E (Indic)

Comparison of E in different scripts

Aramaic - Kharoṣṭhī 𐨅 Ashoka Brahmi  /  Kushana Brahmi  /  Tocharian [[File:|20px|alt=E]] / [[File:|20px|alt=E]] Gupta Brahmi  /  Pallava - Kadamba - Bhaiksuki 𑰊 / 𑰸 Siddhaṃ  /  Grantha 𑌏 / 𑍇 Cham ꨃ Sinhala එ / ෙ Pyu / Old Mon - Tibetan  /  Newa 𑐊 / 𑐾 Ahom 𑜦 Malayalam ഏ / േ Telugu ఏ / ే Burmese ဧ / ေ Lepcha ᰬ Ranjana - Saurashtra ꢌ / ꢾ Dives Akuru 𑤆 / 𑤵 Kannada ಏ / ೇ Kayah Li ꤧ Limbu ᤧ Soyombo 𑩔 Khmer ឯ / េ Tamil  / ே Chakma 𑄆 / 𑄬 Tai Tham ᩮ Meitei Mayek ꫠ / ꯦ Gaudi - Thai เ Lao ເ Tai Le ᥫ Marchen 𑲳 Tirhuta 𑒋 / 𑒹 New Tai Lue ᦵ Tai Viet ꪵ Aksara Kawi - 'Phags-pa ꡠ Odia ଏ / େ Sharada 𑆍 / 𑆼 Rejang ꥉ Batak ᯧ Buginese ᨙ Zanabazar Square 𑨄 Bengali-Assamese  / ে Takri 𑚆 / 𑚲 Javanese ꦌ / ꦺ Balinese ᬅ / ᬾ Makasar 𑻵 Hangul - Northern Nagari - Dogri 𑠆 / 𑠳 Laṇḍā - Sundanese ᮈ / ᮨ Baybayin - Modi 𑘊 / 𑘹 Gujarati એ / ે Khojki 𑈄 / 𑈰 Khudabadi 𑊶 / 𑋥 Mahajani 𑅓 Tagbanwa - Devanagari  /  Nandinagari 𑦪 / 𑧚 Kaithi 𑢐 / 𑂵 Gurmukhi ਏ / ੇ Multani 𑊃 Buhid - Canadian Syllabics ᐁ Soyombo 𑩔 Sylheti Nagari ꠄ / ꠦ Gunjala Gondi - Masaram Gondi 𑴆 / 𑴺 Hanuno'o - Notes

E is a vowel of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, E is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter after having gone through the Gupta letter . As an Indic vowel, E comes in two normally distinct forms: 1) as an independent letter, and 2) as a vowel sign for modifying a base consonant. Bare consonants without a modifying vowel sign have the inherent "A" vowel.

Āryabhaṭa numeration

Further information: Āryabhaṭa numeration

Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The े sign was used to modify a consonant's value ×10¹⁰, but the vowel letter ए did not have an inherent value by itself.

Historic E

There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. E as found in standard Brahmi, was a simple geometric shape, and remained basically unchanged all the way through the generally more flowing Gupta as . Like all Brahmic scripts, Tocharian E has an accompanying vowel mark for modifying a base consonant. In Kharoṣṭhī, the only independent vowel letter is for the inherent A. All other independent vowels, including E are indicated with vowel marks added to the letter A.

Brahmi E

The Brahmi letter E , is probably derived from the Aramaic Ayin , and is thus related to the modern Latin O and Greek Omicron. Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi E can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period. As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with some vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

Brahmi E historic forms

Ashoka (3rd-1st c. BCE)	Girnar (~150 BCE)	Kushana (~150-250 CE)	Gujarat (~250 CE)	Gupta (~350 CE)

Tocharian E

The Tocharian letter is derived from the Brahmi . Unlike some of the consonants, Tocharian vowels do not have a Fremdzeichen form.

Tocharian consonants with E vowel marks

Ke	Khe	Ge	Ghe	Ce	Che	Je	Jhe	Nye	Ṭe	Ṭhe	Ḍe	Ḍhe	Ṇe
Te	The	De	Dhe	Ne	Pe	Phe	Be	Bhe	Me	Ye	Re	Le	Ve
Śe	Ṣe	Se	He

Kharoṣṭhī E

The Kharoṣṭhī letter E is indicated with the vowel mark . As an independent vowel, E is indicated by adding the vowel mark to the independent vowel letter A .

Devanagari E

Main article: Devanagari e

Devanagari independent Ē and Ē vowel sign.

Ē (ए) is a vowel of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , after having gone through the Gupta letter . Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter એ, and the Modi letter 𑘊.

Devanagari Using Languages

The Devanagari script is used to write the Hindi language, Sanskrit and the majority of Indic languages. In most of these languages, ए is pronounced as [e]. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel.

Bengali E

Main article: e (Bengali)

Bengali independent Ē and Ē vowel sign.

Ē (এ) is a vowel of the Bengali abugida. It is derived from the Siddhaṃ letter , and is marked by the lack of horizontal head line and less geometric shape than its Devanagari counterpart, ए.

Bengali Script Using Languages

The Bengali script is used to write several languages of eastern India, notably the Bengali language and Assamese. In most languages, এ is pronounced as [e]. Like all Indic scripts, Bengali vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ɔ/ vowel.

Gujarati Ē

Gujarati independent E and E vowel sign.

Ē (એ) is a vowel of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Ē , and ultimately the Brahmi letter .

Gujarati-using Languages

The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, એ is pronounced as [e]. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel.

Gujarati Candra E

Gujarati independent Candra E and Candra E vowel sign.

Candra E (ઍ short E) is a vowel of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Candra E, and ultimately the Brahmi letter .

Gujarati-using Languages

The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, ઍ is pronounced as gu. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel.

Javanese E

Main article: E (Javanese)

Telugu E

Telugu independent vowel and vowel sign E.

E (ఎ) is a vowel of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter . It is closely related to the Kannada letter ಎ. Like in other Indic scripts, Telugu vowels have two forms: and independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of Telugu consonant letters. Vowel signs in Telugu can interact with a base consonant in one of three ways: 1) the vowel sign touches or sits adjacent to the base consonant without modifying the shape of either 2) the vowel sign sits directly above the consonant, replacing its v-shaped headline, 3) the vowel sign and consonant interact, forming a ligature.

Telugu E vowel sign on క, ఖ, గ, ఘ & ఙ: Ke, Khe, Ge, Ghe and Nge. Note that how the vowel sign interacts with the base consonant is dependent on the location of the headline, the absence of a headline, and the presence of a tail to attach to.

Telugu Ē

Telugu independent Ē vowel and vowel sign .

In addition, Telugu also contains a second E vowel, Ē (ఏ). It is also derived from the Brahmi letter . It is closely related to the Kannada letter ಏ. The long Ē vowel sign interacts with base consonants the same as the short E.

Telugu vowel sign on క, ఖ, గ, ఘ & ఙ: Kē, Khē, Gē, Ghē and Ngē. Note that how the vowel sign interacts with the base consonant is dependent on the location of the headline, the absence of a headline, and the presence of a tail to attach to.

Malayalam E

Malayalam independent vowel and vowel sign E.

E (എ) is a vowel of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Grantha letter e. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam vowels have two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Malayalam usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound.

Malayalam Ē

Malayalam independent vowel and vowel sign Ē.

Ē (ഏ, Long E) is a vowel of the Malayalam abugida. It is ultimately a derivation of a predecessor to Malayalam short "E" that arose after Grantha. Like other Malayalam vowels, Ē has two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Malayalam usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound.

Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Vowels

ᐁ, ᐃ, ᐅ and ᐊ are the bare vowel characters in the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics. ᐞ is derived from the vowel series, and has the value of a glottal stop. Unlike the bare-consonant forms of most Canadian syllabic letters that are a small version of the A-series letter, ᐞ is a small version of the I-series ᐃ. The base character ᐁ is derived from a handwritten form of the Devanagari letter ए.

Unlike most writing systems without legacy computer encodings, complex Canadian syllabic letters are represented in Unicode with pre-composed characters, rather than with base characters and diacritical marks.

Variant	E-series		I-series			O-series			A-series			Other
Bare vowels	ᐁ		ᐃ			ᐅ			ᐊ			-
	E		I			O			A			-
Small	-		ᐞ	ᣜ	ᣝ	-			-			ᐜ
	-		ʔ	Eastern W	Western W	-			-			Ai
Long vowels	-		ᐄ			ᐆ	ᐇ		ᐋ
	-		Ī			Ō	Cree Ō		Ā
W- vowels	ᐌ	ᐍ	ᐎ		ᐏ	ᐒ	ᐓ		ᐗ	ᐘ		-
	We	Cree We	Wi		Cree Wi	Wo	Cree Wo		Wa	Cree Wa		-
W- long vowels	-		ᐐ		ᐑ	ᐔ	ᐕ	ᐖ	ᐙ	ᐚ	ᐛ	-
	-		Wī		Cree Wī	Wō	Cree Wō	Naskapi Wō	Wā	Cree Wā	Naskapi Wā	-
Carrier vowels	ᐈ		ᐉ			-			-			-
	Ē		I			-			-			-
Vowels with ring diacritic	-		ᐂ			ᢰ			ᢱ	ᢲ	ᢳ	-
	-		Āi			Oy			Ay	Āy	Way	-

Odia E

Odia independent vowel and vowel sign E.

E (ଏ) is a vowel of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Siddhaṃ letter e. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia vowels have two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Odia usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound. No base consonants are altered in form when adding a vowel sign, and there are no consonant+vowel ligatures in Odia.