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Candidates Tournament

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The Candidates Tournament is a chess tournament organized by FIDE, chess's international governing body, since 1950, as the final contest to determine the challenger for the World Chess Championship. The winner of the Candidates earns the right to a match for the World Championship against the incumbent World Champion. The last FIDE World Chess Candidates tournament took place in Moscow, Russia from 10 to 30 of March, 2016.

In the early history, it was contested as a triennial tournament, but after the split of the World Championship in the early 1990s, followed with the changes in the determination of the World Champion Challenger, the tournament is held on a variable time basis.

Organization

The number of players in the tournament varied over the years, between eight and fifteen players. Most of these qualified from Interzonal tournaments, though some gained direct entry without having to play the Interzonal.

The first Interzonal/Candidates World Championship cycle began in 1948. Before 1965, the tournament was organized in a round-robin format. From 1965 on, the tournament was played as knockout matches, spread over several months. In 1995–1996, the defending FIDE champion (Anatoly Karpov) also entered the Candidates, in the semi-finals, so the winner was the FIDE world champion.

FIDE discontinued the Candidates Tournaments after 1996, though they have returned in a different form for the FIDE World Chess Championship 2007.

During its 1993 to 2006 split from FIDE, the "Classical" World Championship also held three Candidates Tournaments (in 1994–1995, 1998 and 2002) under a different sponsor and a different format each time. In one of these cases (Alexei Shirov in 1998) no title match eventuated, under disputed circumstances (see Classical World Chess Championship 2000).

Results of Candidates Tournaments

File:KeresFischer1959BledCT.jpg
Paul Keres vs. Bobby Fischer, 1959 Candidates Tournament in Bled; Pal Benko watching

The tables below show the qualifiers and results for all interzonal, Candidates and world championship tournaments. Players shown bracketed in italics (Bondarevsky, Euwe, Fine and Reshevsky in 1950, Botvinnik in 1965, Fischer in 1977, Carlsen in 2011) qualified for the Candidates or were seeded in the Candidates, but did not play. Players shown in italics with an asterisk (Stein* in 1962 and again in 1965, and Bronstein* in 1965) were excluded from the Candidates by a rule limiting the number of players from one country. Players listed after players in italics (Flohr in 1950, Geller in 1965, Spassky in 1977, Grischuk in 2011) only qualified due to the non-participation (withdrawal) of the bracketed players.

The "Seeded into Final" column usually refers to the incumbent champion, but this has a different meaning for the World Chess Championship 1948, in which five players were seeded into the championship tournament, the Classical World Chess Championship 2000 in which two players were seeded into the championship final, the FIDE World Chess Championship 2005 in which eight players were seeded into the final championship tournament, and the FIDE World Chess Championship 2007, in which four players were seeded into the final championship tournament.

1948–96: Interzonal and Candidates tournaments

Years Interzonal Format Interzonal Qualifiers Seeded into Candidates Candidates Format Candidates Winner(s) Seeded in Final Championship Final
1948 None In 1946–1947, FIDE decided that six players would participate to a tournament.
FIDE selected Keres and Fine as the winners of the AVRO 1938 chess tournament which had been recognized as a Candidates tournament for the championship. Reshevsky was selected as multiple champion of the USA, Botvinnik as Soviet champion, Euwe as former world champion and Smyslov was selected because he was one of the few Soviet grandmasters.
Fine withdrew from the 1948 tournament. 		5 players,
Botvinnik, Smyslov, Keres, Reshevsky, Euwe 		The Hague/ Moscow 1948
quintuple round robin,
1. Botvinnik 14 / 20
2. Smyslov 11
3.-4. Keres, Reshevsky 10½
5. Euwe 4
1948–51 Saltsjöbaden (Stockholm) 1948
20 players,
single round robin, 8 qualified 		1. Bronstein, 2. Szabo, 3. Boleslavsky, 4. Kotov, 5. Lilienthal,
6.-9. Najdorf, Ståhlberg, (Bondarevsky[1]), Flohr 		Smyslov, Keres
(Euwe, Fine, Reshevsky) 		Budapest 1950
10 players,
double round robin

1.-2. Boleslavsky, Bronstein
3. Smyslov; 4. Keres 		Bronstein
(won playoff match against Boleslavsky) 		Botvinnik (1948 champion) Moscow 1951
24 games match
Drawn 12–12,
Botvinnik retained title
1952–54 Saltsjöbaden (Stockholm) 1952
21 players,
single round robin, 8 qualified 		1. Kotov, 2.-3. Taimanov, Petrosian, 4. Geller,
5.-8. Averbakh, Ståhlberg, Szabo, Gligorić 		Bronstein, Boleslavsky, Smyslov, Keres, Reshevsky, Najdorf,[2] Euwe[3] Zürich 1953
15 players,
double round robin
1. Smyslov
2.-4. Bronstein, Keres, Reshevsky 		Smyslov Botvinnik (1951 champion) Moscow 1954
24 games match
Drawn 12–12,
Botvinnik retained title
1955–57 Gothenburg 1955
21 players,
single round robin, 9 qualified 		1. Bronstein, 2. Keres, 3. Panno, 4. Petrosian, 5.-6. Geller, Szabo, 7-9. Filip, Pilnik, Spassky Smyslov Amsterdam 1956
10 players,
double round robin
1. Smyslov
2. Keres 		Smyslov Botvinnik (1954 champion) Moscow 1957
Smyslov won 12½–9½
1958 Rematch Botvinnik, Smyslov Moscow 1958
Botvinnik won
12½–10½
1958–60 Portorož 1958
21 players,
single round robin, 6 qualified 		1. Tal, 2. Gligorić,
3.-4. Petrosian, Benko,
5.-6. Olafsson, Fischer 		Smyslov, Keres Yugoslavia[4] 1959
8 players, quadruple round robin
1. Tal; 2. Keres;
3. Petrosian;
4. Smyslov 		Tal Botvinnik (1958 champion) Moscow 1960
Tal won 12½–8½
1961 Rematch Botvinnik, Tal Moscow 1961
Botvinnik won 13–8
1962–63 Stockholm 1962
23 players,
single round robin, 6 qualified 		1. Fischer,
2.-3. Geller, Petrosian,
4.-5. Korchnoi, Filip,
6.-8. Stein*, Benko[5] 		Tal, Keres Curaçao 1962
8 players, quadruple round robin
1. Petrosian;
2. Keres;[6] 3. Geller; 4. Fischer 		Petrosian Botvinnik (1961 champion) Moscow 1963
Petrosian won
12½–9½
1964–66 Amsterdam 1964
24 players,
single round robin, 6 qualified 		1.-4. Smyslov, Larsen, Spassky, Tal,
5. Stein*, 6. Bronstein*,
7. Ivkov,
8.-9. Portisch[7] 		Keres, (Botvinnik), Geller 1965:
8 players, matches

Semi-finals:
Spassky beat Geller
Tal beat Larsen 		Spassky
beat Tal in the final 		Petrosian (1963 champion) Moscow 1966
Petrosian won
12½–11½
1967–69 Sousse 1967
23 players,
single round robin, 6 qualified 		1. Larsen,
2.-4. Korchnoi, Geller, Gligorić,
5. Portisch,
6.-8. Reshevsky[8] 		Spassky, Tal 1968:
8 players, matches
Semi-finals:
Korchnoi beat Tal
Spassky beat Larsen 		Spassky
beat Korchnoi in the final 		Petrosian (1966 champion) Moscow 1969
Spassky won
12½–10½
1970–72 Palma de Mallorca 1970
24 players,
single round robin, 6 qualified 		1. Fischer,
2.-4. Larsen, Geller, Hübner, 5.-6. Taimanov, Uhlmann 		Petrosian, Korchnoi 1971:
8 players, matches
Semi-finals: Petrosian beat Korchnoi
Fischer beat Larsen 		Fischer
beat Petrosian in the final 		Spassky (1969 champion) Reykjavík 1972
Fischer won 12½–8½
1973–75 1973:
Two 18 players, single round robin Interzonals; 3 qualified from each 		Leningrad 1973:
1.-2. Korchnoi, Karpov,
3. Byrne; 		Spassky, Petrosian 1974:
8 players, matches

Semi-finals : Korchnoi beat Petrosian
Karpov beat Spassky 		Karpov
beat Korchnoi in the final 		Fischer (1972 champion) 1975:
Karpov won on forfeit
Petropolis 1973:
1.Mecking,
2.-4.: Portisch,
Polugaevsky[9]
1976–78 1976:
Two 20 players, single round robin Interzonals; 3 qualified from each 		Biel 1976:
1. Larsen,
2.-4. Petrosian, Portisch[10] 		Korchnoi, (Fischer), Spassky 1977-78:
8 players, matches

Semi-finals : Korchnoi beat Polugaevsky
Spassky beat Portisch 		Korchnoi
beat Spassky in the final (1977–78) 		Karpov (1975 champion) Baguio City 1978
Karpov won 6–5
after 32 games
(draws not counting)
Manila 1976:
1. Mecking,
2.-3. Polugaevsky, Hort
1979–81 1979:
Two 18 players, single round robin Interzonals; 3 qualified from each 		Riga 1979:
1.-2. Tal, Polugaevsky,
3.-4. Adorján;[11] 		Korchnoi, Spassky 1980:
8 players, matches

Semi-finals: Korchnoi beat Polugaevsky
Hübner beat Portisch 		Korchnoi
beat Hübner in the final 		Karpov (1978 champion) Meran 1981
Karpov won 6–2
after 18 games
(draws not counting)
Rio de Janeiro 1979:
1.-3. Portisch, Petrosian, Hübner
1982–85 1982:
Three 14 players, single round robin Interzonals; 2 qualified from each 		Las Palmas 1982:
1. Ribli, 2. Smyslov; 		Korchnoi, Hübner 1983-84:
8 players, matches

Semi-finals: Kasparov beat Korchnoi
Smyslov beat Ribli 		Kasparov
beat Smyslov in the final (1984) 		Karpov (1981 champion) Moscow 1984-85
Unlimited match abandoned after 48 games with Karpov leading 5–3
(draws not counting)
Toluca 1982:
1.-2. Portisch, Torre
1985 Moscow 1982:
1. Kasparov,
2. Beliavsky; 		replay : Karpov, Kasparov Moscow 1985
24 games match
Kasparov won replay 13–11
1986 Rematch Karpov,

Kasparov

London/Leningrad 1986
Kasparov won 12½–11½
1985–87 1985:
Three 16–18 players, single round robin Interzonals; 4 qualified from each 		Biel 1985:
1. Vaganian, 2. Seirawan, 3. Sokolov,
4.-6. Short;[12] 		Korchnoi, Ribli, Smyslov, Spassky[13] (seeded in tournament)

Karpov (seeded in 1987 final) 		Montpellier 1985:
16 players,
single round robin tournament,

1.-3. Yusupov, Sokolov, Vaganian,
4.-5. Timman[14] 		Linares 1987:
Karpov
beat matches winner (Sokolov) in the final. 		Kasparov (1985 champion) Seville 1987
24 games match
Drawn 12–12,
Kasparov retained title
Taxco 1985:
1. Timman,
2. Nogueiras,
3. Tal, 4. Spraggett;
Tunis 1985:
1. Yusupov, 2. Beliavsky, 3. Portisch,
4.-5. Chernin[15] 		1986: 4 players played two rounds of matches: Yusupov beat Timman; Sokolov beat Vaganian and Yusupov.
1987–90 1987:
Three 17–18 players, single round robin Interzonals; 3 qualified from each 		Subotica 1987:
1.-3. Sax, Short, Speelman; 		Sokolov, Timman, Vaganian, Yusupov,
Spraggett[13]

Karpov (seeded in second round) 		1988: 14 players played one round of matches,

1989: Karpov joined winners in quarter finals

Semi-finals (1989):
Karpov beat Yusupov
Timman beat Speelman 		Karpov
beat Timman in the final (1990) 		Kasparov (1987 champion) New York/Lyon 1990
Kasparov won
12½–11½
Szirák 1987:
1.-2. Salov, Hjartarson,
3.-4. Portisch;[16]
Zagreb 1987:
1. Korchnoi,
2.-3. Seirawan, Ehlvest
1990–93 Manila 1990
64 players Swiss, 11 qualified 		1.-2. Gelfand, Ivanchuk,
3.-4. Anand, Short,
5.-11. Sax, Korchnoi, Hübner, Nikolić, Yudasin, Dolmatov, Dreev 		Timman, Yusupov, Speelman

Karpov (seeded in second round) 		1991: 14 players, played one round of matches,

1991: Karpov joined winners in quarter-finals

Semi-finals (1992):
Short beat Karpov
Timman beat Yusupov 		Short
beat Timman in the final (1993) 		Kasparov (1990 champion) London September–October 1993:
Kasparov defeated Short 13–8 under the auspices of the PCA;
Netherlands[17] /Djakarta[18] September–November 1993: Karpov defeated Timman 12½–8½ under the auspices of FIDE
1993–95 (PCA) Groningen December 1993
54 players Swiss, 7 qualified 		1.-2. Adams, Anand,
3.-7. Kamsky, Kramnik, Tiviakov, Gulko, Romanishin 		Short 1994-95:
8 players, matches
Semi-finals :
Kamsky beat Short
Anand beat Adams 		Anand
beat Kamsky in the final (1995) 		Kasparov (1993 PCA champion) New York
September–October 1995
20 games match
Kasparov won 10½–7½
1993–96 (FIDE) Biel July 1993
73 players Swiss, 10 qualified 		1. Gelfand,
2.-9. Van der Sterren, Kamsky, Khalifman, Adams, Yudasin, Salov, Lautier, Kramnik,
10.-15. Anand[19] 		Timman, Yusupov 1994: 12 players played two rounds of matches. Semi-finals (February 1995):
Karpov beat Gelfand,
Kamsky beat Salov 		Elista 1996
20 games match
Karpov won 10½–7½
Karpov (seeded in the semi-finals) 1995: Karpov joined winners (Gelfand, Kamsky, Salov) in the semi-finals.

1997–2006: Split titles

After 1996, interzonals ceased to exist, but FIDE continued to organize qualifying zonal tournaments.

Classical championships (1998–2004)
Years Candidates format Seeded into Candidates Candidates Winner(s) Seeded in Final Championship Final
1998 (Classical) Cazorla, May–June 1998
10-game match 		Kramnik, Shirov
(on rating)[20] 		Shirov won 5½–3½ Kasparov
(1995 champion) 		Match never took place
2000 (Classical) None Two players seeded in final:

Kasparov (1995 champion); Kramnik (on rating)[21] 		London: October-
November 2000
16-game match
Kramnik won 8½–6½
2002–2004 (Classical) Dortmund July 2002
preliminaries: two four players double round robins;
Semi-finals: the first from each group met the second from the other group in mini-matches 		Preliminaries:[22]
group 1: 1. Shirov, 2.Topalov, 3.Gelfand, 4.Lutz
group 2: 1.Bareev, 2.Leko, 3.Adams, 4.Morozevich

Semi-finals :
Leko beat Shirov and Topalov beat Bareev. 		Leko
(beat Topalov in the final) 		Kramnik
(2000 classical champion) 		Brissago:
September–October 2004
14-game match
drawn 7–7,
Kramnik retained title
FIDE championships (1997–2005)
Years Candidates format Seeded into Candidates Finalists Championship Final
1997–1998 (FIDE) Groningen
December 1997,
7 round, mini-match, knockout tournament 		100 players,[23]
Quarter-finalists:
Adams, Van Wely, Short, Krasenkov, Gelfand, Dreev, Anand and Shirov.[24] 		Anand (beat Adams in candidates final)
Karpov (1996 FIDE champion) 		Lausanne:
January 1998
6-game match
Drawn 3–3;
Karpov won rapid playoff 2–0
1999 (FIDE) Las Vegas
July–August 1999,
7 round, mini-match, knockout tournament 		100 players,[25]
Quarter-finalists:
Kramnik, Adams, Movsesian, Akopian, Shirov, Nisipeanu, Khalifman, J. Polgar[26] 		Semi-finals:
Khalifman beat Nisipeanu,
Akopian beat Adams 		Las Vegas 1999
6-game match
Khalifman won 3½–2½
2000 (FIDE) New Delhi (6 rounds)/final in Tehran
November–December 2000
7 round, mini-match, knockout tournament with final match played in Tehran 		100 players,[27]
Quarter-finalists:
Anand, Khalifman, Adams, Topalov, Tkachiev, Grischuk, Shirov and Bareev[28] 		Semi-finals:
Anand beat Adams,
Shirov beat Grischuk 		Tehran
December 2000
6-game match
Anand won 3½–½
2001–2002 (FIDE) Moscow
November–December 2001
7 round, mini-match, knockout tournament with relatively quick time controls 		128 players,[29]
Quarter-finalists:
Anand, Shirov, Ivanchuk, Lautier, Svidler, Gelfand, Ponomariov and Bareev 		Semi-finals:
Ponomariov beat Svidler,
Ivanchuk beat Anand 		Moscow
January 2002
8-game match
Ponomariov won 4½–2½[30]
2004 (FIDE) Tripoli
June–July 2004
7 round, mini-match, knockout tournament with relatively quick time controls 		128 players,[31]
Quarter-finalists:
Topalov, Kharlov, Kasimdzhanov, Grischuk, Radjabov, Dominguez, Adams, Akopian[32] 		Semi-finals:
Adams beat Radjabov,
Kasimdzhanov beat Topalov 		Tripoli July 2004
6-game match
drawn 3–3;
Kasimdzhanov won rapid playoff 1½–½[30]
2005 (FIDE) None 8 players seeded in final:

Kasimdzhanov (FIDE champion); Adams (as FIDE 2004 finalist);
Anand, Morozevich, Topalov (on rating),
Leko (as classical 2004 finalist),[33]
J. Polgár and Svidler (on rating) 		San Luis: 8 players,
double round robin,
September–October 2005
1. Topalov : 10/14
2.-3. Anand and Svidler : 8½/14
4.Morozevich: 7/14
Reunification
2006 Reunification match Topalov (FIDE champion),
Kramnik (classical champion) 		Elista October 2006
12-game match
drawn 6–6,
Kramnik won rapid playoff 2½–1½

2007–present: Reunified title

After the reunification of the FIDE and "classical" titles, the Chess World Cup and FIDE Grand Prix series were introduced as qualification for the Candidates Tournament.

Years Qualification format Qualifiers Seeded into Candidates Candidates Format Candidates Winner(s) Seeded in Final Championship Final
2005–2007 Chess World Cup 2005
Khanty-Mansiysk
November–December 2005
128 players, 7 round, mini-match, knockout tournament;
+ mini-matches to establish places 1 through 16.
top 10 qualify 		1.Ponomariov, 2.Aronian, (3.Bacrot,[34])
4.Grischuk, 5.Bareev, 6.Gelfand, 7.Rublevsky, 8.Gurevich, 9.Kamsky, 10.Carlsen, 11.Malakhov 		Kasimdzhanov, Leko, Adams,
J. Polgár
(5th-8th of 2005 championship),

Shirov, Bacrot
(on rating) 		Elista:
May–June 2007
16 players,
two rounds of matches,

4 players qualify for championship tournament 		Aronian,
Gelfand,
Grischuk,
Leko[35] 		Anand, Svidler, Morozevich
(2nd–4th in 2005);

Kramnik[36]
(2006 Champion) 		Mexico City:
September 2007
8 players,
double round robin
1. Anand 9/14
2.-3. Kramnik and Gelfand: 8/14
2008 Rematch Kramnik, Anand Bonn October 2008
12-game match
Anand won 6½–4½ to retain the title.
2007–2010 Chess World Cup 2007
Khanty-Mansiysk
November–December 2007
128 players, 7 round, mini-match, knockout tournament 		Kamsky
beat A. Shirov 2½-1½ in the final. 		Topalov
(2005 FIDE champion) 		Sofia
February 2009,
8-game match 		Topalov won 4½-2½ Anand
(2008 champion) 		Sofia April–May 2010
12-game match
Anand won 6½–5½ to retain the title.
2008–2012 FIDE Grand Prix 2008–2010
2 qualified[37] 		Aronian, Radjabov
(Grischuk)[37] 		(Carlsen) Grischuk,[37] Kramnik
(on rating),

Kamsky,[38]
Topalov,[39][40]
Mamedyarov[41] 		Kazan
May 2011,[42]
8 players,
matches

Semifinals:
Gelfand defeated Kamsky;
Grischuk defeated Kramnik 		Gelfand defeated Grischuk in the final 3½–2½ Anand
(2010 champion) 		Moscow May 2012
12-game match drawn 6–6,

Anand won rapid playoff 2½–1½
to retain the title

Chess World Cup 2009
Khanty-Mansiysk
November–December 2009
128 players, 7 round, mini-match, knockout tournament (1st qualifies) 		Gelfand (beat Ponomariov in the final)
2011–2013 Chess World Cup 2011
Khanty-Mansiysk
August–September 2011
128 players, 7 round, mini-match, knockout tournament (top three qualify) 		Svidler, Grischuk, Ivanchuk Gelfand[43]
Carlsen, Aronian, Kramnik[44]
Radjabov[41] 		London[45]
March 2013
8 player double round-robin tournament 		Carlsen
(won Candidates Tournament on tie breaks) 		Anand
(2012 champion) 		Chennai, November 2013
12-game match
Carlsen won 6½–3½
2012–2014 FIDE Grand Prix 2012–2013
2 qualified 		Topalov, Mamedyarov Anand[46]

Aronian, Karjakin[47]

Svidler[41] 		Khanty-Mansiysk,[48]
March 2014[49]
8 player double round-robin tournament 		Anand Carlsen
(2013 champion) 		Sochi, November 2014
12-game match
Carlsen won 6½-4½ to retain the title
Chess World Cup 2013
Tromsø
August–September 2013
128 players, 7 round, mini-match, knockout tournament (top two qualify) 		Kramnik, Andreikin
2014–2016 FIDE Grand Prix 2014–15
2 qualified 		Caruana, Nakamura Anand[50]

Topalov, Giri (ratings)[51]

Aronian (wildcard)[51] 		Moscow, March 2016
8 player double round-robin tournament 		Karjakin Carlsen
(2014 champion) 		New York, November 2016
12-game match drawn 6–6
Carlsen won rapid playoff 3–1 to retain the title
Chess World Cup 2015
Baku
October 2015
128 players, 7 round, mini-match, knockout tournament (top two qualify) 		Svidler, Karjakin
2017–2018 FIDE Grand Prix 2017
Two qualify 		TBD Karjakin[52]

Two players (average ratings of 2017)

One player (wildcard) 		Berlin, March 2018
Eight player double round-robin tournament 		TBD Carlsen
(2016 champion) 		TBA, November 2018
12-game match
Chess World Cup 2017
Batumi/Tbilisi
September 2017
128 players, 7 round, mini-match, knockout tournament (top two qualify) 		Liren, Aronian

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Bondarevsky was replaced in Candidates tournament because of illness
  2. ^ from previous Candidates
  3. ^ from 1948 Championship
  4. ^ Bled, Zagreb, Beograd
  5. ^ In the play-off, Stein finished first before Benko, and Gligorić third. Stein was eliminated because only three soviet players could qualify from the interzonal to the candidates tournament.
  6. ^ after playoff match against Geller
  7. ^ Portisch beat Reshevsky in play-off.
  8. ^ Hort and Stein were eliminated having a worse Berger tie-break (Neustadtl score), the play-off had ended with all players having 4 / 8.
  9. ^ Geller eliminated after play-off
  10. ^ Tal eliminated after play-off
  11. ^ Ribli eliminated after playoff
  12. ^ Van Der Wiel and Torre eliminated after playoff
  13. ^ a b chosen by the organizating federation
  14. ^ Timman eliminated Tal in play-off
  15. ^ Gavrikov eliminated after playoff
  16. ^ Nunn eliminated after Playoff
  17. ^ Zwolle (games 1-3) / Arnhem (games 4-6) / Amsterdam (games 7-12)
  18. ^ (games 13-21)
  19. ^ Epichine, Lputian, Shirov, Ivanchuk and I. Sokolov were eliminated by the tie-break (sum of the opponents Elo ratings).
  20. ^ Anand, as a participant in the FIDE world championship cycle, believed he was contractually obligated to not participate in a rival cycle.
  21. ^ Negotiations for a 1999 match with Shirov or Anand failed, as did negotiations in 2000, with Anand expressing dissatisfaction with the contract.
  22. ^ Kasparov, Anand and other players engaged in the FIDE championship declined the invitation
  23. ^ Top seed Kramnik refused to participate on the grounds that 1996 FIDE champion Karpov's direct entry into the final was unacceptable;
    1995 classical champion Kasparov, 1996 finalist Kamsky and 1996 Women champion Z. Polgar refused in advance to participate.
  24. ^ Topalov, Ivanchuk, Beliavsky, Salov, Bareev, Georgiev, J. Polgar, Sadler, Akopian, Lautier were eliminated
  25. ^ 1998 FIDE champion Karpov, 1998 FIDE finalist Anand (Anand was negotiating to play a match against Kasparov for his title) and 1995 classical champion Kasparov refused to participate
  26. ^ 1998 classical championship candidates Shirov and Kramnik were eliminated by Nisipeanu and Adams in quarterfinals.
  27. ^ Classical champions Kasparov, Kramnik and 1998 FIDE champion Karpov didn't participate
  28. ^ Morozevich, Leko, Krasenkov, Kasimdzhanov, Svidler, Gelfand, Short, Smirin, Dreev, Azmaiparashvili, Rublevsky, Almasi, Xu Jun, Gurevich were eliminated
  29. ^ Classical champions Kramnik and Kasparov didn't participate. All other strongest players of the world took part, including former winners of the FIDE World Championship Anand, Khalifman (eliminated in third round) and Karpov (eliminated in first round).
  30. ^ a b Reunification Match with Kasparov never took place
  31. ^ Kasparov, Anand, Kramnik, Svidler, Shirov, Ponomariov, Leko, J. Polgár, Gelfand, Bareev, Karpov and Israeli players refused to participate, Morozevich was absent before the first round
  32. ^ Ivanchuk, Short, Malakhov, Nisipeanu, Sokolov, Dreev, Akopian, Bacrot, Gurevich, Rublevsky, were eliminated
  33. ^ Kramnik (as classical 2004 finalist) declined the invitation, and Kasparov, who had retired from competition, were replaced by J. Polgar and Svidler on rating
  34. ^ Bacrot was qualified on rating
  35. ^ Aronian beat A.Shirov ; Leko beat Bareev ; Grischuk beat Rublevsky ; Gelfand beat Kamsky
  36. ^ Topalov was replaced by Kramnik (2006 Champion)
  37. ^ a b c Grischuk, third of FIDE Grand Prix, replaced Carlsen after he withdrew.
  38. ^ 2009 candidate, loser of the 2009 Challenger Match
  39. ^ 2010 finalist, loser of 2010 World Chess Championship match
  40. ^ FIDE to move Candidates Matches, Topalov threatens boycott
  41. ^ a b c Nominee of the organizing committee.
  42. ^ chessbase.com; Pairings for Candidates Matches are released
  43. ^ Loser of the 2012 World Championship match
  44. ^ Top three rated players not already qualified
  45. ^ Levitov announces FIDE plans for Candidates Tournament in the 2014 World Championship cycle
  46. ^ Loser of the 2013 World Championship match
  47. ^ Top two rated players not already qualified
  48. ^ FIDE Calendar 2014
  49. ^ FIDE announces dates for world chess championship cycles
  50. ^ Loser of the 2014 World Championship match
  51. ^ a b World Chess Candidates Tournament (FIDE)
  52. ^ Loser of the 2016 World Championship match

References

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