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2018 California wildfires

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2018 California wildfires
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2
3
4
5
1
Garner Complex
2
Natchez Fire
3
Carr Fire
4
Mendocino  Complex
5
Ferguson Fire
An August 1, 2018 satellite image of the wildfires burning in Northern California and Southern Oregon; smoke can be seen trailing northeastward over Nevada, Oregon, Washington, and Idaho
Statistics[1][2][3]
Total fires7,579
Total area1,667,855 acres (6,749.57 km2)
Impacts
Deaths74 civilians and 6 firefighters killed[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]
Non-fatal injuriesAt least 44 total
Damage>$2.975 billion (2018 USD)[13][14][15][16]
Season
← 2017
2019 →

2018 has been one of the most destructive wildfire seasons on record in California, with a total of 7,579 fires burning an area of 1,667,855 acres (6,749.57 km2), the largest amount of burned acreage recorded in a fire season, according to the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection and the National Interagency Fire Center, as of November 11.[1][2][3] The fires caused over $2.975 billion (2018 USD) in damages, including $1.366 billion in fire suppression costs.[13][14][15][16] Through the end of August 2018, Cal Fire alone spent $432 million on operations.[17] The Mendocino Complex Fire burned more than 459,000 acres (1,860 km2), becoming the largest complex fire in the state's history, with the complex's Ranch Fire surpassing the Thomas Fire and the Santiago Canyon Fire of 1889 to become California's single-largest recorded wildfire.[18][19]

In mid-July to August 2018, a series of large wildfires erupted across California, mostly in the northern part of the state, including the destructive Carr Fire and the Mendocino Complex Fire. On August 4, 2018, a national disaster was declared in Northern California, due to the massive wildfires burning there.[20]

In November 2018, foehn winds caused another round of large, destructive fires to erupt across the state. This new batch of wildfires includes the Woolsey Fire and Camp Fire, the latter of which has thus far killed 56 people and destroyed more than 10,321 structures, becoming both California's deadliest and most destructive wildfire on record.[21]

Increased fire susceptibility

Many different factors led to the 2018 California wildfire season becoming so destructive. A combination of an increased amount of natural fuel and compounding atmospheric conditions linked to global warming led to a series of destructive fires. Recent research on wildfires in California, published in August 2018, predicted an increase in the number of wildfires as a consequence of climate change.[22]

Increase in fuel

A direct contributor to the 2018 California wildfires was an increase in dead tree fuel.[23] By December 2017, there were a record 129 million dead trees in California.[24]

Atmospheric conditions

Stanford Earth System Science Professor Noah Diffenbaugh stated that atmospheric conditions for California wildfires are expected to worsen in the future because of the effects of climate change in California and that "what we're seeing over the last few years in terms of the wildfire season in California [is] very consistent with the historical trends in terms of increasing temperatures, increasing dryness, and increasing wildfire risk". Other experts agreed, saying that global warming is to blame for these extreme weather conditions. Global warming led to higher temperatures and less rain, creating a drier landscape that gave fires more fuel to burn longer and stronger.[25]

Home construction in the wildland-urban interface

A wildland–urban interface (or WUI) refers to the zone of transition between unoccupied land and human development. Communities that are within 0.5 miles (0.80 km) of the zone may also be included. These lands and communities adjacent to and surrounded by wildlands are at risk of wildfires.[26] Since the 1990s, over 43% of new homes have been constructed in this area. In some areas, the amount of new homes in those areas is 80%.[27] In the past, when these areas burned, no homes were lost, but now homes are present which end up being destroyed.[28]

Air quality

Air quality of California on August 7, 2018

Northern California and the Central Valley saw drastic increases in air pollutants during the height of the July and August fires, while Southern California also experienced an increase in air pollution in August.[29] Air quality in Northern and Central California remained poor until mid-September 2018, when fire activity was drastically diminished. However, during the November Camp Fire, air quality diminished again, with the majority of the Bay being subjected to AQIs of 200 and above, in the "unhealthy" region.

Wildfires

The following is a list of fires that burned more than 1,000 acres, or produced significant structural damage or loss of life.

Name County Acres Start date Containment date Status Notes Ref
Pleasant Inyo 2,070 February 18, 2018 April 3, 2018 Contained [30]
Moffat Inyo 1,265 April 19, 2018 May 21, 2018 Contained [31]
Nees Merced 1,756 May 2, 2018 May 17, 2018 Contained [32]
Patterson Riverside 1,261 May 17, 2018 May 21, 2018 Contained [33]
Panoche San Benito 64 June 4, 2018 June 7, 2018 Contained 3 civilians killed [34][4]
Stone Los Angeles 1,352 June 4, 2018 June 13, 2018 Contained [35]
Airline San Benito 1,314 June 4, 2018 June 14, 2018 Contained [36]
Apple Tehama 2,956 June 9, 2018 June 14, 2018 Contained 3 residential structures and 2 outbuildings destroyed [37]
Chrome Glenn 2,290 June 9, 2018 June 21, 2018 Contained 1 outbuilding destroyed [38]
Lions Madera 13,347 June 11, 2018 October 1, 2018 Contained [39][40]
Planada Merced 4,564 June 15, 2018 June 21, 2018 Contained [41]
Yankee San Luis Obispo 1,500 June 20, 2018 July 1, 2018 Contained [42]
Lane Tehama 3,716 June 23, 2018 July 4, 2018 Contained 1 injury [43]
Pawnee Lake 15,185 June 23, 2018 July 8, 2018 Contained 22 structures destroyed, 1 injury [44]
Creek Madera 1,678 June 24, 2018 July 5, 2018 Contained 4 residential structures and 7 minor structures destroyed [45]
Waverly San Joaquin 12,300 June 29, 2018 July 2, 2018 Contained [46]
County Lake, Napa, Yolo 90,288 June 30, 2018 July 14, 2018 Contained 20 structures destroyed; 1 firefighter injured [47]
Klamathon Siskiyou 38,008 July 5, 2018 July 16, 2018 Contained 82 structures destroyed; 3 injuries, 1 civilian killed [48][49]
Valley San Bernardino 1,350 July 6, 2018 October 22, 2018 Contained 5 injured [50][51][13]
Holiday Santa Barbara 113 July 6, 2018 July 11, 2018 Contained 20 structures destroyed [52]
Pendleton Complex San Diego 1,800 July 6, 2018 July 11, 2018 Contained Originated as 3 separate fires; burned in Camp Pendleton [53][54]
West San Diego 504 July 6, 2018 July 11, 2018 Contained 56 structures destroyed [55]
Georges Inyo 2,883 July 8, 2018 July 18, 2018 Contained [56][57][13]
Ferguson Mariposa 96,901 July 13, 2018 August 18, 2018 Contained 19 firefighters injured, 2 firefighters killed; 10 structures destroyed [5][58]
Eagle Modoc 2,100 July 13, 2018 July 17, 2018 Contained [59][13]
Natchez Del Norte, Siskiyou 38,134 July 15, 2018 October 30, 2018 Contained [60][61]
Carr Shasta 229,651 July 23, 2018 August 30, 2018 Contained 1,079 residences, 22 commercial structures, 503 outbuildings destroyed - 190 residences, 26 commercial structures, and 63 outbuildings damaged; 3 firefighters and 5 civilians killed [62]
Cranston Riverside 13,139 July 26, 2018 August 10, 2018 Contained [63]
Mendocino Complex Mendocino, Lake, Colusa, Glenn 459,123 July 27, 2018 September 18, 2018 Contained The Ranch and River Fires are collectively called the Mendocino Complex Fire. 157 residential buildings destroyed, 123 others destroyed - 13 residential buildings and 24 other buildings damaged; 1 firefighter killed, 4 firefighters injured [64][65][19][66]
Whaleback Lassen 18,703 July 27, 2018 August 7, 2018 Contained [67]
Butte Sutter 1,200 July 31, 2018 August 3, 2018 Contained [68]
Donnell Tuolumne 36,450 August 1, 2018 October 1, 2018 Contained 135 structures destroyed; 9 injured [69]
Tarina Kern 2,950 August 3, 2018 August 6, 2018 Contained [70]
Pendleton San Diego 1,000 August 5, 2018 August 6, 2018 Contained Burned in Camp Pendleton [71]
Turkey Monterey 2,225 August 6, 2018 August 6, 2018 Contained [72]
Holy Orange, Riverside 23,136 August 6, 2018 September 13, 2018 Contained 18 buildings destroyed; 3 firefighters injured[73] [74][75][76]
Five Kings 2,995 August 6, 2018 August 8, 2018 Contained [77]
Hirz Shasta 46,150 August 9, 2018 September 12, 2018 Contained [78]
Hat Shasta 1,900 August 9, 2018 August 16, 2018 Contained [79]
Nelson Solano 2,162 August 10, 2018 August 12, 2018 Contained [80]
Stone Modoc 39,387 August 15, 2018 August 29, 2018 Contained [81]
Mill Creek 1 Humboldt 3,674 August 16, 2018 August 30, 2018 Contained [82]
Front San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara 1,014 August 19, 2018 August 29, 2018 Contained [83]
North Placer 1,120 September 3, 2018 September 16, 2018 Contained [84]
Boot Mono 6,974 September 4, 2018 September 15, 2018 Contained [85]
Kerlin Trinity 1,751 September 4, 2018 September 17, 2018 Contained [86]
Delta Shasta 63,311 September 5, 2018 October 7, 2018 Contained Merged into the Hirz Fire. 20 structures destroyed [87]
Snell Napa 2,490 September 8, 2018 September 15, 2018 Contained [88]
Charlie Los Angeles 3,380 September 22, 2018 October 1, 2018 Contained [89][90]
Alder Tulare 2,903 October 4, 2018 55% contained [91]
Branscombe Solano 4,700 October 7, 2018 November 9, 2018 Contained 4 buildings destroyed [92][93]
Sun Tehama 3,889 October 7, 2018 October 12, 2018 Contained [94]
Mountaineer Tulare 1,152 October 13, 2018 50% contained [95]
Camp Butte 141,000 November 8, 2018 40% contained 8,756 residences and 260 commercial structures destroyed; 63 civilians killed, 4 firefighters injured. 228 civilians reported missing [96][97][98]
Nurse Solano 1,500 November 8, 2018 90% contained [99]
Hill Ventura 4,531 November 8, 2018 99% contained 2 structures destroyed [100]
Woolsey Los Angeles, Ventura 98,362 November 8, 2018 62% contained At least 504 buildings destroyed, 3 civilians killed [101][102][103]

Fatalities

The Woolsey Fire encroaching on Malibu on November 9

On June 4, the Panoche Fire broke out, in a series of three blazes that started in the San Benito County area. While the Panoche incident was the smallest of the three fires, burning only 64 acres (26 ha), the remains of three people were found in a destroyed camping trailer in the burn area.[4][104] The remains were believed to belong to a mother, a toddler, and an infant.[4][105]

On July 14, a Cal Fire bulldozer operator was killed while fighting the Ferguson Fire, becoming the first firefighter death of the season.[5]

On July 23, the Carr Fire broke out after a vehicle malfunctioned. While the Carr Fire burned in rural areas of Shasta County for the first few days, it crossed the Sacramento River and entered the city limits of Redding, California on the evening of July 26. By the next morning, two firefighters and four civilians had been killed.[6][7][106]

On July 29, a firefighter with the National Park Service was killed after a dead tree fell and struck him, while he was fighting the Ferguson Fire. He was "treated on scene, but died before he could be taken to the hospital".[8]

On August 4, a PG&E employee was killed in a vehicle incident while working to restore services to areas impacted by the Carr Fire.[9]

On August 9, a CAL Fire heavy equipment mechanic was killed in a traffic incident while working at the Carr Fire.[10]

On August 13, a firefighter was killed while fighting the Mendocino Complex Fire.[11]

On November 9, 2018, at least 63 civilians were killed by the Camp Fire, while three firefighters were injured, the fire also destroyed more than 10,321 structures, becoming the deadliest and most destructive fire in California history.[107] Three people also died during the Woolsey Fire near Malibu.[108]

Verizon Wireless data throttling

The Santa Clara County Fire Department raised claims against Verizon Wireless that their "unlimited" data service had been throttled while the company was attempting to contain the Mendocino Complex Fire. Their plan was intended to be throttled down to 200 kbit/s or 600 kbit/s after 25 GB a month, and it would be removed under emergency situations. According to the department, this was not followed, even after the company was notified.[109][110]

  • Hume Lake showing extensive mountain pine beetle damage as of April 2016. Hume Lake, Sierra Nevada Mountains, California
    Hume Lake showing extensive mountain pine beetle damage as of April 2016. Hume Lake, Sierra Nevada Mountains, California
  • Photograph of smoky sky near sunset in early August looking toward the west, in Sacramento. The smoke was produced by the wildfires.
    Photograph of smoky sky near sunset in early August looking toward the west, in Sacramento. The smoke was produced by the wildfires.
  • California National Guard battles wildfires.
    California National Guard battles wildfires.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "2018 Fire Statistics". CAL FIRE. November 4, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2018.
  2. ^ a b "2018 National Year-to-Date Report on Fires and Acres Burned" (PDF). NIFC. November 9, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2018.
  3. ^ a b "Southern Area Coordination Center". Southern Area Coordination Center. Retrieved July 7, 2018.
  4. ^ a b c d "Woman, toddler, infant found dead at Central California wildfire scene". Los Angeles Times. June 5, 2018. Retrieved July 5, 2018.
  5. ^ a b c "Services set in Modesto for Cal Fire bulldozer operator killed fighting Ferguson fire". The Modesto Bee. Retrieved July 22, 2018.
  6. ^ a b "Two Missing Kids, Great-Grandmother in Redding Found Dead: Family". NBC Bay Area. Retrieved July 28, 2018.
  7. ^ a b "Carr Fire kills two firefighters near Redding, destroys 500 structures". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved July 28, 2018.
  8. ^ a b "Second firefighter killed fighting Ferguson Fire, officials confirm". Fresno Bee. Retrieved July 29, 2018.
  9. ^ a b "PG&E employee becomes seventh Carr Fire fatality". Redding Record Searchlight. Retrieved August 5, 2018.
  10. ^ a b Browning, Kellen (August 9, 2018). "Eighth person dies in relation to Carr Fire". The Sacramento Bee. Retrieved August 9, 2018.
  11. ^ a b "Mendocino Complex Press Conferenece" (PDF). Retrieved August 14, 2018.
  12. ^ California wildfires: Number of missing leaps to 631
  13. ^ a b c d e "2018 National Large Incident Year-to-Date Report" (PDF). National Interagency Fire Center. November 9, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2018.
  14. ^ a b Jergler, Don (August 2, 2018). "Carr Fire Losses May Reach $1.5B in Likely Another Destructive Season for California". Insurance Journal. Retrieved August 29, 2018.
  15. ^ a b Siler, Wes (August 17, 2018). "The Economic Impact of Yosemite's Ferguson Fire". Outside Online. Retrieved August 29, 2018.
  16. ^ a b Beausang, Hannah (September 6, 2018). "Mendocino Complex wildfires cause $56 million of insured losses". North Bay Business Journal. Retrieved September 11, 2018.
  17. ^ Berger, Noah; Elias, Paul (September 7, 2018). "California takes financial wallop from unrelenting wildfires". Associated Press. Retrieved September 8, 2018.
  18. ^ "California wildfire declared 'largest in state's history'". BBC News. August 7, 2018. Retrieved August 7, 2018.
  19. ^ a b "Ranch Fire". CAL FIRE. August 28, 2018. Retrieved August 29, 2018.
  20. ^ "Governor Brown Announces Federal Approval of Presidential Major Disaster Declaration for Shasta County". Governor Edmund G. Brown Jr. Retrieved August 5, 2018.
  21. ^ Alexander, Kurtis; Ravani, Sarah; Allday, Erin (November 10, 2018). "Camp Fire is most destructive wildfire in California history: 9 dead, 6,713 structures incinerated". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved November 10, 2018.
  22. ^ "Assessing Extreme Weather‐Related Vulnerability and Identifying Resilience Options for California's Interdependent Transportation Fuel Sector" (PDF). University of California, Berkeley Center for Catastrophic Risk Management. August 2018. Retrieved November 11, 2018.
  23. ^ "Ferguson Fire: Tree mortality epidemic adding to fire crews' headaches". San Francisco Chronicle. July 26, 2018. Retrieved August 7, 2018.
  24. ^ "Record 129 Million Dead Trees in California" (PDF). United States Forest Service. July 1, 2018. Retrieved July 3, 2018.
  25. ^ "California wildfires will get worse in the future because of climate change, experts say". The Independent. Retrieved August 1, 2018.
  26. ^ "Rapid growth of the US wildland-urban interface raises wildfire risk". PNAS. March 27, 2018. Retrieved August 7, 2018.
  27. ^ "Wildfire, Wildlands, and People: Understanding and Preparing for Wildfire in the Wildland-Urban Interface" (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service. January 2013. Retrieved August 7, 2018. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  28. ^ Phillips, Ari. "We're Building Millions of Homes in the Line of Wildfires". Gizmodo. Retrieved November 9, 2018.
  29. ^ "California Air Quality". Air Now. August 7, 2018. Retrieved August 7, 2018.
  30. ^ "Pleasant Fire". CAL FIRE. Retrieved February 18, 2018.
  31. ^ "Moffat Fire". CAL FIRE. Retrieved April 20, 2018.
  32. ^ "Nees Fire". CAL FIRE. Retrieved May 2, 2018.
  33. ^ "Patterson Fire". CAL FIRE. Retrieved May 17, 2018.
  34. ^ "Panoche Fire". CAL FIRE. June 7, 2018. Retrieved August 3, 2018.
  35. ^ "Apple Fire". National Wildfire Coordinating Group. June 13, 2018. Retrieved July 5, 2018.
  36. ^ "Airline Fire". CAL FIRE. June 14, 2018. Retrieved July 5, 2018.
  37. ^ "Apple Fire". CAL FIRE. June 14, 2018. Retrieved July 5, 2018.
  38. ^ "Chrome Fire". CAL FIRE. June 21, 2018. Retrieved July 5, 2018.
  39. ^ "Lions Fire". National Wildfire Coordinating Group. October 1, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2018.
  40. ^ "Lions Fire". CAL FIRE. June 26, 2018. Retrieved July 7, 2018.
  41. ^ "Planada Fire". CAL FIRE. June 21, 2018. Retrieved July 5, 2018.
  42. ^ "Yankee Fire". CAL FIRE. July 1, 2018. Retrieved July 5, 2018.
  43. ^ "Lane Fire". CAL FIRE. June 27, 2018. Retrieved July 5, 2018.
  44. ^ "Pawnee Fire". CAL FIRE. July 8, 2018. Retrieved July 9, 2018.
  45. ^ "Creek Fire". CAL FIRE. July 4, 2018. Retrieved July 5, 2018.
  46. ^ "Waverly Fire". CAL FIRE. July 2, 2018. Retrieved July 4, 2018.
  47. ^ "County Fire". CAL FIRE. July 14, 2018. Retrieved July 15, 2018.
  48. ^ "Klamathon Fire". CAL FIRE. July 14, 2018. Retrieved July 14, 2018.
  49. ^ Browning, Kellen; Brown, Daniel (July 6, 2018). "At least one dead as Klamathon Fire tops 9,600 acres, remains state of emergency". The Sacramento Bee. Retrieved July 7, 2018.
  50. ^ "Valley Fire Information". National Wildfire Coordinating Group. October 22, 2018. Retrieved October 23, 2018.
  51. ^ "Valley Fire". CAL FIRE. October 22, 2018. Retrieved October 23, 2018.
  52. ^ "Holiday Fire". CAL FIRE. July 13, 2018. Retrieved July 13, 2018.
  53. ^ Nguyen, Alexander (July 7, 2018). "2 Fires Burning at Camp Pendleton; 750 Homes Evacuated". NBC Southern California. Retrieved July 7, 2018.
  54. ^ Wheeler, Brytani (July 11, 2018). "3rd MAW supports firefighting operations at Camp Pendleton". Marines. Retrieved July 13, 2018.
  55. ^ "West Fire". CAL FIRE. July 11, 2018. Retrieved July 12, 2018.
  56. ^ "Georges Fire". CAL FIRE. September 4, 2018. Retrieved September 13, 2018.
  57. ^ "Georges Fire". National Wildfire Coordinating Group. August 24, 2018. Retrieved September 13, 2018.
  58. ^ "Ferguson Fire". National Wildfire Coordinating Group. September 19, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2018.
  59. ^ "Eagle Fire". National Wildfire Coordinating Group. July 15, 2018. Retrieved July 16, 2018.
  60. ^ "Natchez Fire". National Wildfire Coordinating Group. October 7, 2018. Retrieved October 30, 2018.
  61. ^ "Natchez Fire". CAL FIRE. October 30, 2018. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
  62. ^ "Carr Fire". CAL FIRE. August 30, 2018. Retrieved August 31, 2018.
  63. ^ "Cranston Fire". National Wildfire Coordinating Group. July 26, 2018. Retrieved July 26, 2018.
  64. ^ "Mendocino Complex Information". National Wildfire Coordinating Group. September 19, 2018. Retrieved September 20, 2018.
  65. ^ "River Fire". CAL FIRE. August 16, 2018. Retrieved August 16, 2018.
  66. ^ Driscoll, Curtis (July 28, 2018). "Cal Fire renames River and Ranch fires the Mendocino Complex Fire". Ukiah Daily Journal. Retrieved July 28, 2018.
  67. ^ "Whaleback Fire". National Wildfire Coordinating Group. July 28, 2018. Retrieved July 28, 2018.
  68. ^ "Butte Fire". CAL FIRE. August 3, 2018. Retrieved August 3, 2018.
  69. ^ "Donnell Fire: Incident information". National Wildfire Coordinating Group. October 1, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2018.
  70. ^ "Tarina Fire". CAL FIRE. August 3, 2018. Retrieved August 3, 2018.
  71. ^ "1,000-acre brush fire at Camp Pendleton fully contained". CBS 8. Retrieved August 6, 2018.
  72. ^ "Turkey Fire". National Wildfire Coordinating Group. Retrieved August 7, 2018.
  73. ^ Vives, Ruben; Nelson, Laura J.; Smith, Doug (August 12, 2018). "Firefighters gain upper hand on 22,700-acre Holy fire in Cleveland National Forest, as containment rises to 41%". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 27, 2018.
  74. ^ "Holy Fire". National Wildfire Coordinating Group. September 14, 2018. Retrieved September 15, 2018.
  75. ^ "Holy Fire". CAL FIRE. August 26, 2018. Retrieved August 26, 2018.
  76. ^ "Holy Fire Reignites, Burns 150 Acres". CBS Los Angeles. August 28, 2018. Retrieved August 29, 2018.
  77. ^ "Five Fire General Information". CAL FIRE. August 8, 2018. Retrieved August 13, 2018.
  78. ^ "Hirz Fire". National Wildfire Coordinating Group. September 12, 2018. Retrieved September 13, 2018.
  79. ^ "Hat Fire". CAL FIRE. August 16, 2018. Retrieved August 16, 2018.
  80. ^ "Nelson Fire". National Wildfire Coordinating Group. Retrieved August 12, 2018.
  81. ^ "Stone Fire". National Wildfire Coordinating Group. August 29, 2018. Retrieved August 30, 2018.
  82. ^ "Mill Creek 1 Fire". National Wildfire Coordinating Group. August 30, 2018. Retrieved August 31, 2018.
  83. ^ "Front Fire". National Wildfire Coordinating Group. August 29, 2018. Retrieved September 2, 2018.
  84. ^ "North Fire". National Wildfire Coordinating Group. September 16, 2018. Retrieved September 16, 2018.
  85. ^ "Boot Fire". National Wildfire Coordinating Group. September 15, 2018. Retrieved September 16, 2018.
  86. ^ "Kerlin Fire". National Wildfire Coordinating Group. September 17, 2018. Retrieved September 17, 2018.
  87. ^ "Delta Fire". National Wildfire Coordinating Group. October 7, 2018. Retrieved October 7, 2018.
  88. ^ "Snell Fire". CAL FIRE. September 15, 2018. Retrieved September 16, 2018.
  89. ^ "Charlie Fire". CAL FIRE. September 25, 2018. Retrieved September 25, 2018.
  90. ^ "Charlie Fire Incident Information". National Wildfire Coordinating Group. October 1, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2018.
  91. ^ "Alder, Mountaineer, and Moses Fires". National Wildfire Coordinating Group. November 9, 2018. Retrieved November 10, 2018.
  92. ^ "Branscombe Fire". CAL FIRE. November 9, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2018.
  93. ^ Hiland, Susan (October 9, 2018). "Branscombe Fire continues to burn through Suisun Marsh". Fairfield Daily Republic. Retrieved October 10, 2018.
  94. ^ "Sun Fire". CAL FIRE. October 12, 2018. Retrieved October 12, 2018.
  95. ^ "Alder, Mountaineer, and Moses Fires". National Wildfire Coordinating Group. November 9, 2018. Retrieved November 15, 2018.
  96. ^ Death toll rises to 42 in California’s Camp Fire, making it the deadliest wildfire ever in the state. Washington Post, 11 November 2018
  97. ^ "Camp Fire: Death Toll of NorCal Blaze Rises to 29, Matching Deadliest in State History". KTLA. Associated Press. Retrieved November 12, 2018.
  98. ^ "Camp Fire". CAL FIRE. November 11, 2018. Retrieved November 11, 2018.
  99. ^ "Nurse Fire". CAL FIRE. November 9, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2018.
  100. ^ "Hill Fire". CAL FIRE. November 11, 2018. Retrieved November 11, 2018.
  101. ^ Gonzales, Ruby; Cain, Josh (November 14, 2018). "Woolsey fire death toll increases to 3, body found in charred Agoura Hills home". San Gabriel Valley Newspapers. Retrieved November 14, 2018 – via The Mercury News.
  102. ^ "Woolsey Fire". CAL FIRE. November 11, 2018. Retrieved November 11, 2018.
  103. ^ "Woolsey Fire". Twitter. November 8, 2018. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
  104. ^ Gomez, Mark (June 5, 2018). "Three discovered dead in San Benito County wildfire". Mercury News. Retrieved June 5, 2018.
  105. ^ Larson, Amy (June 5, 2018). "Mother, baby, toddler killed in San Benito County wildfire". KSBW. Retrieved June 5, 2018.
  106. ^ "Carr Fire death toll climbs to six as crews 'gain some ground' against massive blaze". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 29, 2018.
  107. ^ California wildfires: Number of missing leaps to 631
  108. ^ Woolsey fire death toll increases to 3, body found in charred Agoura Hills home
  109. ^ "Fire dept. rejects Verizon's 'customer support mistake' excuse for throttling". Ars Technica. Retrieved August 24, 2018.
  110. ^ "Verizon throttled fire department's 'unlimited' data during Calif. wildfire". Ars Technica. Retrieved August 24, 2018.
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