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12th Philippine presidential election
1992 Philippine presidential election Turnout 75.5% 3.3%
Nominee
Fidel V. Ramos
Miriam Defensor-Santiago
Eduardo Cojuangco Jr.
Party
Lakas
PRP
NPC
Running mate
Emilio Osmeña
Ramon Magsaysay Jr.
Joseph Estrada
Popular vote
5,342,521
4,468,173
4,116,376
Percentage
23.58%
19.72%
18.17%
Nominee
Ramon Mitra Jr.
Imelda Marcos
Jovito Salonga
Party
LDP
KBL
Liberal
Running mate
Marcelo Fernan
Vicente Magsaysay
Aquilino Pimentel Jr.
Popular vote
3,316,661
2,338,294
2,302,123
Percentage
14.64%
10.32%
10.16%
Nominee
Salvador Laurel
Party
Nacionalista
Running mate
Eva Estrada Kalaw
Popular vote
770,046
Percentage
3.40%
Election results per province/city.
The Philippine presidential and vice presidential elections of 1992 were held on May 11, 1992.[1] This was the first general election held under the 1987 Constitution . An estimated 80,000 candidates ran for 17,000 posts from the presidency down to municipal councilors.
The new constitution limited the president to a single six-year term with no possibility of reelection, even if nonsuccessive.[2] Although some of President Corazon Aquino 's advisers suggested that she could run for a second term,[3] as she was sworn in before the 1987 Constitution took effect, Aquino did not run again.[4]
In the presidential election, retired general Fidel Ramos of Lakas–NUCD narrowly defeated populist candidate Miriam Defensor Santiago of the People's Reform Party .[5] Ramos also got the lowest plurality in the Philippine electoral history, and beat the previous election for the closest margin of victory, percentage-wise (this record would later be beaten by the 2004 election ).[6]
Santiago led the canvassing of votes for the first five days but then was overtaken by Ramos in a few days. Santiago cried fraud and filed an electoral protest citing power outages as evidence.[7] Various media personnel became witnesses to the fraud made in the election, where the phrase, 'Miriam won in the election, but lost in the counting' became popular.[8] However, her protest was eventually dismissed by the Supreme Court of the Philippines.[7]
The 1992 election was the second time both president and vice president came from different parties.[9] Movie actor and Senator Joseph Estrada , running with presidential candidate Eduardo Cojuanco , won a six-year term as Vice-President .[10]
Under the transitory provisions of the Constitution, 24 senators were elected in this election. The first 12 senators who garnered the highest votes would have six-year terms while the next 12 senators would have three-year terms.[11] Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino (LDP) got a large share in the Senate race.[12] Television personality and Quezon City Vice Mayor Vicente Sotto III (also known as Tito Sotto) got the highest number of votes.[13]
Results
For President
Candidate Party Votes % Fidel V. Ramos Lakas–NUCD 5,342,521 23.58 Miriam Defensor Santiago People's Reform Party 4,468,173 19.72 Eduardo Cojuangco Jr. Nationalist People's Coalition 4,116,376 18.17 Ramon Mitra Jr. Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino 3,316,661 14.64 Imelda Marcos Kilusang Bagong Lipunan 2,338,294 10.32 Jovito Salonga Liberal Party 2,302,124 10.16 Salvador Laurel Nacionalista Party 770,046 3.40 Total 22,654,195 100.00 Valid votes 22,654,195 93.40 Invalid/blank votes 1,600,759 6.60 Total votes 24,254,954 100.00 Registered voters/turnout 32,141,079 75.46 Source: Nohlen, Grotz, Hartmann, Hasall and Santos[14]
Popular vote
Ramos
23.58%
Defensor-Santiago
19.72%
Cojuangco
18.17%
Mitra
14.64%
Marcos
10.32%
Salonga
10.16%
Laurel
3.40%
Breakdown
By region
Region
Ramos
Santiago
Cojuangco
Mitra
Marcos
Salonga
Laurel
colspan="2" style="background:Template:Lakas-CMD/meta/color ;"|
colspan="2" style="background:Template:People's Reform Party/meta/color ;"|
colspan="2" style="background:Template:Nationalist People's Coalition/meta/color ;"|
colspan="2" style="background:Template:Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino/meta/color ;"|
colspan="2" style="background:Template:Kilusang Bagong Lipunan/meta/color ;"|
colspan="2" style="background:Template:Liberal Party (Philippines)/meta/color ;"|
colspan="2" style="background:Template:Nacionalista Party/meta/color ;"|
Votes
%
Votes
%
Votes
%
Votes
%
Votes
%
Votes
%
Votes
%
Ilocos Region
621,827
43.49
74,084
5.18
376,465
26.33
67,009
4.68
355,550
24.86
22,960
1.60
7,006
0.49
Cordillera Administrative Region
76,643
18.14
66,348
15.71
89,441
21.17
76,224
18.04
65,969
15.62
45,133
10.68
2,542
0.60
Cagayan Valley
110,237
13.52
46,378
5.58
282,798
34.06
91,970
11.07
241,125
29.04
56,447
6.79
1,167
0.14
Central Luzon
703,089
27.56
526,734
20.64
768,166
30.11
225,253
8.84
140,730
5.51
184,943
7.23
2,197
0.08
National Capital Region
679,171
20.53
990,288
29.94
572,301
17.30
193,398
5.84
379,846
11.47
438,048
13.24
54,273
1.64
Calabarzon
431,989
17.23
490,569
19.57
411,879
19.22
295,095
11.77
135,772
5.41
284,145
11.33
457,147
18.23
Mimaropa
96,708
15.63
82,029
13.26
92,416
14.94
235,465
38.07
31,909
5.15
54,611
8.83
25,296
4.09
Bicol Region
292,720
19.72
246,842
16.62
235,195
15.84
296,891
20.00
87,664
5.90
272,771
18.37
52,275
3.52
Western Visayas
326,701
16.03
1,240,002
60.87
253,649
12.44
134,834
6.61
20,130
0.98
50,954
2.50
10,581
0.51
Central Visayas
618,520
35.24
168,240
9.58
244,732
13.94
545,245
31.07
54,063
3.08
88,068
5.00
35,841
2.04
Eastern Visayas
254,258
22.90
49,021
4.41
87,285
7.86
192,090
17.30
346,121
31.18
173,478
15.62
7,735
0.69
Zamboanga Peninsula
216,351
30.66
106,035
15.02
140,064
19.85
143,341
20.31
28,943
4.10
58,540
8.29
12,336
1.74
Northern Mindanao
278,498
27.18
80,994
7.90
148,357
14.48
174,646
17.05
133,355
13.01
187,345
18.29
21,112
2.06
Davao Region
262,650
26.01
86,598
8.57
152,240
15.07
193,339
19.14
148,748
14.73
154,130
15.26
12,021
1.19
Soccsksargen
112,516
15.93
198,091
28.04
70,825
10.02
97,871
13.85
138,069
19.54
82,291
11.65
6,596
0.93
Caraga
200,305
31.04
37,396
5.79
80,065
12.41
131,967
20.45
75,611
11.71
102,147
15.83
17,668
2.73
ARMM
152,118
25.31
38,197
6.35
109,470
18.21
224,015
37.27
17,754
2.95
38,009
6.32
21,372
3.55
For Vice President
Summary
Candidate Party Votes % Joseph Estrada Nationalist People's Coalition 6,739,738 33.01 Marcelo Fernan Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino 4,438,494 21.74 Lito Osmeña Lakas–NUCD 3,362,467 16.47 Ramon Magsaysay Jr. People's Reform Party 2,900,556 14.20 Aquilino Pimentel Jr. [a] PDP–Laban 2,023,289 9.91 Vicente Magsaysay Kilusang Bagong Lipunan 699,895 3.43 Eva Estrada Kalaw Nacionalista Party 255,730 1.25 Total 20,420,169 100.00 Valid votes 20,420,169 84.19 Invalid/blank votes 3,834,785 15.81 Total votes 24,254,954 100.00 Registered voters/turnout 32,141,079 75.46 Source: Nohlen, Grotz, Hartmann, Hasall and Santos[15]
Popular vote
Estrada
33.00%
Fernan
21.74%
Osmeña
16.47%
R. Magsaysay Jr.
14.20%
Pimentel
9.91%
V. Magsaysay
3.43%
Kalaw
1.25%
See also
References
^ "Phl presidential elections and the stock market" . The Philippine Star . Retrieved 2018-11-08 .
^ "THE 1987 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES – ARTICLE VII" . Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines . Retrieved 2018-11-08 .
^ Jurado, Emil P. (25 July 1988). "Realignment of forces" . Manila Standard . Retrieved 2018-11-08 – via Google News Archive.
^ Shenon, Philip. "Aquino Endorses Ex-Army Chief in Vote" . Retrieved 2018-11-08 .
^ "Ramos Is Declared New President 6 Weeks After Philippine Election" . Retrieved 2018-11-08 .
^ Singh, Daljit; Salazar, Lorraine Carlos (2006). Southeast Asian Affairs 2006 . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 227 . ISBN 9789812303738 . closest margin win 2004 election philippines.
^ a b Servando, Kristine F. "Miriam: I was cheated, but didn't call for people power" . ABS-CBN News . Retrieved 2018-11-08 .
^ Wolfgang, Sachsenroeder (2018-05-30). Power Broking In The Shade: Party Finances And Money Politics In Southeast Asia . World Scientific. ISBN 9789813230750 .
^ "Single ticket: How about voting for president and VP together?" . Rappler . Retrieved 2018-11-08 .
^ "Erap presidency redux" . The Philippine Star . Retrieved 2018-11-08 .
^ "Term of Office of Senators" . senate.gov.ph . Retrieved November 8, 2018 .
^ Banks, Arthur S.; Day, Alan J.; Muller, Thomas C.; 0, 0 (2016-02-01). Political Handbook of the World 1998 . Springer. ISBN 9781349149513 .
^ "Senators Profile - Vicente C. Sotto III" . www.senate.gov.ph . Retrieved 2018-11-08 .
^ Dieter Nohlen ; Florian Grotz; Christof Hartmann; Graham Hassall; Soliman M. Santos. Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook: Volume II: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific .
^ Dieter Nohlen ; Florian Grotz; Christof Hartmann; Graham Hassall; Soliman M. Santos. Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook: Volume II: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific .
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