2011 military intervention in Libya: Difference between revisions

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→‎Criticism: Re-labeling section - some of these statements are not criticisms, but merely reservations or cautions. For instance, saying that a no-fly zone means having to take out ground equipment does not mean you are against the zone.
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According to Al-Jazeera, French aircraft destroyed four Libyan tanks in air strikes to the south-west of Benghazi.<ref name="AlJazTanks" /> The French military claimed that their aircraft had also flown reconnaissance missions over "all Libyan territory".<ref name=BBCFrenchjets/> On the same day David Cameron confirmed that Royal Air Force jets were also in action and reports suggested that the US Navy had fired the first cruise missile.<ref name=BBCFrenchjets/>
According to Al-Jazeera, French aircraft destroyed four Libyan tanks in air strikes to the south-west of Benghazi.<ref name="AlJazTanks" /> The French military claimed that their aircraft had also flown reconnaissance missions over "all Libyan territory".<ref name=BBCFrenchjets/> On the same day David Cameron confirmed that Royal Air Force jets were also in action and reports suggested that the US Navy had fired the first cruise missile.<ref name=BBCFrenchjets/>


== Criticism ==
== Criticism and reservations ==
=== An act of war ===
=== An act of war ===
On March 4, former [[United States Deputy Undersecretary of Defense]], [[Jed Babbin]], claimed that the imposition of a no-fly zone over Libya would be "an irresponsible act of war" against the country.<ref>{{cite web|last=May |first=Caroline |url=http://dailycaller.com/2011/03/04/ready-for-another-war-congressional-leaders-push-for-u-s-action-in-libya/ |title=No-Fly Zone Libya &#124; Critics Call Libyan No-Fly Zone Act Of War &#124; The Daily Caller - Breaking News, Opinion, Research, and Entertainment |publisher=The Daily Caller |date=2011-03-04 |accessdate=2011-03-10}}</ref>
On March 4, former [[United States Deputy Undersecretary of Defense]], [[Jed Babbin]], claimed that the imposition of a no-fly zone over Libya would be "an irresponsible act of war" against the country.<ref>{{cite web|last=May |first=Caroline |url=http://dailycaller.com/2011/03/04/ready-for-another-war-congressional-leaders-push-for-u-s-action-in-libya/ |title=No-Fly Zone Libya &#124; Critics Call Libyan No-Fly Zone Act Of War &#124; The Daily Caller - Breaking News, Opinion, Research, and Entertainment |publisher=The Daily Caller |date=2011-03-04 |accessdate=2011-03-10}}</ref>

Revision as of 20:20, 19 March 2011

Libyan No-Fly Zone
DateMarch 19, 2011 - ongoing
Location
Libya
Belligerents

United Nations United Nations (UN Resolution 1973)

Libya Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Commanders and leaders
France Nicolas Sarkozy Libya Muammar Gaddafi
Casualties and losses
4 tanks[1][2]
A RAF Eurofighter Typhoon, like those participating in enforcing the no-fly zone.

The Libyan no-fly zone (or Operation Odyssey Dawn) is a no-fly zone over Libya approved by the United Nations Security Council on 17 March 2011.[3] The no-fly zone was proposed during the 2011 Libyan uprising to prevent government forces loyal to Muammar Gaddafi from carrying out air attacks on rebel forces.

On 12 March, the Arab League called on the United Nations Security Council to impose a no-fly zone.[4][5] On 17 March 2011, the Security Council voted 10-0-5 to approve a no-fly zone through Resolution 1973. There were five abstentions, including Brazil, Russia, India and China who oppose military intervention against a sovereign country and by Germany, who abstained as it does not want to participate in any military operation in Libya.[6][7][8]

Which nations and their roles in applying these measures have not yet been fully specified, although France and the UK have stated their intention to uphold them as a matter of urgency, and Lebanon and the US heavily backed the resolution.[9][10]

On 18 March, the Libyan foreign minister, Mussa Kussa, declared a ceasefire, attributing the UN resolution,[11] although artillery shelling on Misurata and Ajdabiya continued, and government soldiers continued approaching Benghazi.[12][13] Government troops and tanks entered the city on 19 March.[14] Artillery and mortars were also fired into the city.[15]

On 19 March, the no-fly zone enforcement began, with French aircraft undertaking sorties across Libya and a UK naval blockade by the Royal Navy.[16]

The UN resolution also permits air-strikes against Libyan ground troops and "warships" posing a threat to civilians.[17] Air strikes against Libyan Army vehicles have since been confirmed and Tomahawk cruise missiles have reportedly been fired by a US warship.[1]

Proposal

Several Libyan and international politicians, diplomats and organisations had called for a no-fly zone over Libya.

Libyans

On February 21, 2011, Libyan deputy Permanent Representative to UN Ambassador Ibrahim Dabbashi "[called] on the UN to impose a no-fly zone on all Tripoli to cut off all supplies of arms and mercenaries to the regime."[18]

On March 9, 2011, the head of the Libyan National Transitional Council, Mustafa Abdul Jalil, "pleaded for the international community to move quickly to impose a no-fly zone over Libya, declaring that any delay would result in more casualties".[19] Three days later, he stated that if pro-Gaddafi forces reached Benghazi, then they would kill "half a million" people. He stated, "If there is no no-fly zone imposed on Gaddafi's regime, and his ships are not checked, we will have a catastrophe in Libya."[20] On March 12, thousands of Libyan women marched in the streets of the rebel-held town of Benghazi, calling for the imposition of a no-fly zone over Libya. One of the protestors, Nada el-Turki, stated, "We don't want foreign intervention, we just want a no-fly zone and our boys will do the rest. But they have light weapons in the face of air strikes."[21]

International

The United States supported the no-fly zone, VOA News reported

On February 28, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, David Cameron, proposed the idea of a no-fly zone to prevent Muammar Gaddafi from airlifting mercenaries and using his military aeroplanes and armoured helicopters against civilians.[22]

On March 7, US Ambassador to NATO Ivo Daalder announced that NATO decided to step up surveillance missions of E-3 AWACS aircraft to 24 hours a day. On the same day it was reported that an anonymous UN diplomat confirmed to AFP that France and Britain were drawing up a resolution on the no-fly zone that would be considered by the United Nations Security Council during the same week.[23][24] The Gulf Cooperation Council also on that day called upon the UN Security Council to "take all necessary measures to protect civilians, including enforcing a no-fly zone over Libya."[25]

By March 9, the United States had naval forces positioned off the coast of Libya, as well as forces already in the region - including the aircraft carrier USS Enterprise. Canada had dispatched naval frigate HMCS Charlottetown to the area, reinforcing the display of western power. Canadian Defence Minister Peter MacKay stated, "We are there for all inevitabilities. And NATO is looking at this as well... This is taken as a precautionary and staged measure." Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper stated that the Canadian Forces Air Command is ready to contribute to setting up a no-fly zone if the UN and NATO decided to do this.

Template:Wikinews2 On March 12, the Arab League "called on the United Nations Security Council to impose a no-fly zone over Libya in a bid to protect civilians from air attack".[5][4][26] The Arab League's request was announced by Oman's Minister of Foreign Affairs, Yusuf bin Alawi bin Abdullah, who stated that all member states present at the meeting agreed with the proposal.[5]

On March 15, a resolution for a no-fly zone was proposed and tabled by Nawaf Salam, Lebanon's Ambassador to the United Nations. The resolution was immediately backed by the United Kingdom and France.[27]

On March 17, 2011, the United Nations Security Council approved a no-fly zone by a vote of 10 in favor, zero against, and five abstentions, via United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973.Cite error: The <ref> tag has too many names (see the help page).[28] Less than 24 hours later, Libya announced that it will halt all military operations in the country in response to the Security Council resolution.[29][30]

Enforcement

File:Rafale-ec-1-7.jpg
French Air Force Dassault Rafales

Initial NATO planning for a possible NFZ took place in late February and early March,[31] especially by NATO members United Kingdom and France.[32] The United Kingdom and France were early supporters of a no-fly zone and have sufficient airpower to impose a no-fly-zone over the rebel-held areas, although might need additional assistance for a more extensive exclusion zone.

The US has the air assets necessary to enforce a no-fly zone, but was cautious to support such an action prior to obtaining a legal basis for violating Libya's sovereignty. Because of the sensitive nature of military action by the US against an Arab nation, the US has sought Arab participation in the enforcement of a no-fly zone.[23]

At a congressional hearing, United States Secretary of Defense Robert Gates explained that "a no-fly zone begins with an attack on Libya to destroy the air defenses ... and then you can fly planes around the country and not worry about our guys being shot down. But that's the way it starts."[33]

On March 19th, the deployment of French fighter jets over Libya began.[16]

Forces committed to the no-fly zone

  •  France: Likely to deploy Mirage and Rafale aircraft based at domestic French Air Force air bases at Istres (90 minutes flying time to Libyan airspace) and at Solenzara (60 minutes flying time). Air to air tankers are already in Istres. The French Navy anti-air destroyer Forbin is already near Libya. The aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle is in Toulon naval base, and will be sent for close air-support with its naval group (one nuclear submarine and 4 or 5 supporting vessels). During a press conference by the French defense minister on March 19th, it was reported that around 20 aircraft were engaged in operations over Libya.[34]
  •  United Kingdom On 18 March, UK Prime Minister David Cameron confirmed that Royal Air Force Typhoon and Tornado fighter aircraft will be committed to the operation, along with air-to-air refueling and surveillance aircaft. He said, in an address to the House of Commons, that assets will be deployed to airbases in the region "in the coming hours" so they can "take the necessary action" over Libya. At RAF Lossiemouth and RAF Marham, Tornados were seen being armed. The Tornados were earlier reported to have been training over France together with French Mirage jets, indicating that military action was imminent. The British jets will be based at the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia in Cyprus, where air-to-air refuelling planes and reconnaissance planes were sent to earlier in the week. David Cameron stated at 19.49 GMT said that British Forces are already operating in Libya, but did not give details of deployment.[35]
  •  Belgium: Defense Minister, Pieter De Crem, stated that 6 F-16 fighter jets of the Belgian Air Component, currently stationed in Greece for exercises, are available for the no-fly zone over Libya. Furthermore the minehunter M923 Narcis is in the area to assist if necessary. According to Foreign Minister Steven Vanackere there is a large majority in parliament that would approve the operations.[36]
Canadian Forces Air Command CF-18 Hornet
U.S. Navy supercarrier USS Enterprise

Bases committed to the no-fly zone

Additional countries possibly enforcing the no-fly zone

Middle East

  •  Jordan: U.S. congressional officials have said Jordan may be involved in enforcing the U.N. mission.[52]
  •  Saudi Arabia: Saudi Arabia has been mentioned as possibly participating in air strikes.[53][54]

Europe

Action taken by international forces

BBC News reported at 16:00 GMT 19 March 2011 that the French Air Force had sent 20 fighter planes over an area 100 km by 150 km (60 by 100 miles) over Benghazi to prevent any attacks on the rebel controlled city. [2] "Our air force will oppose any aggression by Colonel Gadhafi against the population of Benghazi," said French President Nicolas Sarkozy.[57] BBC News reported at 16:59 GMT that at 16:45 GMT a French warplane had fired at and destroyed a Libyan military vehicle - this being confirmed by French defence ministry spokesman Laurent Teisseire. [2]

According to Al-Jazeera, French aircraft destroyed four Libyan tanks in air strikes to the south-west of Benghazi.[1] The French military claimed that their aircraft had also flown reconnaissance missions over "all Libyan territory".[58] On the same day David Cameron confirmed that Royal Air Force jets were also in action and reports suggested that the US Navy had fired the first cruise missile.[58]

Criticism and reservations

An act of war

On March 4, former United States Deputy Undersecretary of Defense, Jed Babbin, claimed that the imposition of a no-fly zone over Libya would be "an irresponsible act of war" against the country.[59]

On March 8, U.S. Senator Dianne Feinstein, chairwoman of the Senate Intelligence Committee, said: "This is a civil war. It is not [Gadaffi] invading another country. I think [arming the rebels] is an act of war and particularly the no-fly zone is [an act of war]."[60]

On March 8, U.S. Senator Richard G. Lugar, the Ranking Republican on the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, stated that: "Imposing a no-fly zone, requiring extensive bombing of Libyan military facilities, would be an act of war".[61] On March 14, Lugar stated: "If the Obama Administration is contemplating this step ... it should begin by seeking a declaration of war against Libya that would allow for a full Congressional debate on the issue."[62]

On March 14, U.S. Congressman Ron Paul said that "for the US to establish a 'no fly' zone over ... Libya would constitute an act of war" and "[establishing] any kind of military presence in the sovereign territory of Libya will require committing troops to engage in combat against the Libyan air force, as well as anti-aircraft systems."[63] U.S. Congressman Dennis Kucinich stated that: "A no-fly zone begins with an attack on the air defenses of Libya. It is an act of war that can only be approved by Congressional action, not by any international body. There is a civil war in Libya, which must be resolved by Libya."[64]

Russia's head of the Foreign Affairs Committee Konstantin Kosachyov has stated that: "Any foreign military intervention will give Libya legal grounds to defend itself."[65]

Possible perception of interference

On March 1, Russian NATO ambassador Dmitry Rogozin stated that: "A ban on the national air force or civil aviation to fly over their own territory is ... a serious interference into the domestic affairs of another country".[66] John Rees, co-founder and national officer of the British Stop the War Coalition, said that in the Middle East, 'no-fly zone' means "what happened after the first Gulf War, it means a disastrous policy of sanctions that killed a million in Iraq, it means the prelude to a new war."[67]

On March 3, 2011, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton stated before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee that: "The tough issues about how and whether there would be any intervention to assist those who are opposing Libya is very controversial within Libya and within the Arab community. So we are working closely with our partners and allies to try to see what we can do and we are engaged in very active consideration of all the different options that are available."[68]

On March 18, 2011, Chairman of the Russian State Duma International Affairs Committee Konstantin Kosachyov said that air strikes on Libya might "spark a huge conflict between the so-called West and the so-called Arab world."[69]

Complexity of operation

According to chairman of the American Joint Chiefs of Staff Admiral Michael Mullen, a no-fly zone would be "an extraordinarily complex operation to set up."[70]

American Secretary of Defense Robert Gates stated that more air assets would need to be moved into the vicinity of Libya and that the operation also would require "more airplanes than you would find on a single aircraft carrier ... it is a big operation in a big country."[68]

On March 9, Secretary General of NATO Anders Fogh Rasmussen stressed that "the imposition of a no-fly zone would be quite a complicated undertaking".[71]

According to the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, establishing and maintaining a no-fly zone over Libya could cost the US Department of Defense up to $300 million a week (or around $15 billion a year) under scenarios formulated by the think tank.[72]

On the contrary, Gen. Merrill McPeak, a former US Air Force chief of staff, said: “I can’t imagine an easier military problem.” He suggested concentrating flights over those parts of the country that Muammar Gaddafi doesn’t control. That would remove the need to attack and take out Libyan air defense systems.[73]

Effectiveness of operation

United States (US) Ambassador to NATO Ivo Daalder stated that: "[I]t's important to understand that no-fly zones...really have a limited effect against the helicopters or the kind of ground operations that we've seen, which is why a no-fly zone, even if it were to be established, isn't really going to impact what is happening there today. And the kinds of capabilities that are being used to attack the rebel forces and, indeed, the population will be largely unaffected by a no-fly zone."[74]

According to Richard Haass, the president of the US think tank Council on Foreign Relations, "there is no reason to believe a no-fly zone would be decisive. In fact, we have every reason to believe it would not be, given that aircraft and helicopters are not central to the regime's military advantages." Haass argues that regime could defeat the opposition with no air support, simply by exploiting its advantages in terms of ground forces.[75]

At a hearing before the House Appropriations Committee on March 10, US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton reminded the audience that:

...we had a no-fly zone over Iraq. It did not prevent Saddam Hussein from slaughtering people on the ground and it did not get him out of office. We had a no-fly zone and then we had 78 days of bombing in Serbia. It did not get Milosevic out of office. It did not get him out of Kosovo until we put troops on the ground with our allies.[76]

Risk of co-option

Richard Haass argues that:

"It is one thing to acknowledge Moammar Gadhafi as a ruthless despot, which he has demonstrated himself to be. But doing so does not establish the democratic bona fides of those who oppose him. And even if some of those opposing him are genuine democrats, there is no reason to assume that helping to remove the regime would result in the ascendancy of such people."

According to Haass, removing Gadaffi by force could "easily set in motion a chain of events in which a different strongman, with the backing of a different tribe, took over" or create a power vacuum exploitable by Al Qaeda and similar groups.[75]

Analyses of the so-called "Sinjar documents" captured from an Al Qaeda cell during the Iraqi insurgency revealed that, on a per capita basis, twice as many foreign fighters listed in the documents came from Libya than from any other Arab country — most of them from eastern Libya (52 from Darnah and 21 from Benghazi), the locus of the current uprising against Muammar Gaddafi.[77][78] However, according to National Journal, "[reports] from the ground in Libya suggest that Islamic groups in eastern Libya are working closely with secular rebels in the fight against Gaddafi and have made no effort to take control of the situation or impose strict Islamic law in the areas they control."[78]

See also

References

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External links

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