Dhuwal language
| Dhuwal | |
|---|---|
| Dhay'yi | |
| Native to | Australia |
| Region | Northern Territory |
| Ethnicity | Daii, Dhuwal, Dhuwala, Makarrwanhalmirr |
Native speakers | 5,171 (2016 census)[1] |
Pama–Nyungan
| |
Standard forms |
|
| Dialects |
|
| Yolŋu Sign Language | |
| Official status | |
Official language in | Northern Territory (as lingua franca for aborigines)[2] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | Variously:dwu – Dhuwaldjr – Djambarrpuyngugnn – Gumatjguf – Gupapuyngudax – Dayi (Dhay'yi)dwy – Dhuwaya |
| Glottolog | dhuw1248 Dhuwal-Dhuwaladayi1244 Dayi |
| AIATSIS[3] | N198 Dhuwal, N199 Dhuwala, N118 Dhay'yi |
| ELP | Dhuwala |
Dhuwal (also Dual, Duala) is one of the Yolŋu languages spoken by Aboriginal Australians in the Northern Territory, Australia. Although all Yolŋu languages are mutually intelligible to some extent, Dhuwal represents a distinct dialect continuum of eight separate varieties.
Dialects
According to linguist Robert M. W. Dixon,
- Dialects of the Yirritja moiety are (a) Gupapuyngu and Gumatj;
- Dialects of the Dhuwa moiety are (b) Djambarrpuyngu, Djapu, Liyagalawumirr, and Guyamirlili (Gwijamil).
- In addition, it would appear that the Dhay'yi (Dayi) dialects, (a) Dhalwangu and (b) Djarrwark, are part of the same language.[4]
Ethnologue divides Dhuwal into four languages, plus Dayi and the contact variety Dhuwaya (numbers are from the 2006 census.[citation needed]):
- Dhuwal proper, Datiwuy, Dhuwaya, Liyagawumirr, Marrangu, and Djapu: 600 speakers
- Djampbarrpuyŋu, 2,760 speakers
- Gumatj, 240 speakers
- Gupapuyngu, 330 speakers
- Dhay'yi (Dayi) and Dhalwangu, 170 speakers
Dhuwaya is a stigmatised contact variant[clarification needed] used by the younger generation in informal contexts, and is the form taught in schools, having replaced Gumatj ca. 1990.[citation needed]
Sounds
Consonants[5]
| Bilabial | Lamino- dental |
Apico- alveolar |
Retroflex | Lamino- palatal |
Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fortis | p | t̪ | t | ʈ | c | k | ʔ |
| Lenis | b | d̪ | d | ɖ | ɟ | g | |
| Nasal | m | n̪ | n | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | |
| Tap | ɾ | ||||||
| Glide | ɻ | j | w | ||||
| Lateral | l | ɭ |
Vowels[5][6]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i, iː | u, uː | |
| Low | a, aː |
Vowel length is contrastive in first syllable only.
Orthography
Probably every Australian language with speakers remaining has had an orthography developed for it, in each case in the Latin script. Sounds not found in English are usually represented by digraphs, or more rarely by diacritics, such as underlines, or extra symbols, sometimes borrowed from the International Phonetic Alphabet. Some examples are shown in the following table.
| Language | Example | Translation | Type |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pitjantjatjara dialect of the Western Desert language | paṉa | 'earth, dirt, ground; land' | diacritic (underline) indicates the retroflex nasal ([ɳ]) |
| Wajarri | nhanha | 'this, this one' | digraph indicating the dental nasal ([n̪]) |
| Yolŋu languages | yolŋu | 'person, man' | 'ŋ' represents the velar nasal (borrowed from the International Phonetic Alphabet) |
References
- ^ ABS. "Census 2016, Language spoken at home by Sex (SA2+)". stat.data.abs.gov.au. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
- ^ http://www.ethnologue.com/language/djr
- ^ N198 Dhuwal at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (see the info box for additional links)
- ^ Dixon, Robert M. W. (2002). Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development. Cambridge University Press. p. xxxvi. ISBN 978-0-521-47378-1.
- ^ a b Heath, Jeffrey (1980). Dhuwal (Arnhem Land) texts on kinship and other subjects, with grammatical sketch and dictionary. Oceania Linguistics Monographs, 23.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Walker, Alan; Zorc, David R. (1981). "Austronesian loanwords in Yolngu-Matha of northeast Arnhem Land". Aboriginal History. 5: 109–134.