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Judo in Canada
Image of Antoine Valois-Fortier at the 2016 Olympics
Antoine Valois-Fortier, one of Canada's most successful Judoka, at the 2016 Olympics
CountryCanada
Governing bodyJudo Canada
National team(s)Canada Olympics team
International competitions

The Japanese martial art Judo has been practised in Canada for nearly a century. The first Judo dojo in Canada, Tai Iku Dojo (体育道場), was established in Vancouver in 1924 by Shigetaka "Steve" Sasaki. Sasaki and his students opened several branch schools in British Columbia up until 1940, when all dojos were shut down by the government and their Japanese members forced into internment camps due to fears that Japanese-Canadians would act against Canada on behalf of Japan during the Second World War. After the War was over, the government encouraged internees to relocate, and many of Sasaki's students went on to establish their own dojos across Canada.[1]

The Canadian Kodokan Black Belt Association was incorporated in 1956 and recognized by the International Judo Federation in 1958. Now known as Judo Canada, it is the national governing body and a federation of associations in each of the ten provinces and three territories. Today, an estimated 30,000 Canadians participate in Judo programs in approximately 400 clubs across Canada.[2]

Ranking

Main article: Rank in Judo

Judo uses a hierarchical ranking system divided into kyū and dan grades that its founder, Jigoro Kano, adapted from the ranking system for the traditional board game Go. Kyū grades are for students ranked below black belt (collectively referred to as mudansha, or 'ones without dan​'), and dan grades are for judoka who have a black belt (collectively referred to as yūdansha, or 'ones with dan​'). A person's rank is represented by a number, and the names of each grade are a combination of the name of the number in Japanese and the appropriate suffix (kyū or dan). For kyū grades, this number goes down with each promotion, usually starting at sixth kyū (rokkyū) and ending at first kyū (ikkyū). For dan grades, the number goes up with each promotion, starting at first dan (shodan) and ending at tenth dan (judan).[3] Grades are also differentiated by belt colour. Kano originally adopted white and black belts in 1886 to mark the distinction between kyū and dan grades, and red and white and solid red belts were later introduced to distinguish judoka who were sixth dan and higher (collectively referred to as kōdansha, or 'ones with high dan​'). Coloured belts for kyū grades were first introduced by Mikinosuke Kawaishi in France in 1935 because he felt that European students would progress more quickly if they received visible recognition of their achievements.[4]

In Canada there are six kyū grades for seniors (people 16 years of age or older), eleven kyū grades for juniors (people under the age of 16), and ten dan grades that are restricted to seniors. Both senior and junior students begin as white belts (rokkyū) and progress with promotion through yellow, orange, green, and blue, to brown belt (ikkyū). Half-grades for juniors were introduced in 2010 and are represented by belts that combine the colours of the previous grade and the next grade (a white and yellow belt, for example, represents a half-grade between rokkyū and gokyū, which the grading syllabus calls "6th+ kyū"). The first five dan grades (shodan to godan) are represented by a black belt. Judoka ranked sixth to eighth dan may wear a red and white belt, and those ranked ninth or tenth dan may wear a solid red belt, but this is not required and the black belt remains the standard for all dan grades. In the past women's belts would include a white stripe in the centre of the length of the belt to differentiate them from men, but this is much less common now.[4][5][6]

Standard kyū grades
Grade 6th 5th 4th 3rd 2nd 1st
Name Rokkyū Gokyū Yonkyū Sankyū Nikyū Ikkyū
Colour white yellow orange green blue brown
Age – 6 8 10 12 14
Dan grades
Grade 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th
Name Shodan Nidan Sandan Yondan Godan Rokudan Shichidan Hachidan Kudan Jūdan
Colour black black black black black red-white red-white red-white red red
Age 15 17 20 24 29 37 47 59 – –
Time 1 yr 2 yrs 3 yrs 4 yrs 5–8 yrs 8–11 yrs 10–13 yrs 12–15 yrs – –
Points 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 – –

Grading and promotion

Kudan (9th dan)
Raymond Damblant
Hiroshi Nakamura
Yeiji Inouye†
Yoshio Senda†
Hachidan (8th dan)
Minoru Hatashita†
Yoshitaka Mori†
Tom Mukai
Genichiro Nakahara†
Yutaka Okimura†
Mamoru Oye
Yonekazu Sakai†
Shigetaka Sasaki†
Masao Takahashi
Satoru Tamoto†
Goki Uemura
Duncan Vignale

Promotions are regulated by Judo Canada using guidelines set by the National Grading Board. Most of the responsibility for grading, however, is delegated to other organizations. All kyū grade promotions are based on examination at the student's club by the club's head instructor or grading board following the Judo Canada grading syllabus. Shodan (first dan) to hachidan (eighth dan) promotions are based on examination by a provincial or territorial grading board, and must be ratified by Judo Canada. Kudan (ninth dan) and judan (tenth dan) promotions are rare honours that are conferred directly by Judo Canada, the International Judo Federation, or the Kodokan.[5][6]

Kyū grades

The time between promotions for kyū grades varies, and is based on a combination of skill, physical fitness, age, regular attendance at classes, frequency of classes per week, student–teacher ratio, facilities and equipment, and the disposition of the student. Students must be at least 6 years old to be promoted and at least 15 years old to be eligible to test for black belt.

Each kyū promotion requires a test of proficiency in a specific set of techniques. The foundation of the syllabus is Kano's revised Gokyo no Waza (or 'five sets of techniques') from 1920, which covers Judo's 40 fundamental throws. There are now 67 official throws, however, and Judo Canada's syllabus does not directly match each stage of the Gokyo (which is divided into five sets that correspond with the five graded kyū). Some throws are now associated with different grades than indicated in the Gokyo, the 27 throws that were added in 1982 and 1997 have been incorporated into the curriculum at various stages, and each kyū also requires proficiency in certain hold-downs, arm-locks, strangles and chokes (though the last three are restricted to seniors). Ten competition points are required for most promotions after gokyū (yellow belt), and parts of the Nage-no-kata (or 'forms of throwing') must be demonstrated during examinations beginning at sankyū (green belt). Finally, students are also expected to remain proficient in all techniques associated with their previous grades, and to develop an understanding of Judo's history and standard Japanese terms.[5][7]

Dan grades

The requirements for dan promotion are more demanding and cover age, time in current grade, points total, and how those points were earned. To test for black belt, a person must be at least 15 years old, have been an ikkyū (brown belt) for at least one year, been active in Judo for at least three years with a valid association membership, and have 120 points. Points can be earned through competition, technical activities such as attending an instructional clinic or assisting with club development, volunteering at Judo events, and consistent class attendance on a yearly basis. They cannot be accumulated until after promotion to ikkyū, and they reset after each promotion. People under the age of 20 must earn at least one third of their points through competition. The number of points awarded varies with each activity and its details: a win in competition by ippon (one full match point), for example, is worth 10 grading points, whereas a win by waza-ari (half a match point) is worth 7 grading points. If all of these conditions are met, the person can register for their provincial or territorial association's next black belt grading. The examination requires: (1) demonstration of eight throwing techniques from the Gokyo, three hold downs, three strangles or chokes, and three arm-locks, all chosen by the examiners at the time of the examination; (2) demonstration of the ability to successfully apply such techniques at full force and speed against a resisting opponent in randori (free practice); and (3) demonstration of the first three sets of the Nage-no-kata as tori (the person executing the throws).[6]

Second to fourth dan have similar but progressively higher requirements, with the necessary minimum age, time in current grade, number of points, and the number and type of techniques to be demonstrated increasing with each grade. From fifth to eighth dan the minimum time that must be spent in the current grade varies according to the way that grading points are earned and their distribution among the different point categories. These distributions are categorized as either 'outstanding', 'excellent', 'very good', or 'good': an 'outstanding' candidate for godan (fifth dan), for example, can be promoted after five years in the previous grade, but a 'good' candidate would have to wait eight.[6]

High-ranking Canadians

There have only been seventeen judan (tenth dan) judoka in history, fifteen promoted by the Kodokan and two by the International Judo Federation.[8] None of them are Canadian, but Canada does have a group of more than 100 kōdansha (high dan holders), all of whom have devoted much of their lives to Canadian Judo.

The late Yoshio Senda became Canada's first kudan (ninth dan) in 2007, and since then three more Canadians have been promoted to kudan by Judo Canada: Yeiji Inouye (2011), Raymond Damblant (2012), and Hiroshi Nakamura (2012).[9][10][11] Eleven Canadians are ranked hachidan (eighth dan), twenty-seven are ranked shichidan (seventh dan), and approximately 85 others are ranked rokudan (sixth dan). The names of the ninth and eighth dan holders are listed in the tables to the right. A typographic dagger (†) follows the names of those who are deceased. A registry of approximately 5000 black belts ranked shodan (first dan) to hachidan (eighth dan) in the years 1946–1997 is included in Glynn Leyshon's book Judoka: a history of Judo in Canada.[12]

International competition

Medal record
Olympic Games
Bronze medal – third place Antoine Valois-Fortier 2012
Silver medal – second place Nicolas Gill 2000
Bronze medal – third place Nicolas Gill 1992
Bronze medal – third place Mark Berger 1984
Silver medal – second place Doug Rogers 1964
World Judo Championships
Gold medal – first place Christa Deguchi 2019
Bronze medal – third place Antoine Valois-Fortier 2019
Bronze medal – third place Christa Deguchi 2018
Bronze medal – third place Antoine Valois-Fortier 2015
Silver medal – second place Antoine Valois-Fortier 2014
Bronze medal – third place Nicolas Gill 1999
Bronze medal – third place Nicolas Gill 1995
Silver medal – second place Nicolas Gill 1993
Bronze medal – third place Kevin Doherty 1981
Bronze medal – third place Phil Takahashi 1981
Bronze medal – third place Doug Rogers 1965
World Judo Cadets Championships
Bronze medal – third place Benjamin Kendrick 2017
Bronze medal – third place Keagan Young 2017
Gold medal – first place Jessica Klimkait 2013
Gold medal – first place Louis Krieber-Gagnon 2013

World

Canadians have won five Olympic medals in Judo since it was added to the Summer games in 1964. Doug Rogers won silver in the +80 kg category in 1964, Mark Berger won bronze in the +95 kg category in 1984, Nicolas Gill won bronze in the 86 kg category in 1992 and silver in the 100 kg category in 2000, and Antoine Valois-Fortier won bronze in the -81 kg category in 2012 (a video of this match is available in the 'External links' section below). Sandra Greaves became the first woman to compete for Canada in Olympic Judo in 1988. The Canadian Judo team trains at the National Training Centre in Montreal under Gill's direction.[13]

Eleven medals have been awarded to Canadians at the World Judo Championships. Rogers won bronze in the +80 kg category in 1965, Phil Takahashi won bronze in the -60 kg category and Kevin Doherty won bronze in the -78 kg category in 1981; Gill won silver in the 86 kg category in 1993, bronze in 1995, and bronze in 100 kg in 1999; Valois-Fortier won silver (2014) and bronze (2015, 2019) in the -81 kg category; and Christa Deguchi won bronze (2018) and gold (2019) in the -57 kg category. Jessica Klimkait (-51 kg) and Louis Krieber-Gagnon (-81 kg) both won gold at the 2013 the World Cadets Judo Championships.[14]

Regional

Canada's greatest success in international competition, however, has been at the Pan American Games, with a total of 76 medals ranging from gold to bronze awarded since 1967 (see 'Judo at the Pan American Games' for lists of the results).

Judo for the visually impaired

Main article: Judo for the visually impaired

Judo is also practised by visually impaired athletes, and became a Paralympic sport in 1988 for men and 2004 for women. While often referred to as 'blind judo', it includes athletes with three different levels of visual impairment, all of whom may compete against one another so long as they are in the same weight category. The only differences between Olympic and Paralympic judo are that judoka with visual impairments take hold of their opponent before the start of the match, and the mat has different textures to indicate zones and the competition area.[15]

Judo for the visually impaired has a long history in Canada and, according to a newspaper article published in 1952, Ottawa was the home of the only judo club for the blind in the world at the time.[16] In most circumstances, however, visually impaired and sighted judoka belong to the same clubs and practice together.

International competition

Medal record
Paralympic Games
Bronze medal – third place Pier Morten 2000
Bronze medal – third place Pier Morten 1992
Bronze medal – third place Eddie Morten 1988
Bronze medal – third place Pier Morten 1988

Canada was first represented in international competition by brothers Pier Morten and Eddie Morten at the 1988 Paralympics, where they each won bronze in the 65 kg and 71 kg categories, respectively. Pier, who is the first deaf-blind person in the world to earn a black belt in judo and was inducted into the Judo Canada Hall of Fame in 2012, also won bronze in the 71 kg category in 1992 and the -73 kg category in 2000 at the Paralympics, making him Canada's most successful visually impaired judoka.[17][18][19][20] William Morgan won bronze at the International Blind Sports World Championships in 2006, and placed fifth in the 2004 and seventh in the 2008 Paralympics, where he was Canada's only competitor.[21] Justin Karn, Tim Rees, and Tony Walby represented Canada in the 2012 Paralympics. Tom Thompson, head instructor at the Brantford Judo Club, has coached the national Judo team for the past four Paralympics.[22] A video of Morgan explaining Paralympic Judo is available in the 'External links' section below.

Judo for people with other disabilities

Judo is also practised by people with disabilities other than visual impairment, such as the members of the Jita Kyoei Judo Club at the Community Head Injury Resource Services in Toronto, who all have Acquired Brain Injury.[23] Judo in such circumstances, however, is rare, non-competitive, and focused on recreation and rehabilitation.[24]

Public service

Canadian judoka have been decorated by the Emperor of Japan with the Order of the Sacred Treasure, Gold Rays with Rosette and the Order of the Rising Sun, Gold Rays with Rosette.

Four judoka have been awarded Membership in the Order of Canada, the country's second highest civilian honour of merit, for outstanding contributions to their communities through Judo: James Driscoll of Belleville, Ontario (1978), Yuzuru Kojima of Richmond, British Columbia (1983), Yoshio Senda of Lethbridge, Alberta (2007), and Hiroshi Nakamura of LaSalle, Quebec (2012).[25][26][27][28]

Four judoka are members of the Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame: Doug Rogers as an athlete (1973), and Frank Hatashita (1974), Yoshio Senda (1977), and Shigetaka Sasaki (1986) as 'builders' (officials, administrators, and volunteers).[29]

Two Canadians have been decorated by the Emperor of Japan in recognition of their service in improving the status of Japanese-Canadians through a lifelong commitment to the promotion and development of Judo in Canada: Masao Takahashi with the Order of the Sacred Treasure, Gold Rays with Rosette in 2002, and Yuzuru Kojima with the Order of the Rising Sun, Gold Rays with Rosette in 2011.[30][31]

Research

Judo has been the subject of significant academic research worldwide, most notably in Japan. It has received relatively little attention in Canada, but Judo research has been conducted by Canadians working in several different disciplines.

The most widely cited publications are journal articles and books written by sports scientists. The earliest, "A physiological profile of the Canadian judo team" by A.W. Taylor and L. Brassard, was published in The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness in 1981.[32] The similarly titled "Physiological profiles of the Canadian National Judo Team" was published by S.G. Thomas, M.H. Cox, Y.M. LeGal, T.J. Verde, and H.K. Smith in the Canadian Journal of Sport Sciences in 1989.[33] A third article, "Physical performance attributes of junior and senior women, juvenile, junior, and senior men judokas", presents the results of a study of the 1989 Alberta Judo Team and was published by N.G. Little in The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness in 1991.[34] Kinesiologist, 1993 Canadian Champion (-65 kg category), and former member of the Canadian Judo team Wayland Pulkkinen self-published The Sport Science of Elite Judo Athletes: a Review & Application for Training in 2001.[35] Two undated articles derived from the book are available on the website JudoInfo.com.[36][37]

Other authors have focused on the social aspects of Judo. The most complete history of Canadian Judo is Glynn Leyshon's Judoka: the history of Judo in Canada (1998). However, while Leyshon is Professor Emeritus of Kinesiology at the University of Western Ontario, Judoka is a popular history published by Judo Canada rather than an academic study.[38] Anne Doré's article "Japanese-Canadian Sport History in the Fraser Valley: Judo and Baseball in the Interwar Years" (2002) and Joseph Svinth's book Getting a Grip: Judo in the Nikkei Communities of the Pacific Northwest, 1900-1950 (2003) both address the history of Judo in British Columbia.[39][40] Luiz Moraes' PhD thesis in Education at the University of Ottawa, Influences on the development of beliefs of Canadian expert judo coaches and their impact on action (1998), describes the beliefs of Canadian Judo coaches and how these beliefs were represented in their actions during training.[41] And finally, Michelle Rogers' MA thesis in Anthropology at the University of Victoria, Twentieth Century Travels: Tales of a Canadian Judoka (2005), examines the life of her father, Olympian Doug Rogers, and uses his story as a case study of how large-scale global processes can influence the life of an individual.[42]

Television and film

For video of some of the programs discussed here, see the 'External links' section below.

Judo has not received widespread attention in Canadian television and film, but it has not been absent either.

Most of Judo's television appearances that are not directly related to the Olympics occurred in the 1950s on either the CBC or its French-language counterpart Radio-Canada, and coincided with the spread of new Judo clubs throughout the country following the Second World War. The earliest seems to be an interview at the Ottawa Judo Club, conducted in French by then-journalist René Lévesque and accompanied by a demonstration, in 1955.[43] Another French-language interview and demonstration, this time focusing on the role of women in Judo, also aired on Radio-Canada two years later.[44] The first coverage of Judo on English television appears to have been in 1956, starting with a demonstration by Fred Okimura and assistants on the Vic Obeck Show, and then in an episode of the information program Tabloid, titled "From foe to friend: Japanese culture in Canada".[45][46] The episode covers several different elements of Japanese culture, and includes a Judo demonstration by Frank Hatashita and his daughter Patsy Yuriko Hatashita. Four other programs (Around Town, Graphic, Hobby Corner, and Spotlight) aired episodes that included Judo demonstrations or interviews with judoka from 1957–59.[47][48][49][50] In 1971 the children's show Alphabet Soup ran an episode titled "J is for Judo" which featured journalist and judoka Frank Moritsugu instructing host Mavis Kerr in the basics of Judo, and in 1976 The National Film Board of Canada produced a seven-minute 'sport interlude' titled "Capsule – Judo" that was shown on television as part of the coverage leading up to and during the Montreal Olympics.[51][52]

The most common television coverage of Judo in Canada, however, is interviews conducted with Olympic athletes, particularly after a medal has been won, along with short athlete profiles that are interspersed throughout coverage of the Games. One such profile, shown during the 2012 Olympics as part of a CTV series called "The Difference Makers", features Kelita Zupancic, who was training in Japan during the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami disaster.[53]

The National Film Board has also produced two short documentaries about Judo. The first is Judo Jinks (1954), hosted by journalist Fred Davis, which includes a brief history of Judo, some demonstrations, and an interview with judoka Bernard Gauthier.[54] The other documentary, Judoka (1965), features Doug Rogers and was filmed after he won silver In Tokyo. It shows his intensive training under the famous Masahiko Kimura (widely considered one of the greatest judoka of all time, and best known outside of Judo for defeating Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu founder Hélio Gracie), and glimpses of Rogers' life in Japan.[55] A link to the full documentary in high definition is available in the 'External links' section below.

Other visual arts

A portrait of Sasha Mehmedovic by Veronica Kvassetskaia-Tsyglan
A portrait of Sasha Mehmedovic by Veronica Kvassetskaia-Tsyglan

In 2010 the Portrait Society of Canada held a month-long exhibition at the John B. Aird Gallery in Toronto, titled "Canadian Olympic Athletes: a Dialogue in Art", that featured portraits of Canadian Olympic athletes painted by members of the Society. One of the portraits, painted with oil by Society founder and president Veronica Kvassetskaia-Tsyglan, is of judoka Sasha Mehmedovic, who competed in the 2008 and 2012 Olympics.[56]

Music

Musician Mark Kasprzyk, who previously went by the stage name 'Kazzer', was an alternate for Canada's 2000 Olympic Judo team. In the video for his best known song as Kazzer, "Pedal to the Metal" (2002), Kasprzyk confronts a bully (played by Sebastian Pawlak, also a judo fighter) and disables him using the Judo throw ippon seoi nage.[57][58] He now goes by 'Kaz' and is the front man for the group Redlight King, best known for a song titled "Old Man" (2011) that samples fellow Canadian Neil Young's song by the same name.[59]

Postage

In 2012, Canada Post announced that it would issue a postage stamp featuring a photograph of Nicolas Gill as the flag bearer for the opening ceremony of the 2004 Summer Olympic Games. The stamp is part of a series titled "Definitives: Canadian Pride".[60][61] Canada Post also issued a stamp that illustrated Judo for the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal in 1975.[62]

Public life

One of Canada's most famous judoka is former Prime Minister Pierre Elliot Trudeau. Trudeau began practising Judo sometime in the mid-1950s when he was in his mid-thirties, and by the end of the decade he was ranked ik-kyū (brown belt). Later, when he travelled to Japan as Prime Minister, he was promoted to sho-dan (first-degree black belt) by the Kodokan, and then promoted to ni-dan (second-degree black belt) by Masao Takahashi in Ottawa before leaving office. Trudeau began the night of his famous 'walk in the snow' before announcing his retirement in 1984 by going to Judo with his sons.[63]

Other Canadian politicians and their families have also been associated with Judo. The children of Trudeau's successor in office, Brian Mulroney, also practised at the Takahashi Dojo, and Judo Canada has presented two honorary black belts to Members of Parliament: Minister of Health and Welfare Judy LaMarsh at the Eastern Canada Championships in 1964, and former Prime Minister John Diefenbaker at the Senior Women and Junior National Championships in 1979.[38]: p.145, 122, 156 

See also

References

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  2. ^ "The History of Judo". Judo Canada Website. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
  3. ^ Shodan literally means 'beginning' grade in Japanese, but is commonly translated as 'first'.
  4. ^ a b "The Judo Rank System". JudoInfo. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
  5. ^ a b c "National Kyu Grading Syllabus" (PDF). Judo Canada website. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
  6. ^ a b c d "National Grading Syllabus" (PDF). Judo Canada website. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 July 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
  7. ^ "The Traditional Gokyo of Kodokan Judo". JudoInfo. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
  8. ^ "Profiles of Kodokan 10th Dan Holders". Judo Info website. Archived from the original on 26 June 2014. Retrieved 28 August 2012.
  9. ^ "Yosh Senda". Judo Alberta website. Archived from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 28 August 2012.
  10. ^ "Hiroshi Nakamura and Raymond Damblant promoted to Kudan by Judo Canada". Judo Canada website. Archived from the original on 22 July 2016. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
  11. ^ "Inouye Sensei Promoted to 9th Dan". Victoria Judo Club Website. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
  12. ^ Leyshon, Glynn A. (1998). Judoka: the history of Judo in Canada. Judo Canada. p. 174. ISBN 9781894165037.
  13. ^ "Contact Us". Judo Canada Website. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
  14. ^ "World U18 Championships Miami". JudoInside.com. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  15. ^ "Judo". Canadian Paralympic Committee website. Archived from the original on 6 September 2012. Retrieved 1 September 2012.
  16. ^ "Contestants Seeking Japanese Trophy at National Judo Championships". The Ottawa Citizen. 11 January 1952. Retrieved 1 September 2012.
  17. ^ "Eddie Morten". Canadian Paralympic Committee website. Archived from the original on 1 January 2013. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
  18. ^ "Pier Morten". Canadian Paralympic Committee website. Archived from the original on 1 January 2013. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
  19. ^ "Burnaby Sports Hall of Fame 2002". Burnaby Sports Hall of Fame website. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
  20. ^ "Judo BC Board of Directors Meeting Summary May 14, 2012" (PDF). Judo BC website. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
  21. ^ "William Morgan". Newmarket Budokan Judo Club Website. Archived from the original on 24 April 2013. Retrieved 2 August 2012.
  22. ^ Tapper, Josh (19 July 2012). "London 2012: Blind Canadian judo champ Justin Karn fights for respect". The Toronto Star. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
  23. ^ Jita kyoei means 'mutual welfare and benefit' in Japanese, and is one of Judo's two mottos. The other is seiryoku zenyo, which means 'maximum efficiency'. Oimatsu, Shinichi (1984). "The Way of Seiryoku Zenyo-Jita Kyoei and Its Instruction". The Bulletin for the Scientific Study of Kodokan Judo. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  24. ^ Sokol, Susan. "Differently Abled do Judo with a Spirit of Jita Kyoei" (PDF). The Gentle Way (Volume 6, Issue 5). Judo Ontario. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
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  26. ^ "Order of Canada – Yuzuru Kojima". The Governor General of Canada Website. Retrieved 5 August 2012.
  27. ^ "Order of Canada – Yoshio Senda". The Governor General of Canada Website. Retrieved 5 August 2012.
  28. ^ "Order of Canada – Hiroshi Nakamura". The Governor General of Canada Website. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
  29. ^ "Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame". Canadian Olympic Committee Website. Retrieved 5 August 2012.
  30. ^ Takahashi, Masao; Family (2005). Mastering Judo. Windsor, Ontario: Human Kinetics. p. 213. ISBN 978-0736050999.
  31. ^ "British Columbian Awarded Japan's Prestigious Order of the Rising Sun". Consulate-General of Japan Vancouver website. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
  32. ^ Taylor, A.W.; L. Brassard (June 1981). "A physiological profile of the Canadian judo team". The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 21 (2): 160–4. PMID 7300299.
  33. ^ Thomas, S.G.; M.H. Cox; Y.M. LeGal; T.J. Verde; H.K. Smith (September 1989). "Physiological profiles of the Canadian National Judo Team". Canadian Journal of Sport Sciences. 14 (3): 142–7. PMID 2819609.
  34. ^ Little, N.G. (December 1991). "Physical performance attributes of junior and senior women, juvenile, junior, and senior men judokas". The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 31 (4): 510–20. PMID 1806727.
  35. ^ Pulkkinen, Wayland (2001). The Sport Science of Elite Judo Athletes : a Review & Application for Training. Guelph, Ontario: Pulkinetics, Incorporated. ISBN 978-0968869307.
  36. ^ "Anaerobic Requirements of Elite Judo Athletes". JudoInfo.com. Pulkkinen, Wayland. Archived from the original on June 22, 2012. Retrieved September 14, 2012.
  37. ^ "The Physiological Composition of Elite Judo Players". JudoInfo.com. Pulkkinen, Wayland. Archived from the original on June 22, 2012. Retrieved September 14, 2012.
  38. ^ a b Leyshon, Glynn A. (1998). Judoka: the history of Judo in Canada. Gloucester, Ontario: Judo Canada. ISBN 978-1894165006.
  39. ^ Svinth, Joseph R. (2003). Getting a Grip: Judo in the Nikkei Communities of the Pacific Northwest, 1900-1950. Guelph, Ontario: Electronic Journals of Martial Arts and Sciences. ISBN 978-0-9689673-0-0.
  40. ^ Doré, Anne (Fall 2002). "Japanese-Canadian Sport History in the Fraser Valley: Judo and Baseball in the Interwar Years" (PDF). Journal of Sport History. 29 (3): 439–456.
  41. ^ Moraes, Luiz Carlos Couto de Albuquerque (1998). Influences on the development of beliefs of Canadian expert judo coaches and their impact on action. Ottawa, Ontario: PhD thesis, University of Ottawa.
  42. ^ Rogers, Michelle Marrian Anna (2005). Twentieth Century Travels: Tales of a Canadian Judoka (PDF). MA thesis, University of Victoria.
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  44. ^ "Femme et judoka". Les Archives de Radio-Canada website (in French). 15 November 1957. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  45. ^ "Episode Guide - Vic Obeck Show". TVarchive.ca. 2 May 1956. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  46. ^ "Tabloid celebrates Japanese culture in Canada". CBC Digital Archives. 23 October 1956. Retrieved 1 September 2012.
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  49. ^ "Episode Guide - Hobby Corner". TVarchive.ca. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  50. ^ "Episode Guide - Spotlight". TVarchive.ca. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  51. ^ "Episode Guide - Alphabet Soup". TVArchives.ca. Retrieved 1 September 2012.
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  53. ^ "The Difference Makers – Kelita Zupancic". CTV Olympics website. Retrieved 1 September 2012.
  54. ^ "Judo Jinks". National Film Board of Canada website. Retrieved 1 September 2012.
  55. ^ "Judoka". National Film Board of Canada Collection Catalogue. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
  56. ^ "Canadian Olympic Athletes: a Dialogue in Art". Portrait Society of Canada website. Retrieved September 21, 2012.
  57. ^ Ross, Mike (4 April 2003). "Yo, it's judo rapper". Jam! Music website. Canoe. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
  58. ^ "Kazzer - Pedal to the Medal". KazzerVEVO on YouTube. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
  59. ^ "Redlight King Tells The Story Behind 'Old Man'". Alternative Addiction website. 18 May 2011. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
  60. ^ "Nicolas Gill Featured on Canada Post Stamp". Judo BC website. 20 June 2012. Retrieved September 10, 2012.
  61. ^ "Definitives: Canadian Pride". Canada Post website. 16 January 2012. Archived from the original on 17 October 2013. Retrieved September 10, 2012.
  62. ^ "Judo". Canadian Postal Archives website. Canada Post. 6 August 1975. Retrieved September 10, 2012.
  63. ^ Nurse, Paul. "Pierre Trudeau and Judo?" (PDF). The Gentle Way (Volume 6, Issue 4). Judo Ontario. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 May 2013. Retrieved 1 August 2012.

Further reading

  • Leyshon, Glynn A. (1998). Judoka: the history of Judo in Canada. Gloucester, Ontario: Judo Canada. ISBN 978-1894165006. Official history published by Judo Canada, now free to view and download in its entirety on Google Books.
  • Svinth, Joseph R. (2003). Getting a Grip: Judo in the Nikkei Communities of the Pacific Northwest, 1900-1950. Electronic Journals of Martial Arts and Sciences. ISBN 978-0-9689673-0-0. Includes a chapter on Judo in British Columbia.
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