - 320 billion THB).[54] Bhumibol's assets, the Thai royal household, and palace properties are managed by the Crown Property Bureau (CPB) and Privy Purse. The CPB was established by the Constitution but is independent of the Thai Government. Through the CPB, Bhumibol owns equity in many companies, including Siam Cement (the largest Thai industrial conglomerate), Christiani & Nielsen (one of the largest construction firms), Siam Commercial Bank (one of the largest banks), and Shin Corporation (one of the largest telecom companies; owned via SCB along with Temasek Holdings). One of the largest property owners in Thailand, the CPB rents or leases about 36,000 properties to third parties, including the sites of the Four Seasons Hotel Bangkok, the Suan Lum Night Bazaar, Siam Paragon and Central World Tower.

Biographies

File:YellowSea09June.jpg
Almost a million people awaiting Bhumibol's arrival at ceremonies marking his 60th anniversary as King, June 9, 2006

American journalist Paul Handley, who spent thirteen years in Thailand, wrote the biography The King Never Smiles.[55] The Information and Communications Ministry banned the book and blocked the book's page on the Yale University Press website in January 2006. In a statement dated 19 January 2006, Thai National Police Chief General Kowit Wattana said the book has "contents which could affect national security and the good morality of the people."[56] The book provides a detailed discussion of Bhumibol's role in Thai political history and also analyzes the factors behind Bhumibol's popularity.

William Stevenson, who had access to the Royal Court and the Royal Family, wrote the biography The Revolutionary King in 2001.[57] An article in Time says the idea for the book was suggested by Bhumibol.[58]

Critics noted that the book displays intimate knowledge about personal aspects of Bhumibol. However, the book has been banned in Thailand and the Royal Household Bureau has warned the Thai media about even referring to it in print. The book has been criticized for factual inaccuracies, disrespecting Bhumibol (it refers to Bhumibol by his family nickname "Lek"), and proposing a controversial theory explaining the death of King Ananda. Stevenson said, "The King said from the beginning the book would be dangerous for him and for me."[58]

Succession to the throne

Bhumibol's only son, Prince Vajiralongkorn, was given the title "Somdej Phra Boroma Orasadhiraj Chao Fah Maha Vajiralongkorn Sayam Makutrajakuman" (Crown Prince of Siam) on December 28, 1972 and made heir apparent to the throne in accordance with the Palace Law on Succession of 1924.

On December 5, 1977, Princess Sirindhorn was given the title, "Sayam Boromrajakumari" (Royal Princess of Siam). Her title is often translated by the English-language press as "Crown Princess", although her official English-language title is simply "Princess".[59]

Although the constitution was later amended to allow the Privy Council to appoint a princess as successor to the throne, this would only occur in the absence of an heir apparent. This amendment is retained in Section 23 of the current 1997 "People's Constitution." This effectively signaled Princess Sirindhorn as second in line to the throne, but did not affect Prince Vajiralongkorn's status as heir apparent.

Recent constitutions of Thailand have made the amendment of the Palace Law of Succession the sole prerogative of the reigning King. According to Gothom Arya, former Election Commissioner, this allows the reigning King, if he so chooses, to appoint his son or any of his daughters to the Throne.[60]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "A Royal Occasion speeches". Worldhop.com Journal. 1996. Retrieved 05 July. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ Macan-Markar, Marwaan (2006-05-24). [hhttp://www.asiamediaforum.org/node/441 "MEDIA-THAILAND: A Critic May Now Look at a King"]. AsiaMediaForum. Retrieved 2006-08-14. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  3. ^ "King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand" (DOC). Holcim Foundation. Retrieved 2006-08-13. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  4. ^ "The Illustrious Chakri Family". Tudtu. Retrieved 2006-08-13. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  5. ^ "Biography of His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej". The Golden Jubilee Network. Kanchanapisek Network. 1999. Retrieved 2006-08-05. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  6. ^ Simpson, Keith (1978). "Forty Years of Murder: an Autobiography". Chapter 13: The Violent Death of King Ananda of Siam. Retrieved 23 July. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ Bhirom Bhakdi, Soravij. "Queens of the Chakri Dynasty". Retrieved 1 August. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ "A Royal Romance". Srinai Tripod.com. Retrieved 12 July. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ "The Making of a Monarch". Bangkok Post. Dec 5, 2005. Retrieved 12 July. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ Handley, Paul M. (2006). The King Never Smiles. Yale University Press. pp. Page 129-130, 136–137. ISBN 0-300-10682-3.
  11. ^ Thak Chaloemtiarana (1979). Thailand: The Politics of Despotic Paternalism. Social Science Association of Thailand. pp. Page 98.
  12. ^ Suwannathat-Pian, Kobkua (1995). Thailand's Durable Premier. Oxford University Press. pp. Page 30. ISBN 967-65-3053-0.
  13. ^ Handley, Paul M. (2006). The King Never Smiles. Yale University Press. pp. Page 138. ISBN 0-300-10682-3.
  14. ^ Evans, Dr. Grant (1998). "The Politics of Ritual and Remembrance: Laos since 1975". Laosnet.org. Retrieved 05 July. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ Evans, Dr. Grant (1998). The Politics of Ritual and Remembrance: Laos since 1975. University of Hawaii Press. pp. Pages 89-113. ISBN 0-8248-2054-1.
  16. ^ Klinkajorn, Karin. "Creativity and Settings of Monuments and Sites in Thailand: Conflicts and Resolution" (PDF). International Council on Monuments and Sites. Retrieved 05 July. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ Handley, Paul M. (2006). The King Never Smiles. Yale University Press. pp. Page 232. ISBN 0-300-10682-3.
  18. ^ http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-13704.html Thailand Country Data, Country Studies Series by the Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress
  19. ^ Handley, Paul M. (2006). The King Never Smiles. Yale University Press. pp. Pages 223-224, 231. ISBN 0-300-10682-3.
  20. ^ Handley, Paul M. (2006). The King Never Smiles. Yale University Press. pp. Pages 227. ISBN 0-300-10682-3.
  21. ^ Handley, Paul M. (2006). The King Never Smiles. Yale University Press. pp. Pages 224-225, 227, 230. ISBN 0-300-10682-3.
  22. ^ Beemer, Bryce (1997). "Explorations in Souteast Asian Studies". Forgetting and Remembering "Hok Tulaa", the October 6 Massacre. University of Hawaii. Retrieved 05 July. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ Kreutz, Serge. "History/Bangkok/Constitutional Monarchy". Asiatour.com. Retrieved 05 July. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  24. ^ "Thailand Human Rights Practices, 1994". United States State Department. 1994. Retrieved 24 July. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  25. ^ "Premier had 'approval from King". The Nation. Nov 10, 2005. Retrieved 20 July. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  26. ^ a b "HM the King's April 26 speeches". The Nation. Retrieved 05 July. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  27. ^ "Constitution Court invalidate the April election and order new election". The Nation. Retrieved 05 July. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  28. ^ "EC Commissioners arrive at Bangkok Remand Prison". The Nation. Retrieved 25 July. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  29. ^ "EC Guilty in Historic Ruling". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 25 July. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  30. ^ "'My govt serves His Majesty'". The Nation. September 09, 2005. Retrieved 14 August. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |year= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  31. ^ "Senate steers clear of motion on Jaruvan". The Nation. October 11, 2005. Retrieved 14 August. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  32. ^ "THAMMASAT DEBATE: Royal powers forum packed". The Nation. September 07, 2005. Retrieved 05 July. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |year= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  33. ^ Handley, Paul M. (2006). The King Never Smiles: A Biography of Thailand's Bhumibol Adulyadej. Yale University Press. p. Page 233. ISBN 0-300-10682-3.
  34. ^ Handley, Paul M. (2006). The King Never Smiles: A Biography of Thailand's Bhumibol Adulyadej. Yale University Press. p. Page 126. ISBN 0-300-10682-3.
  35. ^ "THE BURNING OF THE THAI EMBASSY IN CAMBODIA". The Nation, 2Bangkok.com. 2003. Retrieved 05 July. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  36. ^ "Aussie pedophile free on royal pardon". The Nation. 2006. Retrieved 05 July. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  37. ^ McDonald, Phillipa (June 30, 2006). "Campaigners condemn paedophile's release". ABC News Online. Retrieved 05 July. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  38. ^ Bathersby, Damien (July 02, 2006). "Royal pardon for child predator". Sunshine Coast Daily. Retrieved 05 July. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |year= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  39. ^ Chitbundid, Chanida (2003). "The Royally-initiated Projects: The Making of Royal Hegemony (B.E. 2494-2546)". Thammasat University. Retrieved 06 July. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  40. ^ Handley, Paul M. (2006). The King Never Smiles. Yale University Press. pp. Page 417. ISBN 0-300-10682-3.
  41. ^ "With new Human Development award, Annan hails Thai King as example for the world". UN News Center. 2006. Retrieved 05 July. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  42. ^ "His Majesty The King of Thailand awarded the Bronze Wolf". World Organization of the Scout Movement. 2006. Retrieved 05 July. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  43. ^ Pinyorat, Rungrawee C. (2006). "Millions of Thai honor king". Boston.com News, Associated Press. Retrieved 05 July. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  44. ^ "Long Live The King!". Bangkokker. 2006-06-09. Retrieved 2006-08-17. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  45. ^ "H.M. Biography". Assumption University. 2006-06-09. Retrieved 2006-08-17. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  46. ^ "Thai king's patent to make rain". BBC News. 2003-05-27. Retrieved 2006-08-14. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  47. ^ "Weather Modification by Royal Rainmaking Technology". 60th Celebrations. 2006-07-17. Retrieved 2006-08-14. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  48. ^ "Thai King gets rainmaking patent". 60th Celebrations. 2006-06-09. Retrieved 2006-08-14. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  49. ^ Handley, Paul M. (2006). The King Never Smiles. Yale University Press. pp. Page 70. ISBN 0-300-10682-3.
  50. ^ "Doctors to Permfom Surgery on Thai king, 78". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 20 July. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  51. ^ "Doctors to perform surgery to cure lumbar spine stenosis for His Majesty". Breaking News. The Nation. Retrieved 20 July. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  52. ^ "The Heart for Art". Bangkok Post. Feb 6, 2006. Retrieved 20 July. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  53. ^ Cummins, Peter (Dec 2004). "His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej The Great: Monarch of Peace and Unity". Chiang Mai Mail. Retrieved 20 July. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  54. ^ Horn, Robert (December 06, 1999). "The Banker Who Saved A King". Time Asia. Retrieved 05 July. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |year= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  55. ^ Handley, Paul M. (2006). The King Never Smiles: A Biography of Thailand's Bhumibol Adulyadej. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-10682-3.
  56. ^ Warrick-Alexander, James (February 06, 2006). "Thailand Bars Univ. Website". Yale Daily News. Retrieved 05 July. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |year= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  57. ^ Stevenson, William (2001). The Revolutionary King. Constable and Robinson. ISBN 1-84119-451-4.
  58. ^ a b McCarthy, Terry (December 06, 1999). "The King and Ire". Time Asia. Retrieved 05 July. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |year= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  59. ^ "Biography of Her Royal Highness Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn". The Golden Jubilee Network. 2004. Retrieved 05 July. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  60. ^ Aryan, Gothan (September 15-16, 2004). "Thai Monarchy" (PDF). International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. Retrieved 05 July. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help) presented in Kathmandu, Nepal
Template:Incumbent succession box

Template:Persondata

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhumibol_Adulyadej&oldid=73279712"