World War II casualties

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Piechart showing percentage of military and civilian deaths by alliance during World War II.

World War II was the single deadliest conflict the world has ever seen, causing many tens of millions of deaths. The tables below provide a detailed country-by-country count of death by side.

Combined total

The total estimated human loss of life caused by World War II, irrespective of political alignment, was roughly 72 million people. The civilian toll was around 47 million, including about 20 million due to war related famine and disease. The military toll was about 25 million, including about 5 million prisoners of war. The Allies lost around 61 million people, and the Axis lost 11 million. As some Axis countries switched sides and reentered the war on the side of the Allies, those nations are included in the Allied count, regardless of when the deaths occurred. There was a disproportionate loss of life and property; some nations had a higher casualty rate than others, due to a number of factors including military tactics, crimes against humanity, economic preparedness and the level of technology.

Debated numbers

World War II casualty statistics vary to a great extent. Estimates of World War II casualties range from 50 million to over 70 million. Template:Mn The data listed here is from primary sources, whenever available. Estimates of World War II casualties have been revised by recent historical scholarship. Research in Russia since the fall of communism has shed new light on Soviet war casualties. Losses for the USSR, within post war borders, are now estimated at 26.6 million.Template:Mn Historians in post communist Poland now estimate losses of ethnic Poles and Jews at 4.9 million. Template:MnThe German Army historian Dr. Rűdiger Overmans published a study in 2000 that estimated German military dead and missing at 5.3 million. Template:Mn. The war dead totals listed here for the British Commonwealth are based on the research by the CWGC to identify and commemorate Commonwealth war dead. Template:Mn. The casualties listed here include about 12 million war related famine deaths in China, Indonesia, Indochina and India that are often omitted from other compilations of World War II casualties. Template:Mn --Template:Mn

Casualties by country

The casualties of World War II were suffered disproportionately by the various participants. This is especially true regarding civilian casualties. The following chart gives data on the casualties suffered by each country, along with population information to show the relative impact of losses.

Human Losses of World War Two by Country
Country Population 1939 Military deaths Civilian deaths Jewish Holocaust deaths Total deaths Deaths as % of population
Albania[1] 1,073,000 28,000 200 28,200 2.63%
Australia[2] 6,998,000 40,400 100 40,500 0.58%
Austria[3] 6,653,000 40,500 65,000 105,500 1.59%
Belgium[4] 8,387,000 12,100 49,600 24,400 86,100 1.02%
Brazil[5] 40,289,000 1,000 1,000 2,000 0.00%
Bulgaria[6] 6,458,000 22,000 3,000 25,000 0.38%
Burma[7] 16,119,000 22,000 250,000 272,000 1.16%
Canada[8] 11,267,000 45,300 45,300 0.40%
China[9] 517,568,000 3,800,000 15,805,000 19,605,000 3.78%
Cuba[10] 4,235,000 100 100 0.00%
Czechoslovakia[11] 15,300,000 25,000 43,000 277,000 345,000 2.25%
Denmark[12] 3,795,000 2,100 1,000 100 3,200 0.08%
Estonia[13] 1,134,000 40,000 1,000 41,000 3.62%
Ethiopia[14] 17,700,000 5,000 200,000 205,000 1.16%
Finland[15] 3,700,000 95,000 2,000 97,000 2.62%
France[16] 41,700,000 212,000 267,000 83,000 562,000 1.35%
French Indo-China[17] 24,600,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 4.07%
Germany[18][19][20] 69,623,000 5,533,000 1,810,000 160,000 7,503,000 10.77%
Greece[21] 7,222,000 20,000 220,000 71,300 311,300 4.31%
Hungary[22] 9,129,000 300,000 80,000 200,000 580,000 6.35%
Iceland[23] 119,000 200 200 0.17%
India[24] 378,000,000 87,000 1,500,000 1,587,000 0.42%
Indonesia[25] 69,435,000 4,000,000 4,000,000 5.76%
Iran[26] 14,340,000 200 200 0.00%
Iraq[27] 3,698,000 1,000 1,000 0.03%
Ireland[28] 2,960,000 200 200 0.00%
Italy[29] 44,394,000 306,400 145,100 8,000 459,500 1.04%
Japan[30] 71,380,000 2,041,000 580,000 2,621,000 3.67%
Korea[31] 23,400,000 60,000 60,000 0.26%
Latvia[32] 1,995,000 147,000 80,000 227,000 11.38%
Lithuania[33] 2,575,000 212,000 141,000 353,000 13.71%
Luxembourg[34] 295,000 1,300 700 2,000 0.68%
Malaya[35] 4,391,000 100,000 100,000 2.28%
Malta[36] 269,000 1,500 1,500 0.56%
Mexico[37] 19,320,000 100 100 0.00%
Mongolia[38] 819,000 300 300 0.04%
Netherlands[39] 8,729,000 7,900 88,900 106,000 202,800 2.32%
Newfoundland[40] 300,000 1,000 100 1,100 0.37%
New Zealand[41] 1,629,000 11,900 11,900 0.67%
Norway[42] 2,945,000 3,000 5,800 700 9,500 0.32%
Philippines[43] 16,000,000 57,000 90,000 147,000 0.92%
Pacific Islands[44] 1,900,000 57,000 57,000 3.00%
Poland[45] 27,007,000 100,000 1,900,000 3,000,000 5,000,000 18.51%
Portuguese Timor[46] 500,000 55,000 55,000 11.00%
Romania[47] 19,934,000 300,000 64,000 469,000 833,000 4.22%
Singapore[48] 728,000 50,000 50,000 6.87%
South Africa[49] 10,160,000 11,900 11,900 0.12%
Soviet Union[50] 175,500,000 10,700,000 11,900,000 1,000,000 23,600,000 13.44%
Spain[51] 25,637,000 4,500 4,500 0.02%
Sweden[52] 6,341,000 0.00%
Switzerland[53] 4,210,000 100 100 0.00%
Thailand[54] 15,023,000 5,600 300 5,900 0.04%
United Kingdom[55] 47,760,000 382,600 67,800 450,400 0.94%
United States[56] 131,028,000 407,300 11,200 418,500 0.32%
Yugoslavia[57] 15,400,000 446,000 514,000 67,000 1,027,000 6.67%
Totals 1,961,071,000 25,037,500 41,363,400 5,754,400 72,155,800 3.70%

Notes

  • Figures rounded to the nearest hundredth place.
  • Population in 1939 - Source: Population Statistics [58]
  • Total Soviet losses in 1946-91 boundaries were 26.6 million.
  • Total Polish losses in postwar 1945 boundaries were 3.0 million.
  • The 1939 population of the Soviet Union includes 7 million ethnic Ukrainians and Belarusians in Poland.
  • Military Deaths - Losses include deaths of regular military forces from combat as well as non combat causes. Whenever possible the losses of Irregular military, Partisan (military) and Paramilitary forces have been included with military losses. The deaths of prisoners of war-POW in captivity and personnel missing in action are also included with military losses. The armed forces of the various nations are treated as single entities, for example deaths of Americans serving in the RAF are included with the UK; Austrians, Soviets and French in the Wehrmacht are included with German military losses, the exception being China because some factions supported the Japanese. Prisoner of war deaths in Nazi captivity totaled 3.1 MillionTemplate:Mn and in Japanese captivity 540,000Template:Mn
  • Civilian Deaths - Includes civilian losses from military action and war related deaths caused by famine and disease; deaths due to the Nazi Holocaust which totaled 12.1 million, plus 5.7 million Jewish Holocaust victims that are listed separately Template:Mn. Victims of Japanese war crimes totaling 5.4 millionTemplate:Mn and deaths related to the Soviet annexations in 1939-40. Civilian losses in the postwar era (1946-47) due to famine and disease are not included with these losses.
  • Jewish Holocaust Deaths - Source: Martin Gilbert, Atlas of the Holocaust 1988, P.244 ISBN 0-688-12364-3
  • Sources - The footnotes list the details of the losses and their sources.

Chart

Human Losses of World War Two by Country.

Casualties by alliance

Allied Military personnel killed, percentage by country.
Axis Military personnel killed, percentage by country.

Casualties by branch of service

Casualties of World War Two by Branch of Service
Country Branch of service Number served Killed/missing Wounded Prisoner of war Percent killed
Germany ArmyTemplate:Mn 13,600,000 4,202,000 30.9%
Air ForceTemplate:Mn 2,500,000 433,000 17.32%
Navy Template:Mn 1,200,000 138,000 11.5%
Waffen SSTemplate:Mn 900,000 314,000 34.9%
Volkssturm and PoliceTemplate:Mn 231,000
Soviet citizens in German military serviceTemplate:MnTemplate:Mn 215,000
Unidentified by branch of service (see note below) 6,035,000Template:Mn 11,100,000Template:Mn
JapanTemplate:Mn Army 6,300,000 1,526,000 85,600 30,000 24.22%
Navy 2,100,000 414,900 8,900 10,000 19.76%
Soviet Union 1941-45 All branches of serviceTemplate:Mn 34,476,700 8,668,400 14,685,593 4,059,000 25.1%
Soviet Union 1939-40 All branches of serviceTemplate:Mn 136,945 205,924
Conscripted Reservists (see note below) Template:Mn 1,500,000 1,200,000
Paramilitary and Soviet partisan unitsTemplate:Mn 400,000
British CommonwealthTemplate:MnTemplate:Mn Template:Mn All branches of service 11,115,000 580,000 475,000 318,000 5.2%
United States[59] Army 11,260,000 318,274 565,861 2.8%
United States Army Air Forces(included in Army)Template:Mn (3,400,000) (54,700) (17,900) 1.61%
Navy 4,183,446 62,614 37,778 1.5%
Marine Corps 669,100 24,511 68,207 3.66%
United States Coast Guard Template:Mn 241,093 1,917 0.78%
Unidentified by branch of service [60] 130,201

Notes

Germany

  1. The number killed in action was 2.3 million; died of wounds, disease or accidents 550,000; missing in action and unaccounted for after the war 2.0 million.Template:Mn; and 459,000 POW deaths, of whom 77,000 were in the custody of the U.S., UK and France; POW dead includes 266,000 in the post war period after June 1945, primarily in Soviet captivity.Template:Mn
  2. The number of wounded includes 1,600,000 permanently disabled which was listed in Geschichte Des Zweiten Weltkrieges A.G. Plötz 1960. P. 81

USSR

  1. The official recorded military war dead from 1941-45 were 8,668,400 comprising 6,329,600 combat related deaths, 555,500 non combat deaths.Template:Mn., 500,000 missing in action and 1,283,300 POWs.Template:Mn. Figures include Navy losses of 154,771.Template:Mn
  2. Casualties in 1939-40 include the following dead and missing, Battle of Khalkhin Gol in 1939 (8,931); Invasion of Poland of 1939 (1,139); Winter War with Finland (1939-40) (126,875).Template:Mn
  3. The number of wounded includes 2,576,000 permanently disabled.Template:Mn
  4. The number of Soviet POW who survived the war was 1,836,000, plus and additional 939,700 POW and MIA who were redrafted as territory was liberatedTemplate:Mn
  5. Conscripted reservists is an estimate of men called up, primarily in 1941, who were killed in battle or died as POWs before being listed on active strength.Template:Mn
  6. Estimated total military war dead including missing in action, POWs and Soviet partisans range from 8.6 to 10.6 million Template:Mn

British Commonwealth

  1. Number served- UK& Colonies(5,896,000); India ( 2,582,000), Australia(993,000); Canada(1,100,000); South Africa(250,000); New Zealand(295,000). Template:Mn and[61]
  2. Total war related deaths reported by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission -UK& Colonies(383,038); India ( 86,838), Australia(40,376); Canada(45,363); South Africa(11,837); New Zealand(11,928))Template:Mn.
  3. Wounded-UK& Colonies(284,049); India ( 64,354), Australia(39,803); Canada(53,174); South Africa(14,363); New Zealand(19,314)Template:MnTemplate:MnTemplate:Mn
  4. Prisoner of war - UK& Colonies(180,488); India ( 79,481), Australia(26,358); Canada(9,334); South Africa(14,750); New Zealand(8,415)Template:MnTemplate:MnTemplate:Mn

U.S.

  1. Battle deaths were 292,131, Army 234,874, Navy 36,950, Marine Corps 19,733, Coast Guard 574, and United States Army Air Forces (included in Army) 49,112Template:Mn
  2. The United States Merchant Marine war dead of 9,512 are included with civilian losses [62].
  3. During World War Two 1.2 million African Americans served in the Armed Forces and 708 were killed in combat. 350,000 American women served in the military during World War Two and 16 were killed in action.Template:Mn

Footnotes

  1. ^ Albania
    War dead listed here are from Albania : a country study Federal Research Division, Library of Congress ; edited by Raymond E. Zickel and Walter R. Iwaskiw. 2nd ed. 1994 ISBN 0-8444-0792-5. Available online at Federal Research Division of the U.S. Library of Congress, go to 'Country Studies-Albania' -Chapter 5: Sec-World War Two.
    Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 200.Template:Mn
  2. ^ Australia
    The war dead listed here are those reported by the Commonwealth War Graves CommissionTemplate:Mn. Total deaths were 40,463 which included Army (26,516), Air Force (11,105), Navy (2,315), Merchant Navy (440), unidentified by branch of service (1), and civilian deaths (86). These losses include war related deaths during 1946-47 (1,731)Template:Mn Details can be found at the Australian War Memorial website article, Australian Military Statistics: WWII - A Global Perspective. The preliminary 1945 data for Australian losses was killed 23,365, missing 6,030, wounded 39,803 and POW 26,363.Template:Mn
  3. ^ Austria
    Military war dead of 260,749 are included with Germany.Template:Mn Civilian war dead included 24,000 killed by military operations, including Allied Strategic Bombing.Template:Mnand 10,000 victims of Nazi political persecution from 1939 to 1945,Template:Mnthe genocide of Roma people of 6,500 persons Template:Mnand Jewish Holocaust victims totaling 65,000.Template:Mn
  4. ^ Belgium
    Military war dead included 8,800 killed, 500 missing in action, 200 executed, 800 resistance movement fighters and 1,800 POWs. Civilian losses included deaths due to military operations of 32,200 and 16,900 victims of Nazi reprisals and repression.Template:Mn Losses of about 10,000 in the German Armed Forces are not included in these figures.Template:Mn The genocide of Roma people was 500 persons.Template:MnJewish Holocaust victims totaled 24,387.Template:Mn
  5. ^ Brazil
    The Brazilian Expeditionary Force war dead were 510Template:Mn, Navy losses in the Battle of the Atlantic were 492. Civilian losses due to attacks on merchant shipping were 470 merchant mariners and 502 passengers.Template:Mn
  6. ^ Bulgaria
    Bulgarian military war dead were as follows, 2,000 military with Axis in Yugoslavia and Greece; 10,124 military dead as allies of the USSR and 10,000 Anti-Fascist Partisan deaths.Template:Mn Regarding partisan and civilian casualties Vadim Erlikman notes " According to the official data of the royal government 2,320 were killed and 199 executed. Template:MnThe communists claim that 20-35,000 persons died. In reality deaths were 10,000, including and unknown number of civilians." Template:Mn 3,000 civilians were killed by Anglo-American air raidsTemplate:Mn; including 1,374 in Bombing of Sofia in World War II.Template:Mn
  7. ^ Burma
    Military dead of 22,000 were with the pro-Japanese Burma National Army Template:Mn Civilian deaths during the Japanese occupation of Burma totaled 250,000; 110,000 Burmese, plus 100,000 Indian and 40,000 Chinese civilians in Burma.Template:Mn.
  8. ^ Canada
    The war dead listed here are those reported by the Commonwealth War Graves CommissionTemplate:Mn. Total deaths were 45,365 which included Army (24,530), Air Force (17,394), Navy (2,169), Merchant Navy (1,270), unidentified by branch of service(1), and civilian deaths(2). These losses include war related deaths during 1946-47 (1,298)Template:Mn TheCanadian War Museum.[63] website has a narrative of Canada's role in the war. Newfoundland's losses are not included in these figures and are listed separately since it was not part of Canada during World War II. The preliminary 1945 data for Canadian losses was killed 37,476, missing 1,843, wounded 53,174 and POW 9,045.Template:Mn
  9. ^ China
    China's losses in the Second Sino-Japanese War were approximately 20 million.Template:Mn Sources that range from 10.6 to 37 million total Chinese war dead were cited by R. J. Rummel Template:Mn. His estimate of total war dead from 1937-45 is 19,605,000. The details are as follows:
    Military dead: 3,800,000 Nationalist/Communist(including 400,000 POW by the Japanese) and 432,000 Wang Jingwei and Manchukuo Chinese military forces collaborating with Japan.Template:Mn.
    Civilian dead: killed in fighting 3,308,000. Victims of repression and atrocities: Japanese war crimes 3,549,000 (not including an additional 400,000 POWs); Repression by Chinese Nationalist's 5,907,000 (including 3,081,000 military conscripts and famine caused by government 2,250,000); by Chinese Communists 250,000 and by Warlords 110,000. Additional deaths due to famine were 2,250,000.Template:Mn.
  10. ^ Cuba
    Cuba lost 5 merchant ships and 79 dead merchant marinersTemplate:Mn The Cuban sub chaser CS-13 sank U-176 on May 15,1943.[64][65]
  11. ^ Czechoslovakia
    Military war dead of 25,000 included Killed during 1938 occupation(171); Czechoslovak Forces with the western allies (3,220); Czechoslovak military units on Eastern front (4,570); Slovak Republic (WWII) Axis forces (7,000); Partisan (military) losses of (2,170) and killed in 1945 uprising(8,000).Template:Mn--Template:MnDoes not include an additional estimated 30,000 dead in Hungarian Army.Template:Mn Civilian losses in include killed during 1938 occupation(262); Victims of Nazi reprisals (26,500) and killed in military operations (10,000)).Template:Mn--Template:Mn Civilian losses include the territories of prewar Czechoslovakia, including Carpathian Ruthenia which was ceded to the USSR after the war. The genocide of Roma people was 7,500 persons.Template:MnJewish Holocaust victims totaled 277,000.Template:Mn
  12. ^ Denmark
    During the Occupation of Denmark military war dead included 1,281Merchant Marine, 797 resistance fighters and 49 Army personnel. Civilian deaths included 628 victims of Nazi reprisals and 440 killed during military operations. The 3,900 Danish deaths in German military service are included with German losses. Figures are from Danish Military Historie website[66]
    It has been argued that the disproportionately low figure for Danish dead is due mainly to the non violent policy of the Danish resistance movement during the occupation (see video: "A Force More Powerful", OCLC 45399754).
    Deaths of Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 77.Template:Mn
  13. ^ Estonia
    Includes civilian losses due to war(35,000) and Soviet occupation(6,000) in 1940-41. Does not include military dead with Soviet(10,000) and German Armed Forces(15,000).Template:Mn The genocide of Roma people was 1,000 persons.Template:MnJewish Holocaust victims totaled 1,000.Template:Mn
  14. ^ Ethiopia
    R. J. Rummel estimates 200,000 killed by the Italians during the Second Italo-Abyssinian War and Italian occupation of 1936-41, his estimate is " based on Discovery TV Cable Channel Program "Timewatch" 1/17/92.Template:MnHowever, the official Ethiopian government report lists 760,000 total dead due Italian occupation from 1935-41. Italy's War Crimes in Ethiopia- 1946 (reprinted 2000), p.112, ISBN 0-9679479-0-1.
  15. ^ Finland
    Figures include killed and missing from the Winter War and Continuation War with the Soviet Union as well as action against German forces in 1944-45, Winter War (1939-40) losses were 22,830, military deaths from 1941-44 were 58,715Template:Mn and 1,036Template:Mn in 1944-45 in the Lapland War The Finnish Defense Forces website lists the names of the 95,000 Finnish military war dead [67], which includes 2,400 soldiers who died after the war due to their wounds. During the Winter war of 1939-40 the Swedish Volunteer Corps served alongside the Finns and lost 28 men in combat. 1,407 Finnish volunteers served in the German SS-Volunteer Battalion Nordost and 256 were killed in action.[68] Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 11.Template:Mn
  16. ^ France
    Military war dead include 150,000 regular forces(1939-40 Battle of France 92,000; 1940-45 on Western Front (World War II) 58,000); 20,000 French resistance fighters and 40,000 POWs in Germany. French deaths in German Army (30-40,000), mostly men conscripted in Alsace-Lorraine, are not included in these totals. Civilian losses include 120,000 killed due to military action and 230,000 victims of the Nazi reprisals and genocide.Template:Mn The pro-German Vichy France forces lost 2,653 killed.Template:Mn Vadim Erlikman, a Russian historian, estimates losses of Africans in the French Colonial Forces at about 22,000.Template:Mn The genocide of Roma people was 15,000 persons.Template:MnJewish Holocaust victims totaled 83,000.Template:Mn
  17. ^ French Indochina
    Deaths due to Vietnamese Famine of 1945 during Japanese occupationTemplate:Mn
  18. ^ Germany
    The 1939 Population is for Germany within 1937 borders and the Free City of Danzig. Austria and the 7,100,000 ethnic Germans of eastern Europe are not included in the German population[69]. However, the 500,000 military and 400,000 civilian deaths of ethnic Germans in eastern Europe are included with total German losses, after the war 5 million became refugees in Germany and Austria.Template:Mn
  19. ^ Dr. Rűdiger Overmans of the German Military History Office in Potsdam has provided a reassessment of German military war dead based on a statistical analysis of German military personnel records.Template:Mn. Overmans concluded that these losses were 5,318,0000, not including the deaths of 215,000 Soviet citizens conscripted by Germany Template:Mn. German losses were previously estimated at 4.5 millionTemplate:Mn, Overmans includes 360,000 deaths that were previously listed as civilian losses in eastern Europe and 230,000 as paramilitary, Volkssturm or police forces fighting with the regular forces. Overmans lists the following losses- Africa 16,066; the Balkans 103,693; Northern Europe 30,165; Western Europe until 12/31/44- 339,957; Italy 150,660; against the U.S.S.R. until 12/31/44- 2,742,909; final battles in Germany during 1945-1,230,045; other ( including air war in Germany & at sea ) 245,561; POWs 459,475- Grand Total 5.318 million. Overmans lists losses of 4,450,000 from pre-war Germany, 261,000 from Austria, 530,000 ethnic Germans from eastern Europe, 30,0000 French and 30,000 volunteers from western Europe. Included in the total of 5.3 Million war dead are 2.0 Million men listed as missing in action or unaccounted for after the war.Template:Mn
    For a critical analysis of the statistical methodology of Overmans see [70] In addition to these losses the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht reported the losses of Soviet citizens serving in the German military Template:Mnseparately, these losses were not included in the Overmans analysis of German casualties.Template:Mn. A Russian source, G. I. Krivosheev reported these losses as 215,000Template:Mn. In this schedule they are included with German military war dead.
  20. ^ Civilian war dead include 360-370,000 killed by Allied Strategic bombing within the 1937 German boundariesTemplate:Mn. About 500-600,000 victims of Nazi persecution and genocide from 1939 to 1945 including 300,000 political prisoners, victims of the Action T4 euthanasia program, Gay men and 160,000 German Jews .Template:MnRűdiger Overmans estimates 1,100,000 German civilian dead ( 690,000 from Germany and 410,000 ethnic Germans of eastern Europe) as the result of Red Army atrocities and the expulsion of Germans after World War IITemplate:Mn. Postwar deaths of about 500,000 due to famine and 270,000 deaths due to Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet UnionTemplate:Mn are not included in these losses.
    The 1949 preliminary estimate of German war losses by the West German government was 3,250,000 military dead and missing plus 500,000 civilian dead and 1,533,000 missing civiliansTemplate:Mn. In 1956 these figures were revised; 3,760,000 military dead and missing, 410,000 civilians killed in bombings and 1,260,000 civilians killed in the expulsions from Poland.Template:Mn. These figures were for Germany in 1937 borders only and did not include additional losses from Austria(280,000 military and 24,000 civilians); the ethnic Germans in eastern Europe (430,000 military and 800,000 civilians); and 60,000 military deaths of men from France and western Europe. Total 4,530,000 for entire German Armed Forces and 2,470,000 civiliansTemplate:Mn.
    The genocide of Roma people was 15,000 persons.Template:Mn Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 160,000.Template:Mn
  21. ^ Greece
    The war dead included 20,000 military deaths in the Greco-Italian War of 1940-41, 60,000 civilians, 20,000 non Jewish deportees and 140,000 famine deaths during the Axis occupation of Greece during World War II.Template:Mn
    Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 71,301.Template:Mn
  22. ^ Hungary
    Tamás Stark of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences has provided the following assessment of losses from 1941-45 in Hungary. Military losses were 300,000-310,000 including 110-120,000 killed in battle and 200,000 missing in action and POW in the Soviet Union. Hungarian military losses include 110,000 men who were conscripted from the annexed territories of Greater Hungary in Slovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia and the deaths of 20-25,000 Jews conscripted for Army labor units. Civilian losses of about 80,000 include 45,500 killed in the 1944-45 military campaign and in air attacks,Template:Mn and the genocide of Roma people of 28,000 persons.Template:MnJewish Holocaust victims totaled 200,000.Template:Mn.
  23. ^ Iceland
    Confirmed losses of civilian sailors due to German attacks and mines.Template:Mn
  24. ^ India
    1939 Population includes present day India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. The war dead listed here are those reported by the Commonwealth War Graves CommissionTemplate:Mn. Total deaths were 87,040 which included Army (79,326), Air Force (897), Navy (501), Merchant Navy (6,114), unidentified by branch of service(9), and civilian deaths(193). These losses include war related deaths during 1946-47 (8,522)Template:MnThe preliminary 1945 data for Indian losses was, killed 24,338, missing 11,754, wounded 64,354 and POW 79,489.Template:MnThe pro-Japanese Indian National Army lost 2,615 dead and missingTemplate:Mn.
    Civilian losses were caused by the Bengal famine of 1943.Template:MnTemplate:Mn
  25. ^ Indonesia-Dutch East Indies
    John W. Dower cites a UN report listing 4 million famine and forced labor dead during the Japanese Occupation of Indonesia including 30,000 European civilian internee deathsTemplate:Mn .
  26. ^ Iran
    Losses during allied occupation in 1941.Template:Mn.
  27. ^ Iraq
    Losses during Anglo-Iraqi War and UK occupation in 1941.Template:MnTemplate:Mn.
  28. ^ Ireland
    Despite being neutral, Ireland suffered casualties. In 1995 Irish Prime Minister John Bruton claimed at least 10,000 Irish were killed serving in the British or Commonwealth armed forces. The civilian death figure includes 33 Irish merchantmen were killed when a U-Boat torpedoed the Irish Pine, and deaths caused by the presumably accidental bombing of Ireland in three instances. Shipping losses [71] Bombings [72] Template:Mn
  29. ^ Italy
    Morti E Dispersi Per Cause Belliche Negli Anni 1940-45 the official accounting of Italian losses by the Roma:Instituto Centrale Statistica in 1957 detailed Italian military and civilian dead and missing, pp.3-27. Total military dead and missing from 1940-45 were 291,376, losses prior to the September 8, 1943 Armistice with Italy totaled 204,346 ( killed 66,686, missing 111,579, died of disease 26,081), after the September 8, 1943 Armistice with Italy, 87,030 (killed 42,916, missing 19,840 died of disease 24,274). Losses by branch of service: Army 201,405; Navy 22,034; Air Force 9,096; Colonial Forces 354; Chaplains 91; Fascist militia 10,066; Paramilitary 3,252; not indicated 45,078. Military Losses by theatre of war: Italy 74,725 (37,573 post armistice); France 2,060 (1,039 post armistice); Germany 25,430 (24,020 post armistice); Greece, Albania & Yugoslavia 49,459 (10,090 post armistice); USSR 82,079 (3,522 post armistice); Africa 22,341 (1,565 post armistice), at sea 28,438 (5,526 post armistice); other & unknown 6,844 (3,695 post armistice). POW losses are included with military losses mentioned above. Civilian losses were 153,147 ( 123,119 post armistice) including 61,432 (42,613 post armistice) in air attacks. A brief summary of data from this report can be found online at -[73](go to Vol 13, No. 15). There were in addition to these losses the deaths of African soldiers conscripted by Italy which were 15,000 in East African Campaign of 1940-41.Template:Mn. Included in the losses are 64,000 victims of Nazi reprisals and genocide including 30,000 POWs Template:Mn. Losses included Italian war prisoners in Soviet Union 1942-1954 of 28,000 Template:Mn Military losses in Italy after the September 1943 Armistice with Italy, included 5,927 with the Allies, 17,488 Italian resistance movement fighters and 13,000 RSI Italian Social Republic Fascist forces. The genocide of Roma people was 1,000 persons.Template:MnJewish Holocaust victims totaled 8,562. (including Libya)Template:Mn
  30. ^ Japan
    1939 Japanese population includes 1.7 million Japanese in China and Korea.Template:Mn
    John W. Dower lists Japanese government data on military dead which includes 185,647 in China from 1937-41 and 1,555,308 from 1941-45 in the Pacific War. Army - Against US- 485,717; Against UK/Netherlands-208,026; In China-202,958; Against Australia -199,511; French Indochina -2,803; Against USSR -7,483; Other overseas -23,388; Japan proper -10,543. Navy 1941/45 -414,879. Total military deaths -1,740,955. These figures do not include an additional 300,000 missing POWs and civilians in the USSR and China who were never accounted for after the war. One third of military deaths were combat related, the remainder due to illness and starvation.,
    Civilian losses include 393,000 dead due to U. S. Strategic bombing including 210,000 killed in the Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. In addition to these deaths 150,000 civilians were killed on Okinawa and 10,000 on Saipan during the fighting.Template:MnThese figures include post war deaths of civilians injured in the Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki estimated at 110,000.Template:Mn
    However, the Yasukuni Shrine in Japan lists a total of 2,325,128 war related deaths from 1937-1945 including civilians employed by the government, Chinese(Taiwan) and Koreans in the Japanese Armed Forces . War related deaths of Japanese merchant marine personnel were 27,000.Template:Mn Total civilian deaths in 1945 on the Japanese home islands exceeded the prewar level by approximately 900,000.Template:Mn Not included in Japanese war dead are 432,000 Wang Jingwei and Manchukuo Chinese military forces collaborating with Japan.Template:Mn
  31. ^ Korea
    John W. Dower estimates 70,000 conscripted Korean laborers and soldiers dead in Korea under Japanese rule during World War Two including 10-15,000 killed in the Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Template:MnKorean losses in the Japanese Army are included with Japan's losses. V. Erlikman, a Russian historian, estimates these losses at 10,000 of the 100,000 Koreans in Japanese military service.Template:Mn
  32. ^ Latvia
    Includes civilian losses due to war (220,000) and Soviet occupation in 1940-41(7,000). Does not include military dead with Soviet(10,000) and German Armed Forces (15,000).Template:MnThe genocide of Roma people was 2,500 persons.Template:MnJewish Holocaust victims totaled 80,000Template:Mn
  33. ^ Lithuania
    Includes civilian losses due to war (345,00) and Soviet occupation in 1940-41(8,000). Does not include military dead with Soviet (15,000) and German Armed Forces (5,000).Template:Mn The genocide of Roma people was 1,000 persons.Template:MnJewish Holocaust victims totaled 141,000Template:Mn
  34. ^ Luxembourg
    Total war dead were 5,000 Template:Mnwhich included military losses of about 3,000 with the German Armed Forces and 200 in Belgian Army. The genocide of Roma people was 200 persons.Template:MnJewish Holocaust victims totaled 700.Template:Mn
  35. ^ Malaysia
    Victims of forced labor and reprisals during the Japanese occupation.Template:Mn
  36. ^ Malta
    Air attack victims.Template:Mn. The BBC has an online report on the siege of Malta [74]
  37. ^ Mexico
    Mexico lost 7 merchant ships and 63 dead merchant marinersTemplate:MnA Mexican Air Force unit Escuadrón 201 served in the Pacific and suffered 1 non combat death.
  38. ^ Mongolia
    Military losses with USSR against Japan in the 1939 Battle of Khalkhin Gol (200) and 1945 Operation August Storm (72) campaigns.Template:Mn
  39. ^ Netherlands
    Military and merchant marine deaths total 7,900. Civilian losses include 20,400 killed due to military action; 52,000 victims of Nazi reprisals and repression; 16,000 deaths in the Dutch famine of 1944 .Template:Mn Losses of about 10,000 in the German Armed Forces are not included in these figures.Template:Mn Totals do not include 25,000 Dutch civilian deaths in the Dutch East Indies included with Indonesia.Template:Mn The genocide of Roma people was 500 persons.Template:MnJewish Holocaust victims totaled 106,000.Template:Mn
  40. ^ Newfoundland
    Military losses with UK(574) and Canadian forces(100). Source: Canadian War Museum.[75][76] Military losses include 333 from the Newfoundland Merchant Navy,[77]. Civilian due to the sinking of the SS Caribou in October 1942[78].
  41. ^ New Zealand
    The military deaths listed here are those reported by the Commonwealth War Graves CommissionTemplate:Mn. Total deaths were 11,929 which included Army(7,595), Air Force(3,787), Navy(539), Merchant Navy (7) and a civilian death(1). These losses include war related deaths during 1946-47(269)Template:Mn Details can be found online at the New Zealand Armed Forces Memorial Project[79]The preliminary 1945 data for New Zealand losses was, killed 10,033, missing 2,129, wounded 19,314 and POW 8,453.Template:Mn
  42. ^ Norway
    Military deaths were 2,000 regular forces and 1,000 resistance fighters. Civilian dead include 3,600 merchant marine. Total does not include 700 deaths with German Armed Forces.Template:Mn The Norwegian Foreign Ministry reported that "10,262 Norwegians had been killed, including 3,670 seamen. The Germans had executed 366 and tortured 39 to death. Among political prisoners and members of the underground, 658 died at home and 1,433 abroad. About 6,000 Norwegians had served the German war cause, and 709 of them had fallen in battle.[80] Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 728.Template:Mn
  43. ^ Philippines
    Military war dead include 7,000 in the Battle of the Philippines (1941-42), 8,000 anti-Japanese guerrillas and 42,000 (out of 98,000) POWs in Japanese captivityTemplate:Mn. Civilian losses were victims of Japanese war crimes including the Manila massacre.Template:Mn
  44. ^ Pacific Islands
    Victims of Japanese war crimes.Template:Mn
  45. ^ Poland
    The official Polish government report of war losses prepared in 1947 reported 6,028,000 war victims out of a population of 27,007,000 ethnic Poles and Jews; this report excluded ethnic Ukrainian and Belarusian losses. Template:Mn The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum has reported that historians in Poland now believe that Polish civilian war losses were about 1.9 million ethnic Poles and 3 million Polish Jews. Template:Mn Ethnic Ukrainian and Belarusian losses in the annexed territories are included with Soviet losses. This revision of estimated war losses was the topic of articles in the Polish academic journal Dzieje Najnowsze . Template:Mn
    Poles as Victims of the Nazi Era prepared by USHMM lists 1.8 to 1.9 million ethnic Polish dead in addition to 3 million Polish JewsTemplate:Mn
    Polish war dead include victims of Nazi crimes against ethnic Poles and the Holocaust, the the Soviet occupation of 1939-41 and about 100,000 Poles killed in 1943-44 during the massacres of Poles in Volhynia by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army The Warsaw Uprising of 1944 cost the lives of 200,000 Poles.
    Losses by geographic area [81] were 2.9 million in present day Poland Template:Mn and about 2.0 million in the Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union Template:Mn
    The Polish contribution to World War II included forces fighting with the western allies and the U.S.S.R. after the occupation of Poland in 1939. Military losses were 66,300 in the 1939 Invasion of Poland, 10,000 in Polish Armed Forces in the West, 24,700 with the 1st Polish Army alongside the USSR and 60,000 Polish resistance movement fighters;Template:Mn
    During the war 2.7 million Polish citizens declared their loyalty to Germany by signing the Deutsche Volksliste. A German source lists the deaths of 108,000 Polish citizens serving in the German armed forces.Template:Mn.
    The genocide of Roma people was 35,000 persons.Template:MnJewish Holocaust victims totaled 3,000,000Template:Mn
  46. ^ Department of Defence (Australia), 2002, "A Short History of East Timor" (Access date: January 3, 2007.) Portuguese Timor
    Officially neutral, East Timor was occupied by Japan during 1942-45. Allied commandos initiated a guerilla resistance campaign and most deaths were caused by Japanese reprisals against the civilian population.
  47. ^ Romania
    Total Romanian military war dead were approximately 300,000Template:Mn. Total Killed were 93,326 ( 72,291 with Axis and 21,035 with allies)Template:Mn Total POW deaths of about 215,000; (200,000 in Soviet captivityTemplate:Mn and 15,000 in German captivityTemplate:Mn). Figures do not include an additional estimated 40,000 to 50,000 dead in Hungarian Army.Template:Mn
    Civilian losses of 64,000 included 20,000 during Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Bukovina in 1940-41 Template:Mn; the genocide of Roma people 36,000 deaths.Template:Mn; Allied air raids on Romania caused the deaths of 7,693 civiliansTemplate:Mn.
    Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 469,000 including 325,000 in Bessarabia and Bukovina [82].Template:Mn
  48. ^ Singapore
    Victims of Japanese war crimes including the Japanese Occupation of Singapore and the Sook Ching massacreTemplate:Mn
  49. ^ South Africa
    The losses listed here are those reported by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission Template:Mn. Total deaths were 11,902 which included Army (8,782), Air Force (2,706), Navy (349), Merchant Navy (0) and civilian deaths (65). These losses include war related deaths during 1946-47 (878)Template:MnThe preliminary 1945 data for South African losses was killed 6,840, missing 1,841 wounded 14,363 and POW 14,589.Template:Mn
  50. ^ Spain
    Military deaths were of volunteer soldiers from the all Spanish Blue Division serving alongside Germany Army in the U.S.S.R. The unit was withdrawn by Spain in 1943.Template:Mn. R. J. Rummel estimates the deaths of 20,000 anti-Fascist Spanish refugees resident in France who were deported to Nazi camps, these deaths are included with French civilian casualties.Template:Mn
  51. ^ Soviet Union
    The official total of military deaths is 8,668,400; including 6,330,000 killed in action/died of wounds and 556,000 dead from non-combat causesTemplate:Mn plus an estimated 500,000 MIA and 1,283,000 POW dead out of 4,059,000 total POWTemplate:Mn. However, the estimate by western historians of Soviet military POW deaths is about 3 million (out of 5.7 million total POWs)[83].Template:Mn Richard Overy has noted that " The official figures themselves must be viewed critically, given the difficulty of knowing in the chaos of 1941 and 1942 exactly who had been killed, wounded or even conscripted".Template:Mn The official statistics do not include an additional estimated 1,500,000 conscripted reservists missing or killed, primarily in 1941, before being listed on active strength,150,000 militia and 250,000 Soviet partisan dead. Template:MnTotal Soviet population losses included approximately 13 million men aged 17 to 39.Template:Mn
    Civilian losses presented here are for USSR in 1939 borders. Total deaths in the USSR, within the borders of 1946-1991, exceeded the pre war level by 26,600,000 from 1941-45.Template:Mn, including about 3 million civilian dead in the territories annexed by the USSR in 1939-1940, in this schedule they are not included with USSR losses nor are the 215,000 Soviet war dead in the German armed forces.Template:Mn-Template:Mn. Civilian losses in territories annexed by USSR are included in totals of the Baltic states(600,000)Template:Mn, Poland(2,000,000) Template:MnCzechoslovakia(80,000)]Template:Mn and Romania(300,000)]Template:Mn. The total Soviet population in 1941 of 196.7 million has been adjusted only for net population transfers. Template:Mn, Template:Mn[84] ,Civilian losses are poorly documented and may include victims of Soviet as well as Nazi repression. Contemporary Russian historians estimate 2.5 to 3.2 million civilian dead due to famine in Soviet territory not occupied by the Germans, these deaths are included in Soviet civilian losses.Template:Mn
    A Russian historian Vadim Erlikman has detailed Soviet losses totaling 26.5 million war related deaths plus 1.7 million victims of Soviet repression. Military losses of 10.6 million include 7.6 million killed or missing in action and 2.6 million POW dead (out of 5.2 million total POWs), plus 400,000 paramilitary and Soviet partisan losses. Civilian deaths totaled 15.9 million which included 1.5 million from military actions; 7.1 million victims of Nazi genocide and reprisals; 1.8 million deported to Germany for forced labor; and 5.5 million famine and disease deaths (including 3.0 million in the territory not under German occupation). Additional famine deaths which totaled 1 million during 1946-47 are not included here. These losses are for the entire territory of the USSR including territories annexed in 1939-40Template:Mn
    Total military and civilian losses of the individual Soviet republics were : Russia 13,950,000; Armenia 180,000; Azerbaijan 300,000; Belarus (1945 borders) 2,290,000; Georgia 300,000; Moldova 170,000; Ukraine (1945 borders) 6,850,000; Estonia 65,000; Latvia 250,000; Lithuania (1945 borders) 370,000; Kazakhstan 660,000; Kyrgyzstan 120,00; Tajikistan 120,000; Turkmenistan 100,000; Uzbekistan 550,000. Template:Mn
    The genocide of Roma people was 30,000 persons.Template:MnJewish Holocaust victims totaled 1,000,000.Template:Mn
  52. ^ Sweden
    During the Winter war of 1939-40 the Swedish Volunteer Corps served alongside the Finns and lost 28 men in combat. About 300 Swedish volunteers served in the German Wehrmacht and 30-45 were killed in action. [85]
  53. ^ Switzerland
    The Americans accidentally bombed Switzerland during the war causing civilian casualties. [86]-[87]Losses of about 300 Swiss in the German Armed Forces are included with German casualties.Template:Mn
  54. ^ Thailand
    Military deaths in French-Thai War 1940-41, the Japanese invasion, and Burma Campaign 1942-45. Civilian deaths caused by Allied bombing 1944-45. Military deaths consists of 143 officers, 474 non-commissioned officers, 4942 other ranks, and 88 field policemen. Royal Thai Armed Forces Education Department
  55. ^ United Kingdom and Colonies
    The losses listed here are those reported by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission.Template:Mn Total deaths were 453,000 which included Army (210,191), Air Force (84,778), Navy (59,164), Merchant Navy (28,905), unidentified by branch of service (610), and civilian deaths (69,384). These losses include war related deaths during 1946-47.(16,628)Template:Mn The losses of Newfoundland (905) and Malta are included in these figures but are listed separately on this schedule.
    UK casualties include losses of the colonial forces which are the topic of the following BBC article- [88] The losses of colonial troops include 3,700 African war dead which are detailed by V. Erlikman.Template:Mn. UK colonial forces included units from Africa, Malaya, Burma, Ceylon, TransJordan, Cyprus, Gibraltar, Malta and the Jewish Brigade
    The official UK report on war casualties of June 1946 provided a preliminary tally of war losses. This report listed the war deaths of 357,116; Navy (50,758); Army (144,079); Air Force (69,606); Women's Auxiliary Territorial Service (624); Merchant Navy (30,248); British Home Guard ( 1,206) and Civilians (60,595). The total still missing on 2/28/1946 was 6,244; Navy (340); Army (2,267); Air Force (3,089); Women's Auxiliary Territorial Service (18);Merchant Navy (530); British Home Guard ( 0 ) and Civilians (0).These figures included the losses of Newfoundland and Southern Rhodesia. There were an additional 31,271 military deaths due to "natural causes" which are not included in these figures. Deaths due to air and rocket attacks were 60,595 civilians and 1,206 British Home Guard. The deaths of civilians interned was unknown at that time.Template:Mn The preliminary 1945 data for colonial forces was killed 6,877, missing 14,208, wounded 6,972 and POW 8,115.Template:Mn
  56. ^ United States
    Source of military war dead is U.S.DOD data [89] Total losses include battle deaths of 292,131 and deaths due to non combat causes of 115,185, including the United States Coast Guard which incurred losses of 574 battle deaths and 1,343 dead due to non combat causes.Template:Mn. These losses were incurred during the period 12/1/41 until 12/31/46 including an additional 126 men in October 1941 when the USS Kearny and the USS Reuben James were attacked by U-Boats. The United States Army Air Forces losses, which are included in the Army total, were 49,112 deaths due to combat and 36,557 from non combat causesTemplate:Mn. Details of United States Army Air Forces losses are listed online at[90].
    U.S. Combat Dead by Theater of war - Europe-Atlantic 182,070; Army ground forces 141,526; United States Army Air Forces 34,505 and Navy/Coast Guard 6,039; Asia-Pacific 106,207; Army ground forces 40,382; United States Army Air Forces 14,607; Navy/Coast Guard 31,485; Marine Corps 19,733. Unidentified Theatres- Army ground forces 3,854Template:Mn. Included in combat deaths are 14,059 POWs, in Europe (1,124) and (12,935) in AsiaTemplate:Mn. A listing of individual U.S. Army deaths in World War Two can be found at the U.S. National Archives website [91].
    Civilian dead were 9,512 United States Merchant Marine personnel, details given at USMM website [92]; and 1,704 American civilians interned, by the Japanese(1,563) and in Europe (168), which are the subject of a U.S. Congressional Research Service report. [93]. During the Attack on Pearl Harbor 68 U.S. civilians were killed by friendly fireTemplate:Mn and 6 U.S. civilians were killed in Oregon in 1945 by Japanese balloon bombs Template:Mn
  57. ^ Yugoslavia
    The U.S. Bureau of the Census published a report in 1954, The Population of Yugoslavia, p.23, that concluded that war related deaths were 1,067,000. A recent study by Vladimir ŽerjavićYugoslavia manipulations with the number Second World War victims, - Zagreb: Croatian Information center,1993 ISBN 0-919817-32-7 [94] and [95]lists total war related deaths as 1,027,000. Military losses of 237,000 Yugoslav partisans and 209,000 Ustaše. Civilian dead of 581,000. Losses of the Yugoslav Republics were Bosnia 316,000; Serbia 273,000; Croatia 271,000; Slovenia 33,000; Montenegro 27,000; Macedonia 17,000; and killed abroad 80,000. The genocide of Roma people was 40,000 persons.Template:MnJewish Holocaust victims totaled 67,122.Template:Mn

See also

Main articles

Other articles

References

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  • Template:MnbGregory, Frumkin. Population Changes in Europe Since 1939, Geneva 1951.
  • Template:MnbVadim Erlikman. Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow 2004. ISBN 5-93165-107-1
  • Template:MnbR. J. Rummel. Statistics of democide : Genocide and Mass Murder since 1900 Transaction 1998 ISBN 3-8258-4010-7
  • Template:MnbR. J. Rummel. China's Bloody Century . Transaction 1991 ISBN 0-88738-417-X
  • Template:MnbRűdiger Overmans. Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg 2000. ISBN 3-486-56531-1
  • Template:MnbG. I. Krivosheev. Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses. Greenhill 1997 ISBN 1-85367-280-7
  • Template:MnbTámas Stark. Hungary's Human Losses in World War II. Uppsala Univ. 1995 ISBN 91-86624-21-0
  • Template:Mnb John W. Dower War Without Mercy 1986 ISBN 0-394-75172-8
  • Template:MnbMark Axworthy. Third Axis Fourth Ally. Arms and Armour 1995 ISBN 1-85409-267-7
  • Template:MnbAndreev, EM, et al, Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza, 1922-1991. Moscow, Nauka, 1993. ISBN 5-02-013479-1
  • Template:MnbRossiiskaia Akademiia nauk. Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny:sbornik statei. Sankt-Peterburg 1995 ISBN 5-86789-023-6
  • Template:MnbDonald Kendrick, The Destiny of Europe's Gypsies. Basic Books 1972 ISBN 0-465-01611-1
  • Template:MnbMartin Gilbert. Atlas of the Holocaust 1988 ISBN 0-688-12364-3
  • Template:Mnb Annual Changes in Population of Japan Proper 1 October 1920-1 October 1947, General Headquarters for the Allied Powers Economic and Scientific Section Research and Programs Division July 1948
  • Template:Mnb Michael Clodfelter. Warfare and Armed Conflicts- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500-2000. 2nd Ed. 2002 ISBN 0-7864-1204-6.
  • Template:MnbR. J. Rummel. Democide Nazi Genocide and Mass Murder. Transaction 1992 ISBN 1-56000-004-X
  • Template:MnbThe UK Central Statistical Office Statistical Digest of the War HMSO 1951
  • Template:Mnb Strength and Casualties of the Armed Forces and Auxiliary Services of the United Kingdom 1939-1945 HMSO 1946 Cmd.6832
  • Template:MnbThe Times of London on November 30, 1945. The official losses of the Commonwealth and the Colonies were published here.
  • Template:Mnb Richard Overy, Russia's War: A History of the Soviet Effort: 1941-1945, Penguin Books, 1998, ISBN 0-14-027169-4
  • Template:MnbCommonwealth War Graves Commission-Debt of Honour Register
  • Template:MnbGerhard Reichling. Die deutschen Vertriebenen in Zahlen, Bonn 1995, ISBN 3-88557-046-7
  • Template:MnbRussian Volunteers in the German Wehrmacht in WWII-by Lt. Gen Wladyslaw Anders and Antonio Munoz
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  • Template:MnbHve margir Íslendingar dóu í seinni heimsstyrjöldinni?
  • Template:MnbThe Challenge Of The Irish Volunteers of World War http://www.reform.org/TheReformMovement_files/article_files/articles/war.htm]
  • Template:Mnb National Defence College (1994), Jatkosodan historia 6, Porvoo. ISBN 951-0-15332-X
  • Template:MnbCommonwealth War Graves Commission-Annual Report 2005-06. Section 6- Page 3. Available online at [96]
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  • Template:MnbSteinberg, Heinz Günter. Die Bevölkerungsentwicklung in Deutschland im Zweiten Weltkrieg : mit einem Überblick über die Entwicklung von 1945 bis 1990. Bonn 1991. ISBN 3885570890
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