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{{Main|History of Bihar}}'''Bihar''' is a state located in East India, it is a collaboration of two biggest religions in history of India that originate from [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]]. Buddhism is known to be the world's fourth largest religion, their belief, spiritual practice and traditions are based on Buddha's teachings that are timed back from the 6th Century<ref>{{Citation|title=Dodge, John Vilas, (25 Sept. 1909–23 April 1991), Senior Editorial Consultant, Encyclopædia Britannica, since 1972; Chairman, Board of Editors, Encyclopædia Britannica Publishers, since 1977|date=2007-12-01|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u172122|work=Who Was Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=2021-12-14}}</ref>. On the other hand Jainism is one of the oldest religions of India. This religion's spiritual practice is a mixture of twenty-four leaders, and has two major sub traditions. the followers of this religion are known as Jains in India. {{Portal|India}}
{{Copy edit|date=June 2021}}{{Main|History of Bihar}}'''Bihar''' is a state located in East India, it is a collaboration of two biggest religions in history originating from [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]]. {{Portal|India}}


== Neolithic (10800–3300 BC) ==
== Neolithic (10800–3300 BC) ==
[[Chirand]], located on the northern bank of the [[Ganga River]] in the [[Saran district]], Bihar has archaeological records starting from the [[Neolithic age]] (about 2500–1345 BC).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/destinations/bihar_a_quick_guide_to_saran/|title=BIHAR: A QUICK GUIDE TO SARAN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1100925/jsp/bihar/story_12980021.jsp|title=Oldest hamlet faces extinction threat}}</ref> Settlement in Chirand covers three periods – Period I (Neolithic, 2500–1345 BC), Period II ([[Chalcolithic Age|Chalcolithic]], 1600 B.C) and Period III ([[Iron Age]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://yac.bih.nic.in/Da-02.htm#Chirand|title=distinguishing features of Chirand Neolithic pottery first noticed at Chirand was post-firing painting in ochre colour mainly on grey ware, but sometimes on red-ware also}}</ref>
[[Chirand]], which is situated on the northern bank of the [[Ganga River]] in the [[Saran district]], the placement of land in Chirand covers three periods – Period I (Neolithic, 2500–1345 BC), Period II ([[Chalcolithic Age|Chalcolithic]], 1600 B.C) and Period III ([[Iron Age]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://yac.bih.nic.in/Da-02.htm#Chirand|title=distinguishing features of Chirand Neolithic pottery first noticed at Chirand was post-firing painting in ochre colour mainly on grey ware, but sometimes on red-ware also}}</ref> It is during the [[Neolithic|Neolithic age]] where the archaeological records of Bihar start from. (about 2500–1345 BC).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/destinations/bihar_a_quick_guide_to_saran/|title=BIHAR: A QUICK GUIDE TO SARAN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1100925/jsp/bihar/story_12980021.jsp|title=Oldest hamlet faces extinction threat}}</ref>

== Bronze Age (3300–1300 BC) ==


== Iron Age (1500–200 BC) ==
== Iron Age (1500–200 BC) ==
Line 12: Line 10:


===Mahajanpadas===
===Mahajanpadas===
*Around 500-300 BCE: Foundation and rule of world's first [[republic]], [[Vajji]], a confederation of various clans, in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of present-day Bihar with a capital at [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]]. The [[Licchavi (clan)|Lichhivis]] were the most powerful clan of the Vajji.
*Around 500-300 BCE: Foundation and ruler of world's first [[republic]]. [[Vajji]], a confederation of various clans in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of present-day, Bihar with a capital at [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]]. The [[Licchavi (clan)|Lichhivis]] were the most powerful clan of the Vajji.
*560-480 BCE: Rule of [[Anga]] Kingdom in present-day south-eastern Bihar.
*560-480 BCE: Rule of [[Anga]] Kingdom in present-day south-eastern Bihar.
*490 BCE: Establishment of [[Pataliputra]] (Modern Patna).
*490 BCE: Establishment of [[Pataliputra]] (Modern Patna).
Line 18: Line 16:


===Early Magadha Empire===
===Early Magadha Empire===
*450 BC-362 BCE: [[Mahapadma Nanda]] was ruler of the [[Magadha|Magadh Empire]], [[Nanda Empire|Nanda]] dynasty.
*450 BC-362 BCE: [[Mahapadma Nanda]] was the ruler of the [[Magadha|Magadh Empire]], and [[Nanda Empire|Nanda]] dynasty.
*325 BC-185 BCE: Period of the [[Maurya Empire|Maurya dynasty]].
*325 BC-185 BCE: Period of the [[Maurya Empire|Maurya dynasty]].
*340 BCE: Period of [[Chandragupta Maurya]]
*340 BCE: Period of [[Chandragupta Maurya]]
*304 BCE: [[Ashoka]] born in [[Pataliputra]]
*304 BCE: [[Ashoka]] was born in [[Pataliputra]]
*273 BCE: Ashoka crowned emperor of Magadh
*273 BCE: Ashoka was crowned emperor of Magadh
*273 BC-232 BCE: Ashoka expands Magadh to greatest territorial extent, with [[Pataliputra]] (modern Patna) the capital of Magadh
*273 BC-232 BCE: Ashoka expands Magadh to the greatest territorial extent, with [[Pataliputra]] (modern Patna) the capital of Magadh
*232 BCE Death of [[Ashoka]]
*232 BCE Demise of [[Ashoka]]


== Middle Kingdoms (230 BC – 1206 AD) ==
== Middle Kingdoms (230 BC – 1206 AD) ==
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*240 AD-600 AD: [[Gupta Dynasty]]. First ruler is [[Srigupta]].
*240 AD-600 AD: [[Gupta Dynasty]]. First ruler is [[Srigupta]].
*375 AD-415 AD: Reign of [[Chandragupta II]].
*375 AD-415 AD: Reign of [[Chandragupta II]].
*500 AD: Attack by [[Huna people|Huna]] tribe weakens the Gupta dynasty.
*500 AD: Attack by [[Huna people|Huna]]'s tribe weakens the Gupta dynasty.


*Around 6th century-11th century: The rule of [[Pala Empire|Pala]] and [[Sena dynasty|Sena dynasties]] in [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] region.
*Around 6th century-11th century: Ruling of [[Pala Empire|Pala]] and [[Sena dynasty|Sena dynasties]] in [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] region.
*600 - 650: The empire of [[Harsha|Harsha Vardhana]] expands into Magadh.
*600 - 650: The empire of [[Harsha|Harsha Vardhana]] expands into Magadh region.
*750 - 1200: The Pala dynasty expands into Magadh.
*750 - 1200: The Pala dynasty expands into Magadh region.
*11th century - around 1325: The [[Karnat dynasty]] rules the Mithila region.
*11th century - around 1325: The [[Karnat dynasty]] rules the Mithila region.


== Medieval Period (1206–1526) ==
== Medieval Period (1206–1526) ==
*1200: [[Ikhtiyar Uddin Muhammad Bin Bakhtiyar Khalji|Bakhtiyar Khilji]]'s army destroys the Buddhist universities at [[Nalanda]] and [[Vikramshila]]. Start of Afghan-Muslim rule in the Magadh region.
*1200: [[Ikhtiyar Uddin Muhammad Bin Bakhtiyar Khalji|Bakhtiyar Khilji]]'s army destroys the Buddhist universities at [[Nalanda]] and [[Vikramshila]]. This is also a start of Afghan-Muslim ruling in the Magadh region.
*1200-1400: Sharp decline of [[Buddhism]] in Bihar and northern India in general
*1200-1400: Sharp decline of [[Buddhism]] in Bihar and northern India
*1250-1526: Magadh (c. 1250) and Mithila (c. 1325) regions come under the rule of the [[Delhi Sultanate]].
*1250-1526: Magadh (c. 1250) and Mithila (c. 1325) regions come under the ruling of the [[Delhi Sultanate]].


== Modern Period (1526 - 1757) ==
== Modern Period (1526 - 1757) ==
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*1540-1555: Building of the [[Grand Trunk Road]], introduction of the [[rupee]] and of custom duties.
*1540-1555: Building of the [[Grand Trunk Road]], introduction of the [[rupee]] and of custom duties.
*1556: Mughal dynasty regains control of [[Agra]] after the [[Second Battle of Panipat|Battle of Panipat]].
*1556: Mughal dynasty regains control of [[Agra]] after the [[Second Battle of Panipat|Battle of Panipat]].
*1556 - 1764: The province of Bihar is formed and governed by the Mughal Empire.
*1556 - 1764: The province of Bihar is re-formed and governed by the Mughal Empire.
*1666: [[Guru Gobind Singh]], the tenth and last [[Sikh gurus|Sikh Guru]], is born in modern-day [[Patna]].
*1666: [[Guru Gobind Singh]], the tenth and last [[Sikh gurus|Sikh Guru]], is born in modern-day [[Patna]].


Line 54: Line 52:


===British East India Company===
===British East India Company===
*1757-1857: The [[British East India Company]] expands its rule into Bihar from Bengal.
*1757-1857: The [[British East India Company]] expands its ruling into Bihar from Bengal.
*1764: [[Battle of Buxar]]: Tax collection becomes the duty of the [[East India Company]].
*1764: [[Battle of Buxar]]: Tax collection becomes the duty of the [[East India Company]].
*1764-1920 Migration of Bihari & United Provinces workers across the British world by the Company and later British government.
*1764-1920 Migration of Bihari & United Provinces workers across the British world by the Company, and the later British government.


*1857: Period of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. East India Company Sepoys from the Bengal Army (80% Hindu according to [[William Daryample]] in the book "The Last Mughal") declare Bahadur Shah Zafar II Emperor of Hindustan. The region becomes the centre of resistance to the East India Company. End of the Muslim Era.
*1857: Period of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. East India Company Sepoys from the Bengal Army (80% Hindu according to [[William Daryample]] in the book "The Last Mughal") declare Bahadur Shah Zafar II Emperor of Hindustan. The region becomes the center of resistance to the East India Company. This is also the end of the Muslim Era.


===The British Rulers===
===The British Rulers===
*1858: [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Sultanate-e-Hind reorganised to form the new [[British Indian Empire]] after the British Government abolishes the [[Honourable East India Company|East India Company]].
*1858: [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Sultanate-e-Hind reorganised to form the new [[British Indian Empire]] after the British Government abolishes the [[Honourable East India Company|East India Company]].
*1877: [[House of Windsor]] is made the new Imperial Royal Family. [[Queen Victoria]] declared the first Emperess of the British Indian Empire
*1877: [[House of Windsor]] is made the new Imperial Royal Family. [[Queen Victoria]] declared the first Empress of the British Indian Empire
*1912: Province of [[Bihar and Orissa]] separated from Bengal.
*1912: Province of [[Bihar and Orissa]] separated from Bengal.
*1913: Start of the dramatic slowdown in wealth creation in India and Bihar
*1913: Start of the dramatic slowdown in wealth creation in India and Bihar
Line 78: Line 76:
| publisher=aicc
| publisher=aicc
| accessdate=2008-07-08
| accessdate=2008-07-08
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080625022557/http://www.aicc.org.in/satyagraha_laboratories_of_mahatma_gandhi.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2008-06-25}}</ref> [[Brajkishore Prasad]], [[Rajendra Prasad]], [[Shri Krishna Sinha]], [[Anugrah Narayan Sinha]] and others.<ref name="aicc"/> The Champaran [[Satyagraha]] movement is launched.Establishment of [[Patna University]].
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080625022557/http://www.aicc.org.in/satyagraha_laboratories_of_mahatma_gandhi.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2008-06-25}}</ref> [[Brajkishore Prasad]], [[Rajendra Prasad]], [[Shri Krishna Sinha]], [[Anugrah Narayan Sinha]] and others.<ref name="aicc"/> The Champaran [[Satyagraha]] movement is launched. Establishment of [[Patna University]].
*1925: Patna Medical College Hospital was established under the name "Prince of Wales Medical College"
*1925: Patna Medical College Hospital was established under the name "Prince of Wales Medical College"
*1935: 1935 Government of India Act federates the Indian Empire.
*1935: 1935 Government of India Act federates the Indian Empire.
Line 103: Line 101:
| accessdate=2004-01-04
| accessdate=2004-01-04
}}</ref> Deputy Premier cum [[Finance Minister]]. Other two ministers inducted were Syed Mehmud and Jaglal Chaudhry.
}}</ref> Deputy Premier cum [[Finance Minister]]. Other two ministers inducted were Syed Mehmud and Jaglal Chaudhry.
*1942: Launch of Quit India Movement.Prominent Bihar leaders like [[Rajendra Prasad]], [[Anugrah Narayan Sinha]] & [[Sri Krishna Sinha]] imprisoned.
*1942: Launch of Quit India Movement. Prominent Bihar leaders like [[Rajendra Prasad]], [[Anugrah Narayan Sinha]] & [[Sri Krishna Sinha]] imprisoned.


== Post Independence (1947 – 1990) ==
== Post Independence (1947 – 1990) ==
Line 184: Line 182:
| work=The Tribune
| work=The Tribune
| accessdate=2006-09-05
| accessdate=2006-09-05
}}</ref> S N Sinha sworn in as [[List of Chief Ministers of Bihar|Chief Minister of Bihar]], [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] appointed [[Leader Of Opposition]].
}}</ref> S N Sinha sworn in as [[List of Chief Ministers of Bihar|Chief Minister of Bihar]], [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] appointed as Leader Of Opposition.


== 1990 - ==
== 1990 - ==


===Lalu–Rabri Yadav (1990 – 2005)===
===Lalu–Rabri Yadav (1990 – 2005)===
*1990: [[Janata Dal]] wins the Bihar election, [[Lalu Prasad Yadav|Lalu Prasad]] becomes Bihar Chief Minister (CM), defeating former [[Janata Party]] CM [[Ram Sundar Das]].
*1990: [[Janata Dal]] wins the Bihar election. [[Lalu Prasad Yadav|Lalu Prasad]] becomes Bihar Chief Minister (CM), defeating former [[Janata Party]] CM [[Ram Sundar Das]].
*1990 - 2005: Social justice
*1990 - 2005: Social justice
*1995: Janata Dal's second electoral victory.
*1995: Janata Dal's second electoral victory.
Line 195: Line 193:
*1996: Lalu Prasad appoints wife, [[Rabri Devi]], as CM.
*1996: Lalu Prasad appoints wife, [[Rabri Devi]], as CM.
*1997: Split in Janata Dal, [[Nitish Kumar]] and [[Ram Vilas Paswan]] create [[Janata Dal (United)|Janata Dal (United)]].
*1997: Split in Janata Dal, [[Nitish Kumar]] and [[Ram Vilas Paswan]] create [[Janata Dal (United)|Janata Dal (United)]].
*1999: Presidential rule imposed in Bihar because of complete denigration of governance, then lifted because not endorsed by the [[Rajya Sabha]], Rabri Devi back as CM.
*1999: Presidential rule imposed in Bihar because of complete denigration of governance, it was then lifted because it wasn't endorsed by the [[Rajya Sabha]]. Rabri Devi was back as the CM.
*2000: Bihar divided into two states, Bihar and [[Jharkhand]], by the [[National Democratic Alliance]] central government.
*2000: Bihar was divided into two states, Bihar and [[Jharkhand]], by the [[National Democratic Alliance]] central government.
*2000: Lalu Prasad's split Janata Dal wins elections.
*2000: Lalu Prasad's split Janata Dal wins elections.
*2000: [[Nitish Kumar]] becomes Bihar CM for seven days, then resigns after his government fails to garner majority. Janata Dal back in power.
*2000: [[Nitish Kumar]] became Bihar CM for seven days, then resigned after his government failed to garner majority. Janata Dal was back in power.
*2002 - 2004: Deadly crime wave grips Patna and Bihar.
*2002 - 2004: Deadly crime wave grips Patna and Bihar.
*2003: [[Maharashtra]] railways exams attacks, [[Assam]] ethnic conflict.
*2003: [[Maharashtra]] railways exams attacks, [[Assam]] ethnic conflict.


===Nitish Kumar ( Post 1997)===
===Nitish Kumar ( Post 1997)===
*2005: In February [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] and [[Rabri Devi]] lose power after 15 years
*2005: In February [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] and [[Rabri Devi]] lost power after 15 years
*2005: In November, Janata Dal (United) and the BJP win the state election.
*2005: In November, Janata Dal (United) and the BJP won the state election.
*2005 - 2007: [[Nitish Kumar]] is declared the best Chief Minister in India by India Today magazine
*2005 - 2007: [[Nitish Kumar]] was declared the best Chief Minister in India by India Today magazine
*2007: [[Bhojpuri]] cinema hall complex bombed in [[Punjab]]. Six UP and Bihari migrant workers killed.
*2007: [[Bhojpuri]] cinema hall complex bombed in [[Punjab]]. Six UP and Bihari migrant workers killed.
*2008: Second Bihari-Bhojpuri Immigrant Worker Crisis: Migrants and students attacked in [[Maharashtra]], [[Assam]], [[Manipur]], and [[Nagaland]]. Economic revival Q1 2008, resulting in labour shortages in Punjab, Maharashtra.<ref name="bihar_basher">{{cite news
*2008: Second Bihari-Bhojpuri Immigrant Worker Crisis: Migrants and students attacked in [[Maharashtra]], [[Assam]], [[Manipur]], and [[Nagaland]]. Economic revival Q1 2008, resulting in labor shortages in Punjab, Maharashtra.<ref name="bihar_basher">{{cite news
| last = Goswami
| last = Goswami
| first = Urmi A
| first = Urmi A
Line 219: Line 217:
*2014: Nitish Kumar resigns after the historic debacle in 2014 Lok Sabha elections; Jitan Ram Manjhi is new CM
*2014: Nitish Kumar resigns after the historic debacle in 2014 Lok Sabha elections; Jitan Ram Manjhi is new CM
*20 November 2015 Nitish Kumar sworn in as Bihar CM for the fourth time<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.today/20150223141344/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/back-as-bihar-cm-for-the-fourth-time-nitish-kumar-has-his-task-cut-out/529994-37.html|title = Back as Bihar CM for the fourth time, Nitish Kumar has his task cut o…}}</ref> after resignation of incumbent [[Jitan Ram Manjhi]]
*20 November 2015 Nitish Kumar sworn in as Bihar CM for the fourth time<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.today/20150223141344/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/back-as-bihar-cm-for-the-fourth-time-nitish-kumar-has-his-task-cut-out/529994-37.html|title = Back as Bihar CM for the fourth time, Nitish Kumar has his task cut o…}}</ref> after resignation of incumbent [[Jitan Ram Manjhi]]
*26 July 2017 - Nitish Kumar becomes CM of Bihar for the record fifth time after spectacular victory of Grand Alliance coalition, Former CM [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]'s younger son [[Tejashwi Yadav]], a debutant MLA, is sworn in as the fourth [[Deputy Chief Minister of Bihar]], becoming the youngest person to hold the post, while the elder son of [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]], [[Tej Pratap]] becomes Health Minister of Bihar.
*26 July 2017 - Nitish Kumar became thr CM of Bihar for the record fifth time after victory of Grand Alliance coalition, Former CM [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]'s younger son [[Tejashwi Yadav]], a debutant MLA, is sworn in as the fourth [[Deputy Chief Minister of Bihar]], becoming the youngest person to hold the post, while the elder son of [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]], [[Tej Pratap]] became Health Minister of Bihar.


==References and footnotes==
==References and footnotes==

Revision as of 23:22, 14 December 2021

Main article: History of Bihar

Bihar is a state located in East India, it is a collaboration of two biggest religions in history of India that originate from Buddhism and Jainism. Buddhism is known to be the world's fourth largest religion, their belief, spiritual practice and traditions are based on Buddha's teachings that are timed back from the 6th Century[1]. On the other hand Jainism is one of the oldest religions of India. This religion's spiritual practice is a mixture of twenty-four leaders, and has two major sub traditions. the followers of this religion are known as Jains in India.

Neolithic (10800–3300 BC)

Chirand, which is situated on the northern bank of the Ganga River in the Saran district, the placement of land in Chirand covers three periods – Period I (Neolithic, 2500–1345 BC), Period II (Chalcolithic, 1600 B.C) and Period III (Iron Age).[2] It is during the Neolithic age where the archaeological records of Bihar start from. (about 2500–1345 BC).[3][4]

Iron Age (1500–200 BC)

Late Vedic Kingdoms

1100–500 BCE: Mithila region of Bihar became the center of Indian power during the Vedic Period under the rule of Janaks. Sita, daughter of one of the Janaks of Mithila, is mentioned as the consort of Lord Rama in the Hindu epic Ramayana, written by Valmiki.[5]

Mahajanpadas

  • Around 500-300 BCE: Foundation and ruler of world's first republic. Vajji, a confederation of various clans in the Mithila region of present-day, Bihar with a capital at Vaishali. The Lichhivis were the most powerful clan of the Vajji.
  • 560-480 BCE: Rule of Anga Kingdom in present-day south-eastern Bihar.
  • 490 BCE: Establishment of Pataliputra (Modern Patna).
  • Before 325 BCE: Nanda clan rules in Magadha.

Early Magadha Empire

Middle Kingdoms (230 BC – 1206 AD)

  • Around 6th century-11th century: Ruling of Pala and Sena dynasties in Mithila region.
  • 600 - 650: The empire of Harsha Vardhana expands into Magadh region.
  • 750 - 1200: The Pala dynasty expands into Magadh region.
  • 11th century - around 1325: The Karnat dynasty rules the Mithila region.

Medieval Period (1206–1526)

  • 1200: Bakhtiyar Khilji's army destroys the Buddhist universities at Nalanda and Vikramshila. This is also a start of Afghan-Muslim ruling in the Magadh region.
  • 1200-1400: Sharp decline of Buddhism in Bihar and northern India
  • 1250-1526: Magadh (c. 1250) and Mithila (c. 1325) regions come under the ruling of the Delhi Sultanate.

Modern Period (1526 - 1757)

Colonial Period (1757 – 1947)

British East India Company

  • 1757-1857: The British East India Company expands its ruling into Bihar from Bengal.
  • 1764: Battle of Buxar: Tax collection becomes the duty of the East India Company.
  • 1764-1920 Migration of Bihari & United Provinces workers across the British world by the Company, and the later British government.
  • 1857: Period of the Indian Rebellion of 1857. East India Company Sepoys from the Bengal Army (80% Hindu according to William Daryample in the book "The Last Mughal") declare Bahadur Shah Zafar II Emperor of Hindustan. The region becomes the center of resistance to the East India Company. This is also the end of the Muslim Era.

The British Rulers

Post Independence (1947 – 1990)

  • 1946:First Cabinet of Bihar formed; consisting[11] of two members, Sri Krishna Sinha as first Chief Minister of Bihar and Dr. Anugrah Narayan Sinha[12] as Bihar's first Deputy Chief Minister cum Finance[13] Minister (also in charge of Labour, Health, Agriculture and Irrigation). Other ministers are inducted later. The cabinet served as the first Bihar government after independence in 1947.
  • 1947: Indian Independence; Bihar becomes a state in the new Dominion of India.
  • 1947-1949: Hindu-Muslim religious violence leads to the migration of millions of Bihari Muslims to Pakistan (West and East)
  • 1952 Indian Government adopts symbols related to Bihar (Ashoka Chakra for the Indian flag, the Lion Pillar is made the symbol of the central government of India, all state governments, reserve bank, and the military, whilst the rupee, introduced in the area which is part of modern-day Bihar, is retained as the currency)
  • 1950 Dr. Rajendra Prasad is appointed first President of India.
  • 1952: State government initiates many irrigation and industrial development projects. It included several river valley projects right from Koshi, Aghaur and Sakri to several other such river projects.[14]
  • 1952-57:Purulia became a part of West Bengal state.Bihar rated as the best administered among the states in the country.[15]
  • 1955 The Birla Institute of Technology(BIT) is established[16] at Mesra, Ranchi.
  • 1957-62:Second five-year plan period, Bihar government brought several heavy industries like Barauni Oil Refinery, HEC plant at Hatia, Bokaro Steel Plant, Barauni Fertiliser Plant, Barauni Thermal Power Station, Maithon Hydel Power Station, Sulphur mines at Amjhaur, Sindri Fertiliser Plant, Kargali Coal Washery, Barauni Dairy Project, etc. for the all round development of the state.[17]

1990 -

Lalu–Rabri Yadav (1990 – 2005)

  • 1990: Janata Dal wins the Bihar election. Lalu Prasad becomes Bihar Chief Minister (CM), defeating former Janata Party CM Ram Sundar Das.
  • 1990 - 2005: Social justice
  • 1995: Janata Dal's second electoral victory.
  • 1995- 2000: Economic stagnation, state GDP contracts.
  • 1996: Lalu Prasad appoints wife, Rabri Devi, as CM.
  • 1997: Split in Janata Dal, Nitish Kumar and Ram Vilas Paswan create Janata Dal (United).
  • 1999: Presidential rule imposed in Bihar because of complete denigration of governance, it was then lifted because it wasn't endorsed by the Rajya Sabha. Rabri Devi was back as the CM.
  • 2000: Bihar was divided into two states, Bihar and Jharkhand, by the National Democratic Alliance central government.
  • 2000: Lalu Prasad's split Janata Dal wins elections.
  • 2000: Nitish Kumar became Bihar CM for seven days, then resigned after his government failed to garner majority. Janata Dal was back in power.
  • 2002 - 2004: Deadly crime wave grips Patna and Bihar.
  • 2003: Maharashtra railways exams attacks, Assam ethnic conflict.

Nitish Kumar ( Post 1997)

  • 2005: In February Lalu Prasad Yadav and Rabri Devi lost power after 15 years
  • 2005: In November, Janata Dal (United) and the BJP won the state election.
  • 2005 - 2007: Nitish Kumar was declared the best Chief Minister in India by India Today magazine
  • 2007: Bhojpuri cinema hall complex bombed in Punjab. Six UP and Bihari migrant workers killed.
  • 2008: Second Bihari-Bhojpuri Immigrant Worker Crisis: Migrants and students attacked in Maharashtra, Assam, Manipur, and Nagaland. Economic revival Q1 2008, resulting in labor shortages in Punjab, Maharashtra.[22]
  • 2008: Floods in Mithla region kill 3,000 people, displace millions.
  • 2010: Nitish Kumar again becomes Bihar CM after a historic mandate.
  • 2014: Nitish Kumar resigns after the historic debacle in 2014 Lok Sabha elections; Jitan Ram Manjhi is new CM
  • 20 November 2015 Nitish Kumar sworn in as Bihar CM for the fourth time[23] after resignation of incumbent Jitan Ram Manjhi
  • 26 July 2017 - Nitish Kumar became thr CM of Bihar for the record fifth time after victory of Grand Alliance coalition, Former CM Lalu Prasad Yadav's younger son Tejashwi Yadav, a debutant MLA, is sworn in as the fourth Deputy Chief Minister of Bihar, becoming the youngest person to hold the post, while the elder son of Lalu Prasad Yadav, Tej Pratap became Health Minister of Bihar.

References and footnotes

  1. ^ "Dodge, John Vilas, (25 Sept. 1909–23 April 1991), Senior Editorial Consultant, Encyclopædia Britannica, since 1972; Chairman, Board of Editors, Encyclopædia Britannica Publishers, since 1977", Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 2007-12-01, retrieved 2021-12-14
  2. ^ "distinguishing features of Chirand Neolithic pottery first noticed at Chirand was post-firing painting in ochre colour mainly on grey ware, but sometimes on red-ware also".
  3. ^ "BIHAR: A QUICK GUIDE TO SARAN".
  4. ^ "Oldest hamlet faces extinction threat".
  5. ^ Michael Witzel (1989), Colette Caillat (ed.), Tracing the Vedic dialects, in Dialectes dans les litteratures Indo-Aryennes (PDF), Paris: de Boccard
  6. ^ a b aicc. "SATYAGRAHA MOVEMENT OF MAHATMA GANDHI". aicc. Archived from the original on 2006-12-06. Retrieved 2006-12-08.
  7. ^ aicc. "SATYAGRAHA MOVEMENT". aicc. Archived from the original on 2008-06-25. Retrieved 2008-07-08.
  8. ^ S Shankar. "First Congress Government:1937". website. Archived from the original on 2006-12-06. Retrieved 2006-12-08.
  9. ^ "Dr. S K Sinha". official website. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
  10. ^ Kamat. "1937:A N Sinha, Finance Minister". Kamat's archive. Retrieved 2004-01-04.
  11. ^ S Shankar. "The Sri Babu-Anugrah babu government". website. Archived from the original on 2013-05-27. Retrieved 2005-04-08.
  12. ^ Kamat. "Anugrah Narayan Sinha". Kamat's archive. Retrieved 2006-11-25.
  13. ^ Dr. Rajendra Prasad's Letters to Anugrah Narayan Sinha (1989). First Finance cum Labour Minister. Rajendra Prasad's archive. ISBN 9788170230021. Retrieved 2007-06-25.
  14. ^ "Bihar's first exemplary government". The Times of India. 1998-01-01.
  15. ^ "Bihar was once best administrated state during first government's tenure under sri babu:Nitish Kumar". The Hindustan Times. 2009-12-15. Archived from the original on 2011-06-06. Retrieved 2009-12-15.
  16. ^ Official Website BIT. "1955:BIT Mesra is founded". BIT. Archived from the original on 26 February 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  17. ^ "Bihar's first exemplary government". The Times of India. 1998-01-01.
  18. ^ Official Excerpts from Speech of Veteran Journalist. Emergency: Top Oppositional political leaders arrested. Website. Retrieved 2015-08-31. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  19. ^ Bihar chief ministership battle 1977. Website. June 2003. ISBN 9788170170617. Retrieved 2007-06-04.
  20. ^ "The Times of India: Latest News India, World & Business News, Cricket & Sports, Bollywood". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 2013-10-21.
  21. ^ A.J. Philip. "A gentleman among politicians:Chhote Saheb". The Tribune. Retrieved 2006-09-05.
  22. ^ Goswami, Urmi A (2008-06-17). "Biharis get work at home, bashers realise their worth". The Economic Times. Retrieved 2008-06-17.
  23. ^ "Back as Bihar CM for the fourth time, Nitish Kumar has his task cut o…".
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