Prefecture (China)

formally Prefecture-level divisions
Chinese name
Simplified Chinese	地级行政区
Traditional Chinese	地級行政區
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Dì Jí Xíngzhèngqū
Alternative Chinese name
Simplified Chinese	地区
Traditional Chinese	地區
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Dìqū
Tibetan name
Tibetan	ས་ཁུལ་
Transcriptions Wylie sa khul Tibetan Pinyin Sakü
Zhuang name
Zhuang	Dagih
Mongolian name
Mongolian Cyrillic	Translate as League (盟) ᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠭ
Transcriptions SASM/GNC ayimaɣ
Uyghur name
Uyghur	ۋىلايىت‎
Transcriptions Latin Yëziqi Wilayit Yengi Yeziⱪ Vilayit SASM/GNC Vilayit
Manchu name
Manchu script	ᠪᠠ

former name (1949-1971)
Chinese name
Simplified Chinese	专级行政区
Traditional Chinese	專級行政區
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Zhuān Jí Xíngzhèngqū
former name (1949-1971)
Simplified Chinese	专区
Traditional Chinese	專區
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Zhuānqū
former name (1932-1949)
Simplified Chinese	行政督察区
Traditional Chinese	行政督察區
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Xíngzhèng Dūcháqū
Tibet only (1910-1960)
Chinese	基巧
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Jīqiǎo
Tibetan name
Tibetan	སྤྱི་ཁྱབ
Transcriptions Wylie spyi khyab Tibetan Pinyin Jikyab

Prefectures, formally a kind of prefecture-level divisions as a term in the context of China, are used to refer to several unrelated political divisions in both ancient and modern China. There are 333 prefecture-level divisions in China. They include 7 prefectures, 293 prefecture-level cities, 30 autonomous prefectures and 3 leagues. Other than provincial level divisions, prefectural level divisions are not mentioned in the Chinese constitution.

Types of prefectural level divisions

Further information: List of prefectures in China

Province	Prefecture-level city	Autonomous Prefecture	Prefecture	League
National total	293	30	7	3
Beijing	0	0	0	0
Tianjin	0	0	0	0
Hebei	11	0	0	0
Shanxi	11	0	0	0
Inner Mongolia	9	0	0	3
Liaoning	14	0	0	0
Jilin	8	1	0	0
Heilongjiang	12	0	1	0
Shanghai	0	0	0	0
Jiangsu	13	0	0	0
Zhejiang	11	0	0	0
Anhui	16	0	0	0
Fujian	9	0	0	0
Jiangxi	11	0	0	0
Shandong	16	0	0	0
Henan	17	0	0	0
Hubei	12	1	0	0
Hunan	13	1	0	0
Guangdong	21	0	0	0
Guangxi	14	0	0	0
Hainan	4	0	0	0
Chongqing	0	0	0	0
Sichuan	18	3	0	0
Guizhou	6	3	0	0
Yunnan	8	8	0	0
Tibet	6	0	1	0
Shaanxi	10	0	0	0
Gansu	12	2	0	0
Qinghai	2	6	0	0
Ningxia	5	0	0	0
Xinjiang	4	5	5	0

Prefecture

Prefectures are administrative subdivisions of provincial-level divisions.

The administrative commission (Chinese: 行政公署; pinyin: xíngzhèng gōngshǔ) is an administrative branch office with the rank of a national ministerial department (Chinese: 司级) and dispatched by the higher-level provincial government. The leader of the prefecture government, titled as prefectural administrative commissioner (Chinese: 行政公署专员; pinyin: xíngzhèng gōngshǔ zhūanyūan), is appointed by the provincial government. Instead of local People's Congresses, the prefecture's working commission of the standing committee of the provincial People’s Congress is dispatched and supervises the prefecture governments, but can not elect or dismiss prefecture governments. The prefecture's working committee of the provincial committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference is a part of the prefecture's committee of the CPPCC. This means that the prefecture's working committee of CPPCC is a branch of the provincial committee of CPPCC, not an individual society entity. The same is valid for provincial CPPCC, which are formally sections of the national CPPCC.

The term prefecture was developed from the former Circuit, which was a level between the provincial and the county level during the Qing dynasty. In 1928, the government of the Republic of China abolished the circuit level and the province administrated county directly, but soon, this reform was found unfeasible because some provinces had hundreds of counties. Consequently, in 1932, provinces were again subdivided into several prefectures, and regional administrative offices were set up.

At one point, prefectures were the most common type of prefecture-level division. Today they have been mostly converted into prefecture-level cities, and the trend is still ongoing with only 7 prefectures remaining in China.

Name	Chinese	Province	Population (2010)	Area (km²)	Prefecture Seat
Daxing'anling Prefecture	大兴安岭地区	Heilongjiang	511,564	46,755	Jiagedaqi District (de facto); Mohe city (de jure)
Ngari Prefecture	阿里地区	Tibet	95,465	304,683	Sênggêzangbo town, Gar County
Altay Prefecture	阿勒泰地区	Xinjiang	603,280	117,988	Altay city
Tacheng Prefecture	塔城地区	Xinjiang	1,219,212	94,891	Tacheng city
Kashgar Prefecture	喀什地区	Xinjiang	3,979,362	112,058	Kashgar city
Aksu Prefecture	阿克苏地区	Xinjiang	2,370,887	128,099	Aksu city
Hotan Prefecture	和田地区	Xinjiang	2,014,365	248,946	Hotan city

Prefecture-level city

Main article: Prefecture-level city

Prefecture-level cities (地级市 pinyin: dìjíshì) are municipalities that are given prefecture status and the right to govern surrounding counties. In practice, prefecture-level cities are so large that they are just like any other prefectures (prefecture-level administrative divisions), and not cities in the traditional sense of the word at all.

Prefecture-level cities are the most common type of prefecture-level division in mainland China today.

League

Main article: Leagues of China

Leagues (Chinese: 盟; pinyin: méng) are the prefectures of Inner Mongolia. The name comes from a kind of ancient Mongolian administrative unit used during the Qing Dynasty in Mongolia. To preempt any sense of Mongolian unity or solidarity, the Qing Dynasty executed divide and rule policies in which Mongolian Banners (county-level regions) were separated from each other. Leagues had no true ruler-ship, they only had conventional assemblies consisting of banners. During the ROC era, the leagues had a status equivalent to provinces. Leagues contain banners, equivalent to counties.

After the establishment of the provincial-level Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in 1947, leagues of Inner Mongolia became equal to prefectures in other provinces and autonomous regions. The governments of the league, (Chinese: 行政公署; pinyin: xíngzhènggōngshǔ), is the administrative branch office dispatched by People's Government of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The leader of the league's government, titled as league leader (Chinese: 盟长; pinyin: méngzhǎng), is appointed by People's Government of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. So are deputy leaders of leagues. Instead of local level of People's Congress, league's working commissions of the Standing Committee of the People’s Congress of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region are detached and supervise the league's governments, but can not elect or dismiss league's government officials. In such a way, the league's working committee of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region's committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference is instead of league's committee of CPPCC.

Just like prefectures, most leagues have been replaced by prefecture-level cities. There are only 3 leagues remaining in Inner Mongolia.

Name	Chinese	Province	Population (2010)	Area (km²)	Prefecture Seat
Alxa League	阿拉善盟	Inner Mongolia	231,334	267,574	Bayanhot Elute Subdistrict, Alxa Left Banner
Xilingol League	锡林郭勒盟	Inner Mongolia	1,028,022	202,580	Xilinhot city
Hinggan League	兴安盟	Inner Mongolia	1,613,250	59,806	Ulanhot city

Autonomous prefecture

Main article: Autonomous prefecture

Autonomous prefectures (自治州; zìzhìzhōu) either have over 50% of the population with ethnic minorities or are historically resided by significant minorities. All autonomous prefectures are mostly dominated, in population, by the Han Chinese. The official name of an autonomous prefecture includes the most dominant minority in that region, sometimes two, rarely three. For example, a Kazakh (Kazak in official naming system) prefecture may be called Kazak Zizhizhou.

Like all other prefecture-level divisions, autonomous prefectures are divided into county-level divisions. There is one exception: Ili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture contains two prefectures of its own.

Under the Constitution of the People's Republic of China, autonomous prefectures cannot be abolished. However, two autonomous prefecture were dissolved when new provinces were established such as Hainan Li and Miao Autonomous Prefecture when Hainan Province was established in 1988 and Qianjiang Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture when Chongqing Municipality was established in 1997.

Development zone

Development zones (开发区; kāifāqū) were temporary prefectural level divisions. Chongqing was a development zone before it became a municipality, and two development zones were set up within Chongqing immediately after it became a municipality. These divisions were temporary and no longer exist.

• Qianjiang Migration Development Area - formerly as Qianjiang Prefecture
• Wanxian Migration Development Area - formerly as Wanxian City (Prefecture-level)

Legal status

The constitution of the People's Republic of China does not endorse any prefectural level division, except for autonomous prefectures. Prefectures and leagues are not at all mentioned; provinces are explicitly stated to be divided directly into counties.

The constitution does not explicitly endorse the existence of prefecture-level cities; but it does mention that "comparatively large cities" (较大的市) are divided into counties and districts. However, there are only 49 prefectural level cities that have been designated as "comparatively large". As a result, the vast majority of prefecture-level cities do not have the constitutional basis for governing districts and counties.

The wholesale conversion of prefectures into prefectural level cities has resulted in the phenomenon of "cities containing cities" — prefectural level cities containing county level cities. There is no legal basis for this, not even for the 49 "comparatively large cities". Thus, the county-level cities technically do not "belong" to the prefecture-level city, but are instead "governed on behalf" (代管) of the province by the prefectural level city, though in practice the county level cities do indeed belong to their governing prefectural level cities.

Ancient sense

In the history of the political divisions of China, the word "prefecture" has been applied onto three unrelated types of division: the xian, the zhou and the fu. In general the word "prefecture" is applied onto xian for the period before the Sui Dynasty and Tang Dynasty; for the period after, xian are called "districts" or "counties", while "prefectures" now refer to zhou and fu.

Xian

Main article: Counties of the People's Republic of China

Xian (县/縣) were first established during the Warring States period, and have existed continuously ever since. Today, they continue to form an important part of the political divisions of China.

Xian has been translated using several English language terms. In the context of ancient history, "district" and "prefecture" are the most commonly used terms, while "county" is generally used for more contemporary contexts.

Zhou

Main article: Zhou (country subdivision)

Zhou (州) were first established during the Han Dynasty, and were abolished only with the establishment of the Republic of China.

Zhou is generally translated as "province" or "region" for the period before the Sui Dynasty, and "prefecture" for the period from the Sui Dynasty onwards.

The People's Republic of China has revived the word zhou as part of the term "zizhizhou" (自治州), which is translated as "autonomous prefectures", as described above.

Fu

Main articles: Fu (country subdivision) and List of fu prefectures of China

Fu (府) were first established during the Tang Dynasty, and were also abolished with the establishment of the Republic of China.

During the Tang and Song dynasties, the term was mainly applied to prefectures with major urban centers. For this period, it is often translated as "urban prefecture" or "superior prefecture". Later, however, most first-level prefectures under provinces would become known as fu.

See also

• Administrative divisions of China
• List of prefectures in China
• Prefecture-level city