Kangly
The Kankalis (康曷利[2]; pinyin: Kānghélì; Middle Chinese (ZS): /kʰɑŋ-ɦɑt̚-liɪH/, Middle Turkic: قنكلى Kaγnï or قنكلى Kaŋlï, also spelled Qanglı; Kan(g)ly or Qangli) were a Turkic people of Eurasia. Kara-Khanid lexicographer Mahmud al-Kashgari mentioned a Kipchak chief (sur)named Qanglı and simply glossed Qanglı "a wagon for carrying load".[3] Supposedly, they might be identified as[4] or closely related to Kipchaks[5]; or formed part of the Pechenegs.[6] Byzantine Emperor Konstantinos Porphyrogennetos (aka, Constantine VII) mentions three Pecheneg tribes collectively known as Kangar in his De Administrando Imperio. Kangar is associated with the Kang territory and probably with the Kangaris people and the city of Kangu Tarban, mentioned in the Kul Tigin inscription of the Orkhon Turkic peoples.[7] Still, the relationship between the Kanglys, the Kangars, and the Kangaris~Kengeres (allies of the Eastern Turk Khaghanate against the Western Turk Khaganate), if any, is still unclear.
After the fall of the Pecheneg Khanate in the early 10th century, the role of the Kankalis became prominent. Different Pontic Steppe's Turkic nomadic peoples , who might have been separate and distinct earlier, would eventually become assimilated into each other by the 13th century. The eastern grouping of Cumania was indeed known as Qanglı (Latin: Cangle).[8]
Many Kankali warriors joined the Khwarezmid Empire in the 11th century. In 1175 they, or some of them, lived north of Lake Balkhash and transferred their allegiance from the Kara Kitai to the Jin dynasty.[9] They suffered heavy losses from Genghis Khan in 1219-1223. For example, all Kankalis in Bukhara who were taller than a wheel, were slain by the Mongols. Jochi subdued their relations who still lived in the land of the Kyrghyz and Kipchak steppes in 1225. Khwarizmi Kankali remnants submitted to Great Khan Ögedei after a long resistance under Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu against his general Chormaqan and governor Chin-temur. After the Mongol conquest, the remaining Kankalis were absorbed into other Turks and Mongols. Some of them who served in the Yuan Dynasty became Kharchins.
There are Kankali clans among the Kazakhs, the Uzbeks, the Kyrgyz, Bashkirs, the Nogais and the Karakalpaks.
References
Citations
- ^ Hasan Eren, (1999), Türk dilinin etimolojik sözlüğü, p. 200 (in Turkish)
- ^ Tang Huiyao, Ch. 72
- ^ Golden, Peter B. (1992). An Introduction to the History of the Turkic People. Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden. p. 272-273.
- ^ The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, Volume 1, Denis Sinor, pg 272
- ^ Thomas T. Allsen, "Prelude to the western campaigns: Mongol military operations in the Volga- Ural region, 1217- 1237", Architum Eurasiae Medii Aevi, pp. 5-24
- ^ Golden, Peter B. (1992). An Introduction to the History of the Turkic People. Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden. p. 272-273.
- ^ The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, Volume 1, Denis Sinor, pg 272
- ^ Golden, Peter B. (1992). An Introduction to the History of the Turkic People. Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden. p. 272.
- ^ Michael Biran, Empire of the Kara Kitai, page 57
Sources
- Rashiduddin Fazlullah's Jamiʻuʼt-tawarikh by Rashīd al-Dīn Ṭabīb, translated and edited by Wheeler McIntosh Thackston.
- The Mongols - A History by Jeremiah Curtin.