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}}</ref> See also: [[War in Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Bosnian genocide]].
}}</ref> See also: [[War in Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Bosnian genocide]].
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| rowspan="1" | {{nts|3000}}<ref>Reuters, [http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/12/23/us-argentina-china-falungong-idUSTRE5BM02B20091223 "Argentine judge asks China arrests over Falun Gong"], 22 Dec 2009.</ref> || {{nts|162,000}}<ref>Gutmann, Ethan. [http://eastofethan.com/2009/04/30/how-many-harvested/ "How Many Harvested?"], Remarks on the 10-year anniversary of the Falun Gong persecution, chaired by Edward McMillan-Scott, Foreign Press Association, London. accessed 2/12/10</ref> || [[Persecution of Falun Gong]] || [[China]] || 1999 || ongoing || A nationwide persecution led by the [[Chinese Communist Party]] against the spiritual group [[Falun Gong]]. The decision to "eradicate" the practice was made by then paramount leader [[Jiang Zemin]] in 1999. The practice had grown extremely quickly and was popular among a large cross-section of society, implicitly undermining the Communist Party's control of society. Means of persecution include arbitrary arrests, torture, forced labor, and, it is alleged, [[Kilgour-Matas report|organ harvesting]].<ref>For the source describing the persecution as genocide see: Falun Dafa Information Center, "[http://faluninfo.net/article/1107/ International Legal Developments: Landmark Indictments of Top CCP Officials for Torture, Crimes Against Humanity, Genocide," accessed 2/12/10</ref>
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Revision as of 19:37, 18 February 2011

See also: List of wars, List of battles and other violent events by death toll, and List of natural disasters by death toll

This is a list of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll. It covers the lowest estimate of death as well as the highest estimate, the name of the event, the location, and the start and end of each event. Some events overlap categories.

Wars and armed conflicts

These figures of one million or more deaths include the deaths of civilians from diseases, famine, etc., as well as deaths of soldiers in battle and possible massacres and genocide.

Where only one estimate is available, it appears in both the low and high estimates. This is a sortable table. Click on the column sort buttons to sort results numerically or alphabetically.

Lowest Estimate Highest Estimate Event Location From To See also Percentage of the World population[1]
40,000,000[2] 72,000,000[3] World War II Worldwide 1937 1945 World War II casualties and Second Sino-Japanese War[4] 1,7%-3,1%
33,000,000[5] 36,000,000[6] An Shi Rebellion China 755 763 Medieval warfare 14,0%-15,3%
30,000,000[7] 60,000,000[8] Mongol Conquests Asia, Central- and Eastern Europe, Middle East 1207 1472 Mongol invasions and Tatar invasions 7,5%-17,1%
25,000,000[9] 25,000,000 Qing dynasty conquest of the Ming Dynasty China 1616 1662 Qing Dynasty 4,8%
20,000,000[10] 30,000,000+[11] Taiping Rebellion China 1851 1864 Dungan revolt 1,6%-2,1%
15,000,000[12] 65,000,000 World War I (High estimate includes Spanish flu deaths)[13] Worldwide 1914 1918 World War I casualties 0,8%-3,6%
15,000,000[14] 20,000,000[14] Conquests of Timur Middle East, India, Central Asia, Russia 1369 1405 [15] 3,4%-4,5%
8,000,000[16][17] 12,000,000 Dungan revolt China 1862 1877 Panthay Rebellion 0,6%-0,9%
5,000,000[citation needed] 9,000,000[18] Russian Civil War Russia 1917 1921 Russian Revolution (1917), List of civil wars 0,28%-0,5%
3,800,000[19] 5,400,000[20] Second Congo War Democratic Republic of the Congo 1998 2003 First Congo War 0,06%-0,09%
3,500,000[citation needed] 6,500,000[citation needed] Napoleonic Wars Europe, Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Ocean 1804 1815 Napoleonic Wars casualties 0,4%-0,7%
3,000,000 11,500,000[21] Thirty Years' War Holy Roman Empire 1618 1648 Religious war 0,5%-2,1%
3,000,000[22] 7,000,000[22] Yellow Turban Rebellion China 184 205 Part of Three Kingdoms War 1,3%-3,1%
3,000,000[23] 4,000,000[23] Deluge Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 1655 1660 Second Northern War 0,6%-0,7%
2,500,000[citation needed] 3,500,000[24] Korean War Korean Peninsula 1950 1953 Cold War 0,1%
2,495,000[citation needed] 6,020,000[25] Vietnam War Southeast Asia 1955 1975 Indochina War 0,08%-0,19%
2,000,000 4,000,000[26] French Wars of Religion France 1562 1598 Religious war 0,4%-0,8%
2,000,000[27] 2,000,000 Shaka's conquests Africa 1816 1828 Ndwandwe–Zulu War 0,2%
1,000,000[28] 2,000,000 Second Sudanese Civil War Sudan 1983 2005 Religious war 0,02%
1,000,000[29] 9,000,000[30] Crusades Holy Land, Europe 1095 1291 Religious war 0,3%-2,3%
500,000[31][32] 2,000,000[33] Iran–Iraq War Iran, Iraq 1980 1988 Al-Anfal Campaign and Invasion of Kuwait 0,01%-0,04%
500,000[34] 2,000,000[35] Mexican Revolution Mexico, United States 1911 1920 Pancho Villa and Columbus Raid 0,03%-0,1%

Genocides and alleged genocides

Main article: Genocides in history

The United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) defines genocide in part as "acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group".

Determining what historical events constitute a genocide and which are merely criminal or inhuman behavior is not a clear-cut matter. In nearly every case where accusations of genocide have circulated, partisans of various sides have fiercely disputed the interpretation and details of the event, often to the point of promoting wildly different versions of the facts. An accusation of genocide, therefore, will almost always be controversial. Determining the number of persons killed in each genocide can be just as difficult, with political, religious and ethnic biases or prejudices often leading to downplayed or exaggerated figures.

The following list of genocides and alleged genocides should be understood in this context and not necessarily regarded as the final word on the events in question.

Lowest Estimate Highest Estimate Event Location From To Notes
4,871,000[36] 11,000,000[37] Holocaust Europe 1941 1945 With around 6 million Jews murdered, many scholars define the Holocaust as a genocide of European Jews alone [citation needed]. Broader definitions include the genocide of the Romani: most estimates of Romani deaths are in the 200,000-500,000 range but some estimate more than a million.[38] A broader definition includes political and religious dissenters, 200,000 handicapped, 2 to 3 million Soviet POWs, 5,000 Jehovah's Witnesses, 15,000 homosexuals and small numbers of mixed-race children (known as the Rhineland bastards), bringing the death toll to around 10.5 million. See Holocaust, Porajmos, Consequences of German Nazism
2,582,000[39][40][41] 10,000,000[42] Holodomor (and Soviet famine of 1932-1933) Ukrainian SSR 1932 1933 Holodomor was a famine in Ukraine caused by the government of Joseph Stalin, a part of Soviet famine of 1932–1933. Holodomor is claimed by contemporary Ukrainian government to be a genocide of the Ukrainians.

As of March 2008, Ukraine and nineteen other governments[43] have recognized the actions of the Soviet government as an act of genocide. The joint statement at the United Nations in 2003 has defined the famine as the result of cruel actions and policies of the totalitarian regime that caused the deaths of millions of Ukrainians, Russians, Kazakhs and other nationalities in the USSR. On 23 October 2008 the European Parliament adopted a resolution[44] that recognized the Holodomor as a crime against humanity.[45]

On January 12, 2010, the court of appeals in Kiev opened hearings into the "fact of genocide-famine Holodomor in Ukraine in 1932-33", in May 2009 the Security Service of Ukraine had started a criminal case "in relation to the genocide in Ukraine in 1932-33".[46] In a ruling on January 13, 2010 the court found Stalin and other Bolshevik leaders guilty of genocide against the Ukrainians.[47]

2,000,000[48] 10,000,000[49][failed verification] European colonization of the Americas The Americas 1492 1900 Although heavily disputed, many historians consider the deaths caused by disease, displacement, and conquest of Native American populations during European settlement of North and South America as constituting an act of genocide (or series of genocides). The genocidal aspects of this event are entwined with loss of life caused by the lack of immunity of Native Americans to diseases carried by European settlers and their livestock (see Population history of American indigenous peoples).[50][51]
1,700,000 [citation needed] 3,000,000[52] Cambodian Genocide Cambodia 1975 1979 As of September 2007, no one has been found guilty of participating in this genocide, but on 19 September 2007 Nuon Chea, second in command of the Khmer Rouge and its most senior surviving member, was charged with war crimes and crimes against humanity. He will face Cambodian and United Nations appointed foreign judges at the special genocide tribunal.[53]
500,000[54] 3,000,000[55] Expulsion of Germans after World War II Europe 1945 1950

With at least 12 million[56][57][58] Germans directly involved, possibly 14 million or more, it was the largest movement or transfer of any single ethnic population in modern history[57] and largest among the post-war expulsions in Central and Eastern Europe (which displaced more than twenty million people in total).[56] The events have been usually classified as population transfer,[59] or as ethnic cleansing.[60] Martin Shaw (2007) and W.D. Rubinstein (2004) describe the expulsions as genocide.[61] Felix Ermacora writing in 1991, (in line with a minority of legal scholars) considered ethnic cleansing to be genocide[62][63] and stated that the expulsion of the Sudeten Germans was genocide.[64]

500,000[65] 1,000,000[65] Rwandan genocide Rwanda 1994 1994 Hutu killed unarmed men, women and children. Some perpetrators of the genocide have been found guilty by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, but most have not been charged due to no witness accounts.
480,000[66] 600,000[66] Massacres in Zunghar Khanate Western China, Kazakhstan, northern Kyrgyzstan, southern Siberia 1755 1758 Qianlong emperor moved the remaining Zunghar people to the mainland and ordered the generals to kill all the men in Barkol or Suzhou, and divided their wives and children to Qing soldiers.[67][68] Qing officials wrote about 30-50% of the Dzungar people were massacred, 30-40% killed by smallpox, and 20-30% ran to Russia or Kazakh.[69][70] and no people in the several thousands li area. Clarke wrote 80%, or between 480,000 and 600,000 people, were killed between 1755 and 1758 in what "amounted to the complete destruction of not only the Zunghar state but of the Zunghars as a people."[66][71] Historian Peter Perdue has shown that the decimation of the Dzungars was the result of an explicit policy of extermination launched by Qianlong.[72] Although this "deliberate use of massacre" has been largely ignored by modern scholars,[73]
400,000[74] 400,000[74] Russian conquest of the Caucasus Caucasus 1817 1864 During the last decade or so, especially after the two First and Second Chechen Wars, pro-Chechen groups started to investigate the history of the Caucasian War and came to label the Caucasian exodus as a "Circassian ethnic cleansing", although the term had not been in use in the 19th century. They point out that the exodus was not really voluntary but rather was a matter of what is today called ethnic cleansing – the systematic emptying of villages by Russian soldiers[75] and was accompanied by Russian colonisation.[76] They estimate that some 90 percent of the Circassians estimated at more than three million[77] had relocated from the territories conquered by Russia. During these events, and the preceding Caucasian War, at least tens of thousands of Circassians perished in a "programme of forced expulsion, deportation and massacre at the hands of the Russian government".[78] See also: Muhajir (Caucasus)
300,000[79] 1,500,000[80] Armenian Genocide Anatolia 1914 1918 Usually called the earliest genocide of the 20th century. Despite recognition by some twenty one countries as a genocidal act, the accused agressor, Turkey, refuses to recognize the term genocide.
300,000[81] 500,000[81] Decossackization Don River area 1919 1920 In the Russian Civil War that followed the October Revolution, the Cossacks found themselves on both sides of the conflict. Many officers and experienced Cossacks fought for the White Army, and some for the Red Army. Following the defeat of the White Army, a policy of Decossackization (Raskazachivaniye) took place on the surviving Cossacks and their homelands since they were viewed as potential threat to the new regime. This mostly involved dividing their territory amongst other divisions and giving it to new autonomous republics of minorities, and then actively encouraging settlement of these territories with those peoples. This was especially true for the Terek Cossacks land. According to Michael Kort, "During 1919 and 1920, out of a population of approximately 3 million, the Bolshevik regime killed or deported an estimated 300,000 to 500,000 Cossacks".[81]
275,000[82] 750,000[82] Assyrian genocide Anatolia 1915 1918 Disputed, but some consider it a genocide.
270,000[83] 655,000[84] Ustashe massacres of Serbs, Jews, Roma and Croats Croatia 1941 1945 Genocide during period of Independent State of Croatia, with official policy of extermination similar to that of Nazi Germany. See also The Holocaust in Croatia.
200,000[85] 1,000,000[85] Greek genocide Anatolia 1915 1918 Disputed, but some consider it a genocide.
178,258[86] 400,000[87] Darfur conflict Sudan 2003 2010 See International response to the Darfur conflict
150,000 [citation needed] 300,000[citation needed] Political repression of East Timorese East Timor 1975 1990s Commonly referred to as genocide by media, scholars. [citation needed]
117,000[88] 500,000[88] Revolt in the Vendée France 1793 1796 Described as genocide by some historians. See also French Revolution
100,000 [89] 200,000[90] Massacres of Mayan Indians Guatemala 1962 1996 Genocide according to the Historical Clarification Commission.[91][92]
100,000 [citation needed] 400,000[citation needed] Political repression of West Papuans Indonesia 1961 present Genocide according to some sources, see Genocides in history#West New Guinea .2F West Papua
100,000 300,000 Nanking Massacre Nanking 1937 1938 The Nanking Massacre, commonly known as the Rape of Nanking, was an infamous genocidal war crime committed by the Japanese military in Nanjing, then capital of the Republic of China, after it fell to the Imperial Japanese Army on 13 December 1937.
50,000[93] 200,000[94] Al-Anfal Campaign Iraq 1986 1989 Ba'athist Iraq destroys over 2,000 villages and commits genocide on their Kurdish population.[95]
50,000[96] 100,000[96] Massacres of Hutus Burundi 1972 1972 Tutsi government massacres of Hutu, part of the Burundi genocide.
50,000[citation needed] 50,000[citation needed] Massacres of Tutsis Burundi 1993 1993 Hutu government massacres of Tutsi, part of the Burundi genocide.
26,000[97] 3,000,000[97] 1971 Bangladesh atrocities East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) 1971 1971 Atrocities in East Pakistan by the Pakistani Armed Forces, leading to the Bangladesh Liberation War and Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, are widely regarded as a genocide against Bengali people, but to date no one has yet been indicted for such a crime.
24,000[98] 75,000[99] Herero and Namaqua genocide Namibia 1904 1908 Generally accepted. See also Imperial Germany
20,000[100] 100,000[101] Massacres of Tamils during Sri Lankan Civil War Sri Lanka 1983 2009 From 1983, the Sri Lankan army and Tamil separatists, demanding an independent state of Eelam in the north and east of the island, fought a long conflict. After more than 25 years of violence, the conflict appeared to be at an end in May 2009, when government forces seized the last area controlled by Tamil Tiger rebels. Some have accused the government of genocide against the Tamil people.[102] See also: Black July
20,000[103] 80,000[104] Dictatorship and political repression in Equatorial Guinea Equatorial Guinea 1969 1979 Francisco Macías Nguema led a brutal dictatorship in his country, most notably against the minority of Bubi. It is estimated that his regime killed at least 20,000 people, while around 100,000 (one third of the population) fled the country.[103] On a trial, Nguemu was found guilty of genocide and crimes against humanity. He was executed in 1979.
13,160[105] 70,000[106] Dersim Massacre Dersim 1937 1938 Tens of thousands of Kurds were killed and thousands more forced into exile, depopulating the province.
9,000[107] 30,000[108] Dirty War Argentina 1976 1983 At least 9,000 people were tortured and killed in Argentina from 1976 to 1983, carried out primarily by Jorge Rafael Videla's military dictatorship.
8,000[109] 17,000[110] Massacres during Zanzibar Revolution Zanzibar 1964 1964 Thousands of Arabs and Indians were massacred during the revolution.
8,000 8,000[111] Srebrenica massacre Srebrenica 1995 1995 A genocidal massacre according to the ICTY. Currently, it is the last genocide committed in modern Europe after World War II. On 31 March 2010, the Serbian Parliament passed a resolution condemning the Srebrenica massacre and apologizing to the families of Srebrenica for the deaths of Bosniaks.[112] See also: War in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnian genocide.
3,000[113] 162,000[114] Persecution of Falun Gong China 1999 ongoing A nationwide persecution led by the Chinese Communist Party against the spiritual group Falun Gong. The decision to "eradicate" the practice was made by then paramount leader Jiang Zemin in 1999. The practice had grown extremely quickly and was popular among a large cross-section of society, implicitly undermining the Communist Party's control of society. Means of persecution include arbitrary arrests, torture, forced labor, and, it is alleged, organ harvesting.[115]

Individual extermination camps

Famine

This section includes famines that were caused or exacerbated by the policies of the ruling regime.

See also Famine and List of famines

Lowest Estimate Highest Estimate Event Location From To Notes
20,000,000[131] 43,000,000[131] Great Chinese Famine People's Republic of China 1959 1962 Great Leap Forward famine under the Chinese Communist Party led by Mao Zedong. Between the spring of 1959 and the end of 1961 some 30 million Chinese starved to death and about the same number of births were lost or postponed.[132] State violence during this period further exacerbated the death toll, and some 2.5 million people were beaten or tortured to death in connection with Great Leap policies.[133]
9,000,000 13,000,000[134] Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–79 China 1876 1879
6,000,000 20,000,000[135] Soviet famine of 1932–1933, including Holodomor Soviet Union 1932 1939 As of November 2006, the Ukraine government was trying to get this mass starvation recognised by the United Nations as an act of genocide, with Russian government and many members of the Ukrainian parliament opposing such a move.[135]
5,250,000 10,300,000[16] Great Famine of 1876–78 British-ruled India 1876 1878 See also: Famine in India
4,000,000 4,000,000 Bengal famine of 1943 British-ruled India 1943 1943
1,250,000[16] 10,000,000[16] Indian famine of 1899–1900 British-ruled India 1899 1900
750,000[136][137] 1,500,000[138] Great Irish Famine[139] United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 1846 1849

Human sacrifice and ritual suicide

This section lists deaths from the systematic practice of human sacrifice or suicide. For notable individual episodes, see Human sacrifice and mass suicide.

Lowest Estimate Highest Estimate Description Group Location From To Notes
300,000[citation needed] 1,500,000[citation needed] Human sacrifice Aztecs Mexico 14th century 1521 Human sacrifice in Aztec culture
13,000[140] 13,000 Human sacrifice Shang dynasty China BC1300 BC1050 Last 250 years of rule
7,941[141] 7,941 Ritual suicides Sati Bengal, India 1815 1828
3,912 3,912 Kamikaze suicide pilots, see note [142] Imperial Japanese air forces Pacific theatre 1944 1945
913 913 Jonestown murder-suicide Followers of The Peoples Temple cult Jonestown November 18, 1978 November 19, 1978 The event was the largest loss of American civilian life in a non-natural disaster until the September 11, 2001 attacks.

Other human made mass mortalities

Lowest Estimate Highest Estimate Description Location From To Notes
50,000,000[143] 60,000,000[143] European colonization of Asia and Africa Asia and Africa 1758 1970 Historians argue that a total of 50 to 60 million indigenous people were killed in the context of European colonial expansion in the regions of North and sub-Saharan Africa and South-East Asia. This estimate includes both deaths directly linked to the conquest and subsequent acts of violence, as deaths followed by the embrittlement of aboriginal cultural, social and economic structures that lead to widespread famine and disease. Although the denomination is controversial, it is viewed that the entire enterprise of European exploitative colonization in Africa and Asia constitutes an act of generalized genocide.,[143] although some historians disagree.
8,000,000 [144] 10,000,000 [145] Tropical diseases, including sleeping sickness and smallpox,[146][147] and the exploitation of the Congo Free State under the rule of King Leopold II of Belgium Congo Free State 1885 1908 In 1885, King Leopold II of Belgium created his own privately owned state that included today's Democratic Republic of the Congo. His goal was to enrich himself by exploiting the country's natural resources like ivory and rubber. Adam Hochschild estimates that the population of the Congo region had been halved during Leopold’s rule, but determining precisely how many people died is next to impossible as no accurate records exist. Louis and Stengers state that population figures at the start of Leopold's control are only "wild guesses", while E.D. Morel's attempt and others at coming to a figure for population losses were "but figments of the imagination".
1,200,000[148] 2,400,000[148] Atlantic slave trade Atlantic Ocean 16th century 19th century African slaves died in large numbers during transportation from Africa. The number could be potentially much higher if it included deaths during the acquisition of slaves in Africa and subsequent deaths in America. Before the 16th century the principal market for the warring African tribes that enslaved each other's populations was the Islamic world to the east.[149] Gustav Nachtigal, an eye-witness, believed that for every slave who arrived at a market three or four died on the way.[150]

See also

Other lists organized by death toll

Other lists with similar topics

Topics dealing with similar themes

References

  1. ^ World population estimates
  2. ^ Wallechinsky, David: David Wallechinsky's Twentieth Century : History With the Boring Parts Left Out, Little Brown & Co., 1996, ISBN 0-316-92056-8, ISBN 978-0-316-92056-8 - cited by White
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  11. ^ "Emergence Of Modern China: II. The Taiping Rebellion, 1851-64".
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  63. ^ Jescheck, Hans-Heinrich (1995). Encyclopedia of Public International Law.
  64. ^ Ermacora, Felix (1991). "Gutachten Ermacora 1991" (pdf).
  65. ^ a b See, e.g., Rwanda: How the genocide happened, BBC, April 1, 2004, which gives an estimate of 800,000, and OAU sets inquiry into Rwanda genocide, Africa Recovery, Vol. 12 1#1 (August 1998), page 4, which estimates the number at between 500,000 and 1,000,000. 7 out of 10 Tutsis were killed.
  66. ^ a b c Perdue 2005, p. 285
  67. ^ 大清高宗純皇帝實錄, 乾隆二十四年
  68. ^ 平定準噶爾方略
  69. ^ Wei Yuan, Military history of the Qing Dynasty, vol.4
  70. ^ 昭槤, 嘯亭雜錄, vol.3
  71. ^ Michael Edmund Clarke, In the Eye of Power (doctoral thesis), Brisbane 2004, p37
  72. ^ Perdue 2005, p. 283-287
  73. ^ Perdue 2005, p. 284
  74. ^ a b Goble 2005
  75. ^ Derluguian 2006
  76. ^ Smirnov 2006 Russia
  77. ^ Kullberg and Jokinen 2004
  78. ^ Bloxham, Donald. The Great Game of Genocide. 2005, page 42
  79. ^ Kamuran Gürün: Ermeni Dosyası. 3rd Volume, Ankara 1985, p. 227
  80. ^ French in Armenia 'genocide' row BBC
  81. ^ a b c Kort, Michael (2001). The Soviet Colosus: History and Aftermath, p. 133. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 0-7656-0396-9.
  82. ^ a b Assyrian Genocide; Lexicorient
  83. ^ Death Tolls:Yugoslavia"Lowest estimate for Serbs killed by Ustasha: 215,000. For Jews: 26,000. For Gypsies: 20,000. For Croats killed by Ustasha: 10,000. A total of 270,000"
  84. ^ Twentieth Century Atlas - Death Tolls
  85. ^ a b Henry Morgenthau, Ambassador Morgenthau's Story, Doubleday, Page & Company, Garden City, New York, 1919.
  86. ^ "Patterns of mortality rates in Darfur conflict". The Lancet. January 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-24.
  87. ^ Debate over Darfur death toll intensifies
  88. ^ a b
    Three State and Counterrevolution in France - Charles Tilly.
    Vive la Contre-Revolution! - New York Times, 11 October 2007.
    A French Genocide: The Vendée - book review by Peter McPhee of Melbourne University, H-France Review Vol. 4 (March 2004), No. 26
  89. ^ Larry Rohter (1995-08-23). "Death Squads in Guatemala: Even the Elite Are Not Safe". New York Times. Retrieved 2010-07-16.
  90. ^ Clinton: Support for Guatemala Was Wrong, Charles Babington, Thursday, March 11, 1999; Page A1The Washington Post
  91. ^ Press conference by members of the Guatemala Historical Clarification Commission, United Nations website, 1 March 1999
  92. ^ Staff. Guatemala 'genocide' probe blames state. BBC. 25 February 1999. Retrieved from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/286402.stm.
  93. ^ Edward Wong Hussein Charged With Genocide in 50,000 Deaths The New York Times. Published: April 5, 2006. Accessdate: 2 August 2010.
  94. ^ William Ochsenwald & Sydney N. Fisher, The Middle East: A History, 768 pp., McGraw Hill, 2004, ISBN 0-07-244233-6, pg 659
  95. ^ David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, 504 pp., I.B. Tauris, 2004, ISBN 1-85043-416-6, pp. 359
  96. ^ a b Power, Samantha,A Problem From Hell: America and the Age of Genocide ISBN 0-06-054164-4 pp.82-4
  97. ^ a b While the official Pakistani government report estimated that the Pakistani army was responsible for 26,000 killings in total, other sources have proposed various estimates ranging between 200,000 and 3 million. Indian Professor Sarmila Bose recently expressed the view that a truly impartial study has never been done, while Bangladeshi ambassador Shamsher M. Chowdhury has suggested that a joint Pakistan-Bangladeshi commission be formed to properly investigate the event.
    Chowdury, Bose comments - Dawn Newspapers Online.
    Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report, chapter 2, paragraph 33 (official 1974 Pakistani report).
    Death Tolls for the Major Wars and Atrocities of the 20th Century: Bangladesh - Matthew White's website
    Virtual Bangladesh: History: The Bangali Genocide, 1971
  98. ^ Walter Nuhn: Sturm über Südwest. Der Hereroaufstand von 1904. Bernhard & Graefe-Verlag, Koblenz 1989. ISBN 3-7637-5852-6.
  99. ^ According to the 1985 United Nations’ Whitaker Report, some 65,000 Herero (80 percent of the total Herero population), and 10,000 Nama (50% of the total Nama population) were killed between 1904 and 1907
  100. ^ "Paper: 20,000 killed in Sri Lanka conflict". CNN. 2009-05-29. Retrieved 2010-09-03.
  101. ^ "Sri Lanka country profile". BBC News. 2010-05-05. Retrieved 2010-09-03.
  102. ^ "Genocide of Tamils". Genocide.org. Retrieved 2010-09-03.
  103. ^ a b Kevin Shillington; Encyclopedia of African history, Vol. I; ISBN 1-57958-245-1, p. 486, available online
  104. ^ Coup plotter faces life in Africa's most notorious jail
  105. ^ "Resmi raporlarda Dersim katliamı: 13 bin kişi öldürüldü", Radikal, November 19, 2009. Template:Tr icon
  106. ^ http://www.pen-kurd.org/almani/haydar/Dersim-PresseerklC3A4rungEnglish.pdf
  107. ^ The Guardian, Thursday 2 April 2009
  108. ^ PBS News Hour, 16 Oct. 1997, et al. Argentina Death Toll, Twentieth Century Atlas
  109. ^ http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.TAB15.1F.GIF Line 3335
  110. ^ "Regions and territories: Zanzibar". BBC News. 2010-05-08. Retrieved 2010-05-11.
  111. ^ While the ICJ found that "genocidal acts" had been carried out throughout the war, the court was able to definitely establish genocidal intent in only one case, the Srebrenica massacre: Serbia found guilty of failure to prevent and punish genocide, Sense Agency 26 Feb 2007, accessed 29 August 2007
  112. ^ "Serbian MPs offer apology for Srebrenica massacre". BBC News. 2010-03-31. Retrieved 2010-03-31.
  113. ^ Reuters, "Argentine judge asks China arrests over Falun Gong", 22 Dec 2009.
  114. ^ Gutmann, Ethan. "How Many Harvested?", Remarks on the 10-year anniversary of the Falun Gong persecution, chaired by Edward McMillan-Scott, Foreign Press Association, London. accessed 2/12/10
  115. ^ For the source describing the persecution as genocide see: Falun Dafa Information Center, "[http://faluninfo.net/article/1107/ International Legal Developments: Landmark Indictments of Top CCP Officials for Torture, Crimes Against Humanity, Genocide," accessed 2/12/10
  116. ^ Wellers, Georges. Essai de determination du nombre de morts au camp d'Auschwitz (attempt to determine the number of dead at the Auschwitz camp), Le Monde Juif, Oct-Dec 1983, pp. 127-159
  117. ^ Brian Harmon, John Drobnicki, Historical sources and the Auschwitz death toll estimates
  118. ^ Operation Reinhard: Treblinka Deportations
  119. ^ Encyclopedia Americana
  120. ^ Peter Witte and Stephen Tyas, A New Document on the Deportation and Murder of Jews during "Einsatz Reinhardt" 1942, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Vol. 15, No. 3, Winter 2001, ISBN 0-19-922506-0
  121. ^ Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, Yale University Press, 2003, revised hardcover edition, ISBN 0-300-09557-0
  122. ^ Yitzhak Arad, Bełżec, Sobibor, Treblinka. The Operation Reinhard Death Camps, Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1987, NCR 0-253-34293-7
  123. ^ Jewish virtual library
  124. ^ "Croatian holocaust still stirs controversy". BBC News. 29 November 2001. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
  125. ^ "Balkan 'Auschwitz' haunts Croatia". BBC News. 25 April 2005. Retrieved 29 September 2010. No one really knows how many died here. Serbs talk of 700,000. Most estimates put the figure nearer 100,000.
  126. ^ Jelka Smreka. "STARA GRADIŠKA Ustaški koncentracijski logor". Spomen područja Jasenovac. Retrieved 2010-08-25.
  127. ^ Davor Kovačić (2004). "Iskapanja na prostoru koncentracijskog logora Stara Gradiška i procjena broj žrtava". Retrieved 2010-08-25.
  128. ^ On the killing of Roma in World War II
  129. ^ "David Campbell: Atrocity and Memory".
  130. ^ "Argentine Forensic Anthropology Team report" (PDF).
  131. ^ a b Stéphane Courtois (ed.), 1999: The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression, Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-07608-7
  132. ^ "China's great famine: 40 years later". British Medical Journal 1999;319:1619-1621 (18 December)
  133. ^ Dikötter, Frank. Mao's Great Famine: The History of China's Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958-62. Walker & Company, 2010. p. 298.
  134. ^ Dimensions of need – People and populations at risk. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).
  135. ^ a b Helen Fawkes Legacy of famine divides Ukraine BBC News 24 November 2006
  136. ^ Foster, R.F. 'Modern Ireland 1600–1972'. Penguin Press, 1988. p324. Foster's footnote reads: "Based on hitherto unpublished work by C. Ó Gráda and Phelim Hughes, 'Fertility trends, excess mortality and the Great Irish Famine'...Also see C.Ó Gráda and Joel Mokyr, 'New developments in Irish Population History 1700–1850', Economic History Review, vol. xxxvii, no.4 (November 1984), pp. 473–488."
  137. ^ Joseph Lee, The Modernisation of Irish Society p. 1. Lee says 'at least 800,000'.
  138. ^ Vaughan, W.E. and Fitzpatrick, A.J.(eds). Irish Historical Statistics, Population, 1821/1971. Royal Irish Academy, 1978
  139. ^ The Great Irish Famine Approved by the New Jersey Commission on Holocaust Education on 10 September 1996, for inclusion in the Holocaust and Genocide Curriculum at the secondary level. Revision submitted 11/26/98.
  140. ^ National Geographic, July 2003, cited by White
  141. ^ Sakuntala Narasimhan, Sati: widow burning in India, quoted by Matthew White, "Selected Death Tolls for Wars, Massacres and Atrocities Before the 20th Century", p.2 (July 2005), Historical Atlas of the 20th Century (self-published, 1998-2005).
  142. ^ This toll is only for the number of Japanese pilots killed in Kamikaze suicide missions. It does not include the number of enemy combatants killed by such missions, which is estimated to be around 4,000. Kamikaze pilots are estimated to have sunk or damaged beyond repair some 70 to 80 allied ships, representing about 80% of allied shipping losses in the final phase of the war in the Pacific (see Kamikaze).
  143. ^ a b c Boudha Etemad (2000). La possession du monde. Poids et mesures de la colonisation. Éditions Complexe.
  144. ^ The New York Times http://www.nytimes.com/books/98/08/30/daily/leopold-book-review.html. Retrieved 2010-05-11. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  145. ^ Template:Hochschild, Adam, King Leopold's Ghost, Pan Macmillan, London (1998). ISBN 0-330-49233-0.
  146. ^ The 'Leopold II' concession system exported to French Congo with as example the Mpoko Company
  147. ^ "Reflections" (PDF).
  148. ^ a b Stannard, David. American Holocaust. Oxford University Press, 1993
  149. ^ Lewis. Race and Slavery in the Middle East. Oxford Univ Press 1994.
  150. ^ "Case studies on human rights and fundamental freedoms: a world survey". Willem Adriaan Veenhoven, Winifred Crum Ewing, Stichting Plurale Samenlevingen1 (1976). p.440. ISBN 90-247-1779-5

External links

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