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Historical weaponry of the Australian Army

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Since the formation of the Australian Army on 1 March 1901, it has used a variety of weaponry and equipment, sourced mainly from British, American and less frequently, other European manufacturers, but also weapons and equipment produced by local Australian manufacturers.

The Australian Army came into being when the six British colonies of Australia all held referendums to join, and voted in favour of forming a federation, creating the modern nation of the Commonwealth of Australia on 1 January 1901. Prior to doing so, each of the Australian colonies were responsible for their own defence, and all had separate colonial armies. As each colonial army was responsible for the defence of their own colony, each colony separately contracted the purchase of their own equipment, so at the time that each colonial army merged into the newly formed Australian Army, there was a variety of incompatible equipment used by the various interstate units.

One of the first tasks of the newly formed Army following restructure and the creation of unified hierarchy and command chains, was to uniformly equip the new national army. This was no easy task, as at the time of the foundation of the Australian Army, all six colonial armies were in the field involved in the Second Boer War. Whilst badge-changing ceremonies were performed and hats and uniforms supplied, it proved impractical to fully re-equip in the field. Consequently, the Martini–Henry rifle, which was favoured by the majority of colonial units, continued in use until about 1910.

Second Boer War 1899–1902

The Australian Army was founded by a merger of the six separate armies of the six independent Australian British colonies. When those forces merged officially on 1 March 1901, during the Second Boer War in South Africa, all six colonies had troops already engaged in combat in the field. It was obviously impossible and unnecessary to completely re-equip and re-uniform the forces while they were deployed, and most of the colonial armies wore similar khaki uniforms anyway. A symbolic ceremony to replace colonial badges was held in the field during which Australian soldiers were given the Rising Sun Badge, the new symbol of the Australian Army, for the first time.

Infantry weapons

Side-arms

Long-arms

Horses

World War I 1914–18

By the outbreak of World War I, the equipment of the Australian Army had become standardised, and was essentially the same as most of the armies of the British Empire. The one major difference was the preference of kangaroo leather over canvas for webbing and other equipment, straps and belts.

Infantry weapons

Side-arms

Long-arms

Grenade

Light machine-gun

Heavy machine-gun

Infantry-support

Horses

Artillery

Trench Mortar

Heavy mortar

Field guns

Vehicles

Armoured Cars

Aircraft

(The Australian Flying Corps which served in WWI was an Army unit, not a separate airforce.)

World War II 1939–45

At the beginning of World War II, the Australian Army was continuing with the practice of sourcing military equipment from the United Kingdom as it had done in the colonial era and the first three decades of the twentieth century. However, as the war progressed, Britain's difficulties in keeping up production demand, Australia's geographic isolation, and a differing focus on war policies and theatres, caused Australia increasingly to obtain arms, equipment, and military assistance from the United States.

Infantry weapons

Side-arms

Rifles

Grenade

Sub-machine-gun

Light machine-gun

  • United States Lewis Gun (.303 calibre) (Mainly used as anti aircraft weapon:)
  • United Kingdom Bren Gun (.303 calibre)

Heavy machine-gun

Infantry-support

Anti-armour

Artillery

Mortars

Heavy mortar

Field guns

Vehicles

Amphibious vehicles

Scout cars

Armoured cars

Tanks

Korean War 1950–53

When the Korean War began many Australian units were still equipped with weapons that they had used during World War II. Whilst there were minor changes such as the replacement of the British QF 4.5 inch Howitzer by the American-built 105 mm Howitzer M3 as the primary artillery piece, the most dramatic changes to Australian equipment during the Korean War period were to the aircraft used by the Royal Australian Air Force. Important lessons learned during the Korean War later influenced the way the Australian Army re-equipped to adapt to the needs of modern warfare in time for the Australian Army's entry into the Vietnam War.

Infantry weapons

Side-arms

Long-arms

Grenade

Sub-machine-guns

Light machine-gun

Heavy machine-gun

Infantry-support

Anti-armour

Vietnam War 1962–72

The Vietnam War proved to be a highly mobile operation for Australian forces, who often engaged their enemies during arduous jungle patrols through thick and difficult terrain. Much of the equipment used on the battlefields of the Korean War proved to be too cumbersome for this type of warfare, including long-arms such as the Lee–Enfield SMLEs. However, the Australian Army had become an expert at jungle warfare during their campaigns in South-East Asia against the Imperial Japanese Army in World War II, and the lessons in jungle warfare they had learned proved invaluable in the choosing of equipment for the Vietnam War. Long rifles continued to be used by snipers, but infantry patrols favoured the use of assault rifles such as the L1A1 and M16. The heavy machine-guns which were useful for the static defences of the Korean War were replaced by the lighter general-purpose M60 machine gun, which was man-portable by a patrol machine-gunner.

Infantry weapons

Side-arms

Long-arms

Grenades

Assault rifles

Sub-machine-guns

General-purpose machine gun

Infantry-support

Anti-personnel

Anti-armour

Artillery

Vehicles

Armoured Personnel Carriers

Tanks

Aircraft

1970s, 1980s & 1990s

After the Vietnam war the Australian Army suffered severe budget cut-backs, and expenditure on equipment decreased as a result. The army was scaled back in size, and experienced a period of very little overseas deployment for the first time in the post–World War II period. Despite this the Army did manage to continue to modernise its weaponry and equipment. During the 1980s traditional long-arms such as the L1A1 Self-Loading Rifle (SLR) were phased out and finally withdrawn from front line service by 1990, and replaced by the locally produced F88 Austeyr, a derivative of the Austrian Steyr AUG which is still in service as of 2008. During the 1980s the khaki field uniforms that had been used by the Australian Army since its foundation in 1901were replaced by Disruptive Pattern Combat Uniform.

Side-arms

Long-arms

Grenades

Assault rifles

  • Australia F88 Austeyr (locally produced Steyr AUG derivative, adopted 1988, still in use) (5.56 NATO calibre)
  • United StatesSingapore M16A1 /M16S1 Used by the Australian Army until 1989 when the F88 Austeyr came into service. Australian forces involved in UN peacekeeping operations in Namibia, Western Sahara, and Cambodia used the M16A1 rifle well into the early 1990s.

Light machine-gun

General-purpose machine guns

Infantry-support

Anti-personnel

Anti-armour

Artillery

Anti-aircraft weapons

Vehicles

Scout cars

  • Australia Medium Reconnaissance Vehicle (MRV) (hybrid of M113 with FV101 Scorpion turret)

Armoured Personnel Carriers

Tanks

Aircraft

Fixed Wing

Rotary Wing

Notes

  1. ^ a b Kuring 2004, p. 245.
  2. ^ Dennis et al 2008, p. 208.

References

  • Dennis, Peter; et al. (2008). The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History (Second ed.). Melbourne: Oxford University Press Australia & New Zealand. ISBN 978-0-19-551784-2.
  • Kuring, Ian (2004). Redcoats to Cams: A History of Australian Infantry 1788–2001. Loftus: Australian Military Historical Publications. ISBN 1-876439-99-8.
  • Skennerton, Ian (1975). Australian Service Longarms (Second ed.). Margate: Self Published. ISBN 0-9597438-0-4.
  • Skennerton, Ian (1989). 100 Years of Australian Service Machine Guns (Second ed.). Labrador: Arms & Militaria Press. ISBN 0-949749-12-5.