Comparison of orbital launcher families
This page contains a list of orbital launchers' families. To see the long complete list of launch systems, see Comparison of orbital launch systems.
Description
- Family: Name of the family/model of launcher
- Country: Origin country of launcher
- Manufac.: Main manufacturer
- Mass: Maximum mass of payload, for 3 altitudes
- LEO, low Earth orbit
- GTO, geostationary transfer orbit
- TLI, trans-Lunar injection
- Cost: Price for a launch at this time, in millions of US$
- Total launches: flights which lift-off, or where the vehicle is destroyed during the terminal count
- note: only includes orbital launches (flights launched with the intention of reaching orbit). Suborbital tests launches are not included in this listing.
- Launches reaching space (regardless of outcome)
- Launches reaching any orbit, regardless of outcome
- Launches reaching the target orbit, without damage to the payload
- Status: Actual status of launcher (retired, development, active)
- First flight: Year of first flight of first family's member
- Last Flight: Year of Last flight (for vehicles retired from service)
- Refs: citations
Same cores are grouped together (like Ariane 1, 2 & 3, but not V).
List of launchers families
- Legend
- ActiveIn developmentRetiredHas flown but new version in dev.
| Family | Country | Manufac. | Payload (kg) | Cost (US$, millions) |
Launches reaching… | Status | Date of flight | Refs | Notes | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LEO | GTO | TLI | Total | Space | Any orbit | Target orbit | First | Last | |||||||
| Angara 1.2 |  Russia
|
Khrunichev | 3,800 | -- | -- | 25 | 1 | 1 | -- | -- | Active | 2014 | -- | [1][2][3] | As of 2014, only launch was suborbital[4] |
| Angara A3, A5 |
Russia
|
Khrunichev | 14,600 to 35000 |
3,600 to 12500 |
-- | -- | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Active | 2014 | -- | [1][5] | proposed future versions of Angara family |
| Antares |  USA
|
Orbital Sciences | 6,000 | -- | -- | -- | 5 | 4 | 4 | Active | 2013 | -- | [6][7] | Cygnus launcher | |
| Ariane 1-2-3 |  Europe
|
Aérospatiale | -- | 2,650 | -- | -- | 28 | Retired | 1979 | 1989 | [8][9] | ||||
| Ariane 4 | Europe
|
Aérospatiale | 7,000 | 4,720 | -- | -- | 116 | -- | -- | Retired | 1988 | 2003 | [9] | Var: 2P,2L,4P,4L,2P2L | |
| Ariane 5 | Europe
|
Airbus | 21,000 | 10,735[10] | -- | 220 | 76 | 74 | 74 | 72 | Active | 1996 | -- | [11][12] | Var: ECA,ES,G,G+,GS. ME and ES Galileo in dev. |
| Ariane 6 | Europe
|
Airbus Safran | -- | 10,500 | -- | 115 | -- | -- | -- | -- | Devel. | 2020 | -- | Var: Ariane 62 & Ariane 64. | |
| Arion 2 |  Spain
|
PLD Space | 150 | Devel. | 2021 | First launch expected sept 2021 | |||||||||
| ASLV |  India
|
ISRO | 150 | -- | -- | -- | 4 | -- | -- | Retired | 1987 | 1994 | [13] | ||
| Athena I & II | USA
|
Lockheed ATK | 2,065 | -- | 295 | -- | 7 | -- | -- | Devel. | 1995 | 2001 | [14] | Launch Lunar Prospector[15] Ic & IIc currently in dev. | |
| Atlas A-B-C-D-E-F-G Atlas I |
USA
|
Lockheed | 5,900 | 2,340 | -- | -- | 514 | -- | -- | Retired | 1957 | 1997 | [16][17][18][19] | Launch Mercury. Atlas or Centaur upper stage. | |
| Atlas II | USA
|
Lockheed | 8,618 | 3,833 | -- | -- | 63 | 63 | 63 | Retired | 1991 | 2004 | [20][21][22] | ||
| Atlas III | USA
|
Lockheed | 10,759 | 4,609 | -- | -- | 6 | 6 | 6 | Retired | 2003 | 2005 | [23][24] | variants: IIIA, IIIB | |
| Atlas V | USA
|
ULA | 18,850 | 8,900 | 2,807 | -- | 30 | 30 | Active | 2002 | [25][26] | Launched Juno & New Horizons | |||
| Black Arrow |  UK
|
RAE Westland | 132 | -- | -- | -- | 4 | 3 | Retired | 1969 | 1971 | [27] | |||
| Delta | USA
|
Douglas | 3,848 | 1,312 | -- | -- | 186 | -- | -- | Retired | 1960 | 1989 | [28][29] | Launched Pioneer & Explorer probes. Variants : A, B, C, D, E, G, J, L, M, N, 300, 900, 1X00, 4X00, 2X00, 3X00, 5X00 | |
| Delta II | USA
|
ULA | 6,000 | 2,171 | 1,508 | 51 | 151 | Active | 1989[28] | -- | [28][30][31] | Launched Mars probes MGS to Phoenix Variants : 6000, 7000 and Heavy. | |||
| Delta III | USA
|
Boeing | 8,290 | 3,810 | -- | -- | 3 | 2 | 2 | Retired | 1998 | 2000 | [32][33] | ||
| Delta IV | USA
|
ULA | 23,040 | 13,130 | 9,000 | -- | 18 | 18 | Active | 2002 | -- | [34] | Variants : S, M and Heavy. | ||
| Diamant |  France
|
SEREB | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | Retired | 1965 | 1975 | [citation needed] | ||||
| Dnepr |  Ukraine Russia
|
Yuzhmash | 3,600 | -- | 750 | 14 | 17 | Active | 1999 | -- | [35][36] [full citation needed] |
||||
| Energia |  Soviet Union
|
NPO Energia | 100,000 | 240 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | Retired | 1987 | 1988 | [37][citation needed] | 1 partial failure with Polyus spacecraft, 1 successful flight with Buran spacecraft. | ||
| Epsilon |  Japan
|
IHI Corporation | 1,200 | -- | -- | -- | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Active | 2013 | -- | [38][39] | |
| Falcon 1 & 1e | USA
|
SpaceX | 420[40] | -- | -- | 7.9[40] | 5[41] | 4[40] | 2[40] | 2[41] | Retired[40] | 2006 | 2009 | v1 superseded by 1e version | |
| Falcon 9 v1.0, v1.1, FT |
USA
|
SpaceX | 22,800 | 8,300 | -- | 61.2 | 32*Wiki | 31 | 31 | 31 | Active | 2010 | -- | [42][43] | upgrade to version 1.1 in 2013; upgrade to version FT in 2015 Launcher of Dragon capsule * notes: One flight put primary but not secondary payload into correct orbit,[44] one rocket and payload were destroyed before launch in preparation for static fire[45] and thus is not counted |
| Falcon Heavy | USA
|
SpaceX | 54,400 | 22,200 | -- | 80-125 | 0 | -- | -- | -- | Devel. | -- | -- | [46][47] | Demo expected for 2017 |
| GSLV Mk.I & II | India
|
ISRO | 5,000 | 2,500 | -- | -- | 8 | 6 | 5 | 3 | Active | 2001 | -- | [48][49][50] | |
| GSLV Mk.III (LVM3) | India
|
ISRO | 10,000 | 4,000 | -- | -- | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | Devel. | 2014 | 2017 | [51][52] | First Developmental Flight with active cryogenic upper stage successful |
| H-I | Japan
|
Mitsubishi | 3,200 | -- | -- | 9 | 9 | Retired | 1986 | 1992 | [53] | license-built version of the Thor-ELT | |||
| H-II, IIA & IIB | Japan
|
Mitsubishi | 19,000 | 8,000 | -- | -- | 28 | 26 | Active | 1994 | -- | [54] | Var:. A202,A2022,A2024,A204,B | ||
| Haas |  Romania
|
ARCA | 400 | -- | -- | 0 | -- | -- | -- | Devel. | -- | -- | [55] | Launch from balloon | |
| Interplanetary Transport System | USA
|
SpaceX | 300,000 (reusable)
550,000 (expendable) |
-- | -- | 430 | 0 | -- | -- | -- | Devel. | -- | -- | [56][57] | Expected in the mid-2020s |
| J-I | Japan
|
IHI Corporation Nissan Motors | 880 | -- | -- | -- | 1 | Retired | 1996 | 1996 | [citation needed] | Partial demo flight only | |||
| Kosmos | Soviet Union
|
Yuzhnoye Polyot | 1,500 | -- | -- | 12 | 610 | -- | -- | 559 | Retired | 1967 | 2010 | [12][58][59] | Var: 1, 3, 3M |
| Kaituozhe-1 |  China
|
CALT | -- | -- | -- | Retired | 2002 | 2003 | [citation needed] | ||||||
| Lambda 4S | Japan
|
Nissan ISAS | -- | -- | -- | Retired | 1966 | 1970 | [citation needed] | ||||||
| Long March 1 | China
|
CALT | 740 | 440 | -- | -- | 6 | -- | -- | Retired | 1970 | 2002 | [60][61][62] | Var: 1, 1D | |
| Long March 2-3-4 | China
|
CALT | 12,000 | 5,500 | 3,300 | -- | 167 | 158 | -- | -- | Active | 1971 | -- | [63] | Ascends of ICBMs DF-5 Var: 2A,2C,2D,2E,2F,3,3A,3B,3C,4,4B 2F Launcher of Shenzhou |
| Long March 5 | China
|
CALT | 25,000 | 14,000 | 8,000 | -- | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Active | 2016 | -- | [64][65] | Var: 200,320,504,522,540 |
| Long March 6 | China
|
CALT | 1,500 | -- | -- | -- | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Active | 2015 | -- | [66] | |
| Long March 7 | China
|
CALT | 20,000 | -- | -- | -- | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Active | 2016 | -- | [67] | |
| Minotaur I | USA
|
Orbital Sciences | 580 | -- | -- | -- | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | Active | 2000 | -- | [68][69] | Derived from the Minuteman II |
| Minotaur IV & V | USA
|
Orbital Sciences | 1,735 | 640 | 447 | 50 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | Active | 2010 | -- | [68][70] | Also 2 suborbital launches (HTV-2a). Variants: IV, IV Lite, IV HAPS, V. Derived from Peacekeeper missile |
| Mu 1-3-4 | Japan
|
Nissan Motor IHI | 770 | -- | -- | -- | 27 | -- | -- | Retired | 1966 | 1995 | [71] | Var: 1, 3D, 4S, 3C, 3H, 3S, 3SII | |
| Mu 5 | Japan
|
Nissan Motor IHI | 1,800 | -- | -- | -- | Retired | 1997 | 2006 | [citation needed] | Var: M-V, M-V KM | ||||
| N1 | Soviet Union
|
NPO Energia | 90,000 | -- | 23,500 | -- | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Retired | 1969 | 1972 | [72] | Designed for Soviet Manned Lunar Mission |
| N-I & II | Japan
|
Mitsubishi | 2,000 | 730 | -- | -- | 15 | -- | -- | Retired | 1975 | 1987 | [73] | Derived from the American Delta rocket | |
| Naro |  South Korea
|
Khrunichev KARI | 100 | -- | -- | -- | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | Active | 2009 | -- | [74] | First stage uses the Russian RD-151 engine |
| Pegasus | USA
|
Orbital Sciences | 450 | -- | -- | -- | 40 | -- | -- | Active | 1990 | -- | [75] | ||
| UR-500 Proton | Soviet Union Russia
|
Khrunichev | 23,000 | 6,920 | 5,680 | -- | 399 | 353 | -- | Active | 1965 | -- | [76][77] | Var: M, K | |
| PSLV | India
|
ISRO | 3,800 | 1,300 | -- | -- | 35 | 35 | 35 | 34 | Active | 1993 | [78][79] | Var: CA, XL, HP, 3S Launched moon probe Chandrayaan I, Mars probe Mangalyaan I | |
| UR-100N Rokot Strela | Russia
|
Eurockot Khrunichev | 2,100 | -- | -- | -- | 25 | 23 | 23 | Active | 1994 | -- | [80][81][82][83] | 23 launches of Rockot; 2 launches of Strela | |
| Safir |  Iran
|
ISA | 50 | -- | -- | -- | 4 | 4 | Active | 2007 | -- | [84] | |||
| Saturn I & IB | USA
|
Chrysler Douglas | 18,600 | -- | -- | 19 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | Retired | 1961 | 1975 | [85][86] | Saturn 1 family also included 6 suborbital test launches |
| Saturn V | USA
|
Boeing North American Douglas | 118,000 | -- | 47,000 | 185 | 13 | 13 | 13 | Retired | 1967 | 1973 | [85][87][88] | Var: Apollo, Skylab | |
| Scout | USA
|
US Air Force NASA | 210 | -- | -- | -- | 125 | 104 | -- | -- | Retired | 1960 | 1994 | [89] | Var: X1, X2, A, D, G |
| Shavit |  Israel
|
IAI | 225 | -- | -- | 15 | 8 | -- | -- | Active | 1988 | -- | [90] | Var: Shavit, -1, -2 | |
| R-29 Shtil Volna | Russia
|
Makeyev | 430 | -- | -- | -- | 8 | -- | -- | Active | 1995 | 2006 | [91] | Var: Vysota, Volna, Shtil, 2.1, 2R, 3 | |
| R-7 Semyorka Soyuz | Soviet Union Russia
|
RSC Energia TsSKB-Progress | 5,500 | 2,400 | 1,200 | -- | 1,854 | -- | -- | Active | 1957 | -- | [92] | Var: Sputnik, Luna, Vostok-L, Vostok-K, Voskhod, Molniya, Molniya-L, Molniya-M, Polyot, Soyuz, Soyuz-L, Soyuz-M, Soyuz-U, Soyuz-FG, Soyuz-2 | |
| Simorgh | Iran
|
ISA | 350 | -- | -- | -- | 0 | -- | -- | -- | Devel. | -- | -- | [93] | |
| SLS | USA
|
Orbital ATK Boeing United Launch Alliance Aerojet Rocketdyne | 130,000 | -- | -- | -- | 0 | -- | -- | -- | Devel. | -- | -- | [94] | Expected 2017 |
| SLV | India
|
ISRO | 40 | -- | -- | -- | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | Retired | 1979 | 1983 | [95] | Launched Rohini satellite series |
| STS Space Shuttle |
USA
|
Alliant Martin Marietta Rockwell | 24,400 | 3,810 | -- | 450 | 135 | 134 | 134 | 133 | Retired | 1981 | 2011 | [96] | Orbiter mass: 68585 kg. |
| Start-1 | Russia
|
MITT | 532 | -- | -- | -- | 7 | 6 | Active | 1993 | 2006 | [97] | |||
| Taurus | USA
|
Orbital Sciences | 1,450 | -- | -- | -- | 9 | 9 | Active | 1989 | -- | [98] | Var:2110, 3110, 3210 | ||
| Thor | USA
|
Douglas | 1,270 | -- | 38 | -- | 357 | -- | -- | Retired | 1957 | 1980 | [29] | Launched Pioneer & Explorer probes | |
| Titan I-II-III-IV | USA
|
Martin Marietta | 21,900 | 5,773 | 8,600 | 350 | 369 | -- | -- | Retired | 1959 | 2005 | [99][100] | Var: I, II, IIIA, IIIB, IIIC, IIID, IIIE, 34D, IVA, IVB Gemini launcher | |
| R-36 Tsyklon | Soviet Union Ukraine
|
Yuzhmash | 4,100 | -- | -- | -- | 259 | -- | -- | Active | 1967 | 2009 | [101] | Var: 1, 2, 3. Tsyklon 4 in dev. | |
| Unified Launch Vehicle | India
|
ISRO | 15,000 | 6,200 | -- | -- | 0 | -- | -- | -- | Devel. | -- | -- | [102] | Var: 6S12, 2S60, 2S138, 2S200 |
| Unha |  North Korea
|
KCST | 100 | -- | -- | -- | 3 | 1 | 1 | ? | Active | 2006 | -- | [103] | Variants: Paektusan based on Taepodong-1 missile; Unha based on Taepodong-2 missile. |
| Vanguard | USA
|
Martin | 23 | -- | -- | -- | 12 | -- | 3 | Retired | 1957 | 1959 | [104] | ||
| Vega | Europe
|
ESA ASI Avio | 2,300 | -- | -- | 23 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | Active | 2012 | -- | [105] | |
| VLS-1 |  Brazil
|
CTA | 380 | -- | -- | -- | 2 | 0 | 0 | Active | 1997 | 2003 | [106] | Var in dev: Alfa, VLM | |
| Vulcan | USA
|
ULA | -- | 15,100[107] | -- | 99 | 0 | -- | -- | Devel. | 2019 | [108][109] | |||
| Zenit | Soviet Union Ukraine Russia
|
Yuzhnoye | 13,740 | 6,160 | 4,098 | -- | 82 | 71 | 69 | Active | 1985 | -- | [110] | Var: 2, 2M, 2SLB, 3SL, 3SLB, 3SLBF | |
See also
- Comparison of orbital launch systems
- Comparison of orbital rocket engines
- Comparison of space station cargo vehicles
- List of orbital launch systems
References
- ^ a b "Angara launchers family on manufacturer website". Khrunichev.ru. Retrieved 2014-01-22.
- ^ The market for launching small satellite in Russia...
- ^ "Angara, Russia's brand-new launch vehicle, is successfully launched from Plesetsk". Khrunichev. Retrieved 2014-09-21.
- ^ Peter B. de Selding, "Russia’s Angara 1.2 Rocket Succeeds in Inaugural Flight, Khrunichev Says", Space News, Jul. 9, 2014 (accessed 22 Sept 2014)
- ^ http://www.russianspaceweb.com/angara5_flight1.html Angara-5 takes to the sky
- ^ Perfs and launches of Antares, SkyRocket.de
- ^ Antares Mission History
- ^ Ariane 1-2-3 family, ESA
- ^ a b List of perfs and launches of Ariane 1-4, SkyRocket.de
- ^ "Intelsat Pair lifted into Orbit in Record-Setting Ariane 5 Launch". Spaceflight 101. 24 August 2016. Retrieved 25 August 2016.
- ^ list of perfs and launches of Ariane 5, SkyRocket.de
- ^ a b FAA Semi- Annual Launch Report
- ^ ASLV page, Astronautix
- ^ "Athena-2". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
- ^ "Lunar Prospector". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
- ^ Perfs and Launches of Atlas G-Centaur, SkyRocket.de
- ^ Perfs and Launches of Atlas family, SkyRocket.de
- ^ "Atlas I". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Retrieved 8 June 2013.
- ^ Perfs and Launches of Atlas I, SkyRocket.de
- ^ Spaceflight Now, Atlas IIAS (accessed 24 Sept 2014)
- ^ Perfs and Launches of Atlas II AS, SkyRocket.de
- ^ Tariq Malik "Final Atlas 2 Rocket Orbits Classified U.S. Satellite", Space News, August 31, 2004 (Accessed 24 Sept 2014)
- ^ Space Launch Report: Atlas III Data Sheet (accessed 24 Sept. 2014)
- ^ "Atlas IIIA". Encyclopedia Astronautica.
- ^ "Atlas V Product Page". United Launch Alliance. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
- ^ "LRO/LCROSS Press Kit" (PDF). NASA. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
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- ^ a b c Perfs and launch of Thor family, SkyRocket.de
- ^ a b Thor
- ^ Full perfs of Delta Family, SkyRocket.de Archived 2011-08-02 at WebCite
- ^ Perfs and launches of Delta 7925h, SkyRocket.de
- ^ Delta 3 on Encyclopedia Astronautica, Astronautix
- ^ "Delta III Data Sheet". Space Launch Report. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
- ^ Delta IV Heavy Delta IV
- ^ "Dnepr SLS User's Guide" (PDF). ISC Kosmotras. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
- ^ Dnepr
- ^ Russian Space Web, Energia page. Accessed 21 September 2010
- ^ JAXA pages: Epsilon Design E, and Result E
- ^ JAXA, Epsilon E press package
- ^ a b c d e Encyclopedia Astronautica Falcon 1
- ^ a b Clark, Stephen (July 14, 2009). "Commercial launch of SpaceX Falcon 1 rocket a success". Spaceflight Now.
- ^ "SpaceX Product Page". SpaceX. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
- ^ "Falcon-9 Family". space.skyrocket.de. Retrieved 2016-04-14.
- ^ de Selding, Peter. "Satellite Left Stranded by SpaceX Rocket Falls From Space". Space.com. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
- ^ "SpaceX on Twitter". Retrieved 2016-09-01.
- ^ Clark, Stephen (2011-04-05). "SpaceX enters the realm of heavy-lift rocketry". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 2012-08-12.
- ^ "Space Exploration Technologies Corporation - Falcon Heavy". SpaceX. 2013. Retrieved 2013-04-20.
- ^ "GSLV Mk.1 (2)". Retrieved 2014-01-05.
- ^ ISRO GSLV
- ^ "GSLV". Retrieved 2014-01-05.
- ^ "First Experimental Flight of GSLV Mk-III Successful". Indian Space Research Organisation. Retrieved 2017-06-11.
- ^ "GSLV Mk.III". Indian Space Research Organisation. 2009-12-07. Retrieved 2017-06-11.
- ^ "H-1". Encyclopedia Astronautica.
- ^ "H-IIB Launch Vehicle". Mitsubishi Heavy Industries.
- ^ "Haas Orbital Rocket Launcher" (PDF). Aeronautics and Cosmonautics Romanian Association. Retrieved 11 December 2013.
- ^ "Elon Musk statements and my own extrapolation of developments towards an eighty thousand person Mars City by 2040". nextbigfuture.com. Retrieved 2016-10-01.
- ^ "Making Humans a Multiplanetary Species" (PDF). SpaceX. 2016-09-28. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-09-28. Retrieved 2016-10-01.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Kosmos 3M page on Encyclopedia Astronautica
- ^ 165 launches / 21 failures, List of Kosmos /2 launches, of Delta Family, SkyRocket.de, 445 launches / 30 failures, List of Kosmos 1/3, SkyRocket.de
- ^ CZ-1D page on Encyclopedia Astronautica
- ^ CZ-1
- ^ List of retired launchers, Encyclopedia Astronautica
- ^ Full perfs and launches of Long-March DF-5 family, SkyRocket.de
- ^ "Long March 5 Will Have World's Second Largest Carrying Capacity". Space Daily. 2009-03-04. Retrieved 2012-09-04.
- ^
Space.com staff (30 July 2012). "China Tests Powerful Rocket Engine for New Booster". Space.com.
The more capable Long March 5 rocket is expected to help the country achieve its goal of constructing a space station in orbit by the year 2020, as well as play a key role in China's future space exploration aims beyond low-Earth orbit. The rocket's maiden launch is expected to occur in 2014
- ^ CZ-6
- ^ Perrett, Bradley (2010-03-15). "Longer Marches". Aviation Week.
- ^ a b Orbital Sciences, Minotaur History Archived December 4, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Orbital Sciences, Minotaur-1 Overview (accessed 25 September 2014)]
- ^ Orbital Sciences, Minotaur IV-V-VI Overview (accessed 25 September 2014)]
- ^ M-Class
- ^ "Complex N1-L3 Components". S.P. Korolev RSC "Energia". Retrieved 10 June 2013.
- ^ "N-2". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
- ^ Bergin, Chris (30 January 2013). "South Korea launch STSAT-2C via KSLV-1". NASASpaceflight.com. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
- ^ "Pegasus User's Guide" (PDF). Orbital Sciences Corporation. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
- ^ "Proton Launch System Mission Planner's Guide. Section 2. LV Performance" (PDF). International Launch Services.
- ^ "Soyuz 7K-L1". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Circumlunar probe launched by Proton-K/D.
- ^ Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle
- ^ PSLV Details, ISRO
- ^ "Rockot User's Guide, Chapter 3: General Performance Capabilities (5.0)" (PDF). Eurockot Launch Services. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
- ^ Perfs and Launches of Rockot family, SkyRocket.de
- ^ Perfs and Launches of Strela family, SkyRocket.de
- ^ Russian Strela Launches Kondor Satellite (retrieved 24 Sept 2014)
- ^ Perfs and Launches of Safir family, SkyRocket.de
- ^ a b NASA, Saturn launch vehicles (PDF)
- ^ Perfs and launches of Saturn I family, SkyRocket.de
- ^ Perfs and launches of Saturn V family, SkyRocket.de
- ^ The Space Shuttle Decision- Chapter 6: ECONOMICS AND THE SHUTTLE
- ^ Scout
- ^ Shavit page on Encyclopedia Astronautica
- ^ Perfs and launches of Shtil Volna, SkyRocket.de
- ^ Perfs and launches of R7 family, SkyRocket.de
- ^ Perfs and launches of Simorgh, SkyRocket.de
- ^ SLS fact sheet, PDF, Nasa website
- ^ Claude Lafleur, SLV / Indian Launch Vehicle, Spacecraft Encyclopedia (accessed Sept 25 2014)
- ^ "NASA – Space Shuttle and International Space Station". Nasa.gov. Retrieved August 7, 2010.
- ^ List of launches of Start-1, SkyRocket.de
- ^ Perfs and launches of Taurus, SkyRocket.de
- ^ List of launches of all Titan, SkyRocket.de
- ^ Perfs and launches of Titan IV family, SkyRocket.de
- ^ List of launches of tsiklon, SkyRocket.de
- ^ http://www.indiandefensenews.in/2014/10/isros-unified-launch-vehicle-ulv.html
- ^ "North Korea Successfully Launches Satellite: Reports", SPACE.com, December 12, 2012 (accessed 24 Sept. 2014)
- ^ Vanguard Page on Encyclopedia Astronautica. Vanguard 3 satellite was 23 kg
- ^ Space Launch Report: New Launchers - ESA VEGA
- ^ Perfs and launches of VLS-1, SkyRocket.de
- ^ Tory Bruno [@torybruno] (5 May 2015). "ULA Full Spectrum Lift Capability" (Tweet). Retrieved 8 May 2015 – via Twitter.
- ^ [1]
- ^ [2]
- ^ Perfs and launches of Zenit family, SkyRocket.de
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