1521
(Redirected from AD 1521)
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | |
| Decades: | |
| Years: |
| 1521 by topic |
|---|
| Arts and science |
| Leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
| Births – Deaths |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Establishments – Disestablishments |
| Works category |
| Gregorian calendar | 1521 MDXXI |
| Ab urbe condita | 2274 |
| Armenian calendar | 970 ԹՎ ՋՀ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6271 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1442–1443 |
| Bengali calendar | 928 |
| Berber calendar | 2471 |
| English Regnal year | 12 Hen. 8 – 13 Hen. 8 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2065 |
| Burmese calendar | 883 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7029–7030 |
| Chinese calendar | 庚辰年 (Metal Dragon) 4218 or 4011 — to — 辛巳年 (Metal Snake) 4219 or 4012 |
| Coptic calendar | 1237–1238 |
| Discordian calendar | 2687 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1513–1514 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5281–5282 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1577–1578 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1442–1443 |
| - Kali Yuga | 4621–4622 |
| Holocene calendar | 11521 |
| Igbo calendar | 521–522 |
| Iranian calendar | 899–900 |
| Islamic calendar | 927–928 |
| Japanese calendar | Eishō 18 / Daiei 1 (大永元年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1438–1439 |
| Julian calendar | 1521 MDXXI |
| Korean calendar | 3854 |
| Minguo calendar | 391 before ROC 民前391年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | 53 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2063–2064 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阳金龙年 (male Iron-Dragon) 1647 or 1266 or 494 — to — 阴金蛇年 (female Iron-Snake) 1648 or 1267 or 495 |
1521 (MDXXI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 1521st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 521st year of the 2nd millennium, the 21st year of the 16th century, and the 2nd year of the 1520s decade.
Events
[edit]
January–March
[edit]- January 3 – Pope Leo X excommunicates Martin Luther, in the papal bull Decet Romanum Pontificem.[1]
- January 22 – Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, opens the Diet of Worms in Worms, Germany.[2]
- January 27 – Suleiman the Magnificent suppresses a revolt by the ruler of Damascus, Janbirdi al-Ghazali.[3]
- February 2 – The Nydala Abbey Bloodbath takes place at Nydala Abbey, Sweden; the abbot and many monks are murdered by Danes.[4]
- March 6
- Ferdinand Magellan makes the first European contact with Guam,[5] most likely landing in Tumon.[6]
- Martin Luther is summoned to appear before the Diet of Worms.[7]
- March 16 – Ferdinand Magellan reaches the Philippines, in eastern Samar.[8]
- March 31 – The First Mass in the Philippines is held.[9]
April–June
[edit]- April 7
- Ferdinand Magellan arrives at Cebu.[10]
- Martin Luther preaches an inflammatory sermon to students at Erfurt, while on his way to Worms.[11]
- April 16–18 – Martin Luther is examined before Emperor Charles V and the Diet of Worms, where he refuses to recant his writings and allegedly proclaims, "Here I stand", regarding his belief in the Bible alone, as the standard of Christian doctrine.
- April 23 – Revolt of the Comuneros – Battle of Villalar: Castilian royalists defeat the rebels.[12] Juan López de Padilla, Francisco Maldonado, and Juan Bravo are executed the following day as the leaders of the rebels.
- April 26 – Martin Luther leaves Worms and disappears for around a year[13] – he is rumored to be murdered, but is actually in hiding at the Wartburg castle.[14]
- April 27 – Battle of Mactan: Ferdinand Magellan is killed in the Philippines when he confronts Lapulapu, the chief of the island.[15]
- April or May – Battle of Tunmen in Tuen Mun (present-day Hong Kong): The Ming Dynasty navy defeats the Portuguese navy[16] (arguably the first Sino-European battle in world history).
- May 17 – Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for treason in Tower Hill.[17]
- May 20 – At the Battle of Pampeluna in Italy, and alliance of forces from French and the Kingdom of Navarre forces defeat those of Spain.[18]
- May 25 – The Diet of Worms ends when Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor issues the Edict of Worms, declaring Martin Luther an outlaw and banning his literature.[19]
- May 27 – After death of his cousin, Jiajing, Prince Zhu Houcong became the new Ming dynasty Emperor of China, taking the imperial name of the Emperor Jiajing becomes the new.[20]
- June 25 – Suleiman the Magnificent begins the siege of Belgrade.
- June 29 or 30 – The oldest surviving dateable document written primarily in the Romanian language: Neacșu's letter, written by a trader from Câmpulung, to Johannes Benkner, the mayor of Brașov, warning that the Ottoman Empire is preparing its troops to cross into Wallachia and Transylvania; the script used is Romanian Cyrillic.
- June 30 – Battle of Esquiroz: French forces under André de Foix, fighting for the exiled King of Navarre Henri d'Albret, are defeated by the Spanish, and forced to abandon their attempt to recover Henri's kingdom.[21]
July–September
[edit]- July 15 — San Juan Bautista is founded as the new capital of the archipelago of Puerto Rico.
- August 13 – Fall of Tenochtitlan: Cuauhtémoc surrenders to Cortés,[22] thus incorporating the Aztec Empire into the Spanish Empire and ending the Late Postclassic period in Mesoamerica.
- August 20 – The Italian War of 1521–1526 breaks out between Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and Francis I of France as Henry III of Nassau-Breda leads Imperial troops on an invasion of northeastern France.[23]
- August 29 – Belgrade is captured by the Ottoman army of Suleiman the Magnificent.[24][25]
October–December
[edit]- October 25 – The Revolt of the Comuneros, an uprising by citizens of the Kingdom of Castile against the rule of Spain's King Carlos I, ends as the comuneros surrender Toledo.[26]
- November 23 – Spanish–German–Papal forces under Prospero Colonna force French Marshal Odet de Lautrec to abandon Milan.
- December 27 – The Zwickau prophets arrive in Wittenberg, disturbing the peace and spreading the idea of rejecting infant baptism.[27]
Date unknown
[edit]- Jacopo Berengario da Carpi publishes Commentaria cum amplissimus additionibus super anatomiam Mundini in Bologna, including observation of the vermiform appendix.[28]
- The Grand Duchy of Ryazan is annexed by the Grand Duchy of Moscow.[29]
Births
[edit]
- March 21 – Maurice, Elector of Saxony (d. 1553)[30]
- April 5 – Francesco Laparelli, Italian architect (d. 1570)[31]
- April 14 – Johann Marbach, German theologian (d. 1581)[32]
- April 18 – François de Coligny d'Andelot, French general (d. 1569)[33]
- May 8 – Petrus Canisius, Dutch Jesuit (d. 1597)[34]
- May 10 – John Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Coburg, (d. 1553)[35]
- June 8 – Maria of Portugal, Duchess of Viseu, daughter of King Manuel I (d. 1577)[36]
- June 21 – John II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Haderslev (d. 1580)[37]
- August 4 – Pope Urban VII (d. 1590)[38]
- August 19 – Lodovico Guicciardini, Italian historian (d. 1589)[39][40]
- October 1 – Frederick Magnus I, Count of Solms-Laubach, (d. 1561)
- November 21 – Edmund Sheffield, 1st Baron Sheffield, English baron (d. 1549)[41]
- November 29 – Marcantonio Maffei, Italian Catholic archbishop and cardinal (d. 1583)[42]
- December 1 – Takeda Shingen, Japanese warlord (d. 1573)
- December 13 – Pope Sixtus V (d. 1590)[43]
- date unknown
- Anne Askew, English Protestant martyr (d. 1546)[44]
- John Aylmer, English divine (d. 1594)[45]
- Sue Harukata, Japanese retainer and later daimyō under Ōuchi Yoshitaka (d. 1555)[46]
- Thomas Chaloner, English statesman and poet (d. 1565)[47]
- Philippe de Monte, Flemish composer (d. 1603)[48]
- Rokkaku Yoshikata, Japanese daimyō (d. 1598)[49]
- Thomas Wyatt the Younger, English rebel (d. 1554)[50]
- possible
- Catherine Howard, fifth queen of Henry VIII of England, (b. between 1518 and 1524; d. 1542)[51]
Deaths
[edit]
- January 6 – Cardinal William de Croÿ (b. 1497)[52]
- January 15 – John II, Duke of Cleves (b. 1458)[53]
- April 20 – Zhengde Emperor of China (b. 1491)[54]
- April 24 – Spanish rebels (executed)[12]
- April 27 – Ferdinand Magellan, Portuguese explorer (b. 1480)[55]
- April 28 – Suzanne, Duchess of Bourbon (b. 1491)[56]
- May 10 – Sebastian Brant, German humanist and satirist (b. 1457)[57]
- May 17 – Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham (executed) (b. 1478)[17]
- June 15 – Tamás Bakócz, Hungarian Catholic cardinal and statesman (b. 1442)[58]
- June 22 – Leonardo Loredan, Doge of Venice (b. 1436)[59]
- July – Juan Ponce de León, Spanish conquistador (b. 1460)[60]
- July 9 – Raffaele Riario, Italian cardinal (b. 1461)[61]
- August 27 – Josquin des Prez, Flemish composer (b. c. 1450)[62]
- September 12 – In the Italian War, the Holy Roman Empire abandons its siege of the French-controlled city of Parma after 17 days.[63]
- September 15 –
- Gazi Husrev Bey replaces Bali-beg Jahjapašić as the Ottoman Governor of Bosnia.
- Teodosie becomes the new Voivode of Wallachia, at the capital, Targoviste, now in Romania.
- October 7 – Margaret of Anhalt-Köthen, Princess of Anhalt by birth, Duchess consort of Saxony (b. 1494)[64]
- October 22 – Edward Poynings, Lord Deputy to King Henry VII of England (b. 1459)[65]
- October 24 – Robert Fayrfax, English Renaissance composer (b. 1464)[66]
- November 2 – Margaret of Lorraine, French Duchess of Alençon, Roman Catholic nun and blessed (b. 1463)[67]
- December 1 – Pope Leo X (b. 1475)[68]
- December 13 – King Manuel I of Portugal (b. 1469)[69]
- December 21 – Domenico Spadafora, Italian Roman Catholic priest and blessed (b. 1450)[70]
- 1521 in art
-
March–April: Ferdinand Magellan's voyage around the world. -
May 25: Martin Luther outlawed. -
Hans Maler zu Schwaz, Portrait of a beardless man with the inscription:
"ALS MAN. 1521. ZALT. WAS. ICH. 33. IAR ALT"
(mutatis mutandis to English: "as we had in 1521, I was 33 years old) -
Lorenzo Lotto, Christ Taking Leave of His Mother
References
[edit]- ^ Michael M. Tavuzzi (1997). Prierias: The Life and Works of Silvestro Mazzolini Da Prierio, 1456-1527. Duke University Press. p. 80. ISBN 0-8223-1976-4.
- ^ Hugh Chisholm; James Louis Garvin (1926). The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature & General Information. Encyclopædia Britannica Company. p. 137.
- ^ Pitcher, Donald Edgar (1972). An Historical Geography of the Ottoman Empire: From Earliest Times to the End of the Sixteenth Century. Brill Archive. p. 113. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
- ^ The Downside Review. Downside Abbey. 1970. p. 284.
- ^ Annual Economic Review and Statistical Abstract, Guam. Economic Research Center, Department of Commerce. 1994. p. 1. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
- ^ Rogers, Robert F.; Ballendorf, Dirk Anthony (1989). "Magellan's Landfall in the Mariana Islands". The Journal of Pacific History. 24 (2): 193–208. doi:10.1080/00223348908572614. ISSN 0022-3344. JSTOR 25169001. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
- ^ Gritsch, Eric W. (1 May 2009). Martin - God's Court Jester: Luther in Retrospect. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-60608-637-7. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
- ^ Arcilla, José S. (1998). An Introduction to Philippine History. Ateneo University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-971-550-261-0. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
- ^ Rosario Mendoza Cortes (2000). The Filipino Saga: History as Social Change. New Day Publishers. p. 29. ISBN 978-971-10-1055-3.
- ^ Aluit, Alphonso J. (1990). The Philippines: Comprehensive, Authoritative, Up-to-date. Solar Publishing Company. p. 305. ISBN 978-971-17-0637-1. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
- ^ Old, Hughes Oliphant (2 May 2002). The Reading and Preaching of the Scriptures in the Worship of the Christian Church, Volume 4: The Age of the Reformation. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-8028-4775-1. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
- ^ a b Haliczer, Stephen (1981). The Comuneros of Castile : the forging of a revolution, 1475-1521. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 204. ISBN 978-0-299-08500-1. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
- ^ "HISTORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH*". www.ccel.org. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
- ^ Saxl, Fritz (1970). A heritage of images: a selection of lectures. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-14-055088-7. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
- ^ Martínez-García, Ángeles; Gómez-Aguilar, Antonio (2019). "Magallanes: Building a Hero". Revista Latina de Comunicación Socia. 74: 618–636. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
- ^ Hao, Zhidong (1 January 2011). Macau History and Society. Hong Kong University Press. pp. 11–12. ISBN 978-988-8028-54-2. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
- ^ a b Harris, Barbara (1976). "The Trial of the Third Duke of Buckingham-A Revisionist View". The American Journal of Legal History. 20 (1): 15–26. doi:10.2307/844847. ISSN 0002-9319. JSTOR 844847. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
- ^ Studies. Studies. 1985. p. 230.
- ^ Darian-Smith, Eve (20 May 2010). Religion, Race, Rights: Landmarks in the History of Modern Anglo-American Law. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-84113-729-2. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
- ^ Geiss, James (1988). "The Chia-ching reign, 1522–1566". The Cambridge History of China. Vol. 7: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644. Cambridge University Press. pp. 440–510. ISBN 978-0-521-24332-2. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
- ^ Soraluce, Nicolás de (1864). Historia de la m. n. y m. l. Provincia de Guipúzcoa (in Spanish). Madrid: Joaquin Bernat. p. 241. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
- ^ Sheppard, Si (2018). Tenochtitlan 1519– 21. Clash Of Civilizations ( Si Sheppard). Bloomsbury. p. 87. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
- ^ Frieda, Leonie (2018). Francis I: The Maker of Modern France. London: Orion. pp. 132–133. ISBN 978-14746-0-558-8.
- ^ Wheatcroft, Andrew (28 April 2009). The Enemy at the Gate: Habsburgs, Ottomans, and the Battle for Europe. Basic Books. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-7867-4454-1. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
- ^ Sarı, İbrahim (6 February 2013). TÜRK'ÜN SAVAŞLARI: Türklerin İslam Dünyasındaki Liderliği ve Savaşları (in Turkish). Kitapoku. p. 216. ISBN 978-605-4746-20-0. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
- ^ Seaver, Henry Latimer (1928). The Great Revolt in Castile: A Study of the Comunero Movement of 1520–1521. New York: Octagon Books. p. 346.
- ^ Krentz, Natalie (14 March 2014). Ritualwandel und Deutungshoheit: Die frühe Reformation in der Residenzstadt Wittenberg (1500-1533) (in German). Mohr Siebeck. p. 205. ISBN 978-3-16-152679-4. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
- ^ Mary Agnes Burniston Brazier (1959). The Historical Development of Neurophysiology. American Physiological Society. p. 4.
- ^ A short history of the USSR. Moscow: Progress Publishers. 1965. p. 90. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
- ^ Beach, Frederick Converse; Morgan, Forrest; Rines, George Edwin; Roe, Edward Thomas; Dole, Nathan Haskell; Copeland, Thomas Campbell (1903). The Encyclopedia Americana. Americana Company. p. 94. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
- ^ Nuovo dizionario istorico (in Italian). Vol. XV. Naples: per Michele Morelli. 1791. p. 218. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
- ^ Horning, Wilhelm (1887). Dr. Johann Marbach, Pfarrer zu St. Nikolai, Münsterprediger, Professor und Präsident des Luth. Kirchenconvents in Strassburg, 1545-1581 (in German). Strasbourg: C.A. Vomhoff. p. 11. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
- ^ Vindry, Fleury (1901). Dictionnaire de l'état-major français au XVIe siècle (in French). Castanet. p. 161. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
- ^ "St. Peter Canisius". www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
- ^ Allgemeine deutsche biographie (in German). Vol. 14. Duncker und Humblot. 1881. p. 369. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
- ^ Vasconcellos, Carolina Michaëlis de (1902). A infanta D. Maria de Portugal (1521-1577) e suas damas (in Brazilian Portuguese). Typ. a vapor de A. J. de Souza & irmão. p. 17. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
- ^ Bricka, Carl Frederik (1892). Dansk biografisk lexikon (in Danish). Vol. 6. F. Hegel & Søn. p. 569. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
- ^ Grolier Incorporated (1997). The encyclopedia Americana. Grolier Incorporated. p. 18. ISBN 9780717201303.
- ^ Fantoni, Marcello (2005). Il Rinascimento italiano e l'Europa (in Italian). Fondazione Cassamarca. p. 165. ISBN 978-88-89527-17-7. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
- ^ "Guicciardini, Lodovico". Grove Art Online. 2003. doi:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T035507. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
- ^ "Sheffield, Edmund, first Baron Sheffield". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/25292. Retrieved 26 July 2023. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of May 17, 1570". cardinals.fiu.edu. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
- ^ RACAR, Revue D'art Canadienne: Canadian Art Review. Society for the Promotion of Art History Publications in Canada. 1990. p. 18.
- ^ Zahl, Paul (June 2001). Five Women of the English Reformation. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-8028-3045-6. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
- ^ "Aylmer, John". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/935. Retrieved 26 July 2023. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ "陶晴賢(すえはるかた)とは？". コトバンク (in Japanese). Retrieved 27 July 2023.
- ^ O'Sullivan, Dan (15 May 2016). The Reluctant Ambassador: The Life and Times of Sir Thomas Chaloner, Tudor Diplomat. Amberley Publishing Limited. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-4456-5165-1. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
- ^ Mann, Brian Richard (1983). The secular madrigals of Filippo di Monte, 1521-1603. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-8357-1402-0. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
- ^ Frederic, Louis (2002). Japan Encyclopedia. Harvard University Press. p. 794. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
- ^ "Wyatt, Sir Thomas". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/30112. Retrieved 27 July 2023. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ "Katherine [Catherine] [née Katherine Howard]". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/4892. Retrieved 27 July 2023. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ Fisquet, Honoré (1864). La France pontificale (in French). Etienne Repos. p. 229. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
- ^ "Johann II". www.deutsche-biographie.de (in German). Retrieved 27 July 2023.
- ^ 中国官场总览 (in Chinese). 經濟日報出版社. 1999. p. 1658. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
- ^ Deborah Wei; Rachael Kamel (1998). Resistance in Paradise: Rethinking 100 Years of U.S. Involvement in the Caribbean and the Pacific. American Friends Service Committee. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-910082-33-4.
- ^ La-Mure, Jean Marie de (1868). Histoire des ducs de Bourbon et des comtes de Forez: en forme d'annales sur preuves authentiques (in French). Potier. p. 564. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
- ^ Max Reinhart; James N. Hardin (1997). German Writers of the Renaissance and Reformation, 1280-1580. Gale Research. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-7876-1069-2.
- ^ Herbermann, Charles George (1913). The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. Encyclopedia Press. p. 214. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
- ^ Cappelletti, Giuseppe (1852). Storia della repubblica di Venezia dal suo principio sino al giorno d'oggi (in Italian). Vol. 8, 9. G. Antenelli. p. 33. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
- ^ Slavicek, Louise Chipley (2009). Juan Ponce de León. Infobase Publishing. p. 87. ISBN 978-1-4381-0684-7. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
- ^ "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of December 10, 1477". cardinals.fiu.edu. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
- ^ Elders, Willem (2013). Josquin Des Prez and His Musical Legacy: An Introductory Guide. Leuven University Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-90-5867-941-3. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
- ^ Mallett, Michael; Shaw, Christine (2012). The Italian Wars: 1494–1559. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-582-05758-6.
- ^ Kohnle, Armin; Rudersdorf, Manfred (28 June 2022). Briefe und Akten zur Kirchenpolitik Friedrichs des Weisen und Johanns...: Band 2: 1518–1522. Bearbeitet von Stefan Michel, Beate Kusche, Ulrike Ludwig, Konstantin Enge, Dagmar Blaha und Alexander Bartmuß unter Mitarbeit von Saskia Jähnigen und Steven Bickel (in German). Evangelische Verlagsanstalt. p. 20. ISBN 978-3-374-07173-9. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
- ^ "Poynings, Sir Edward". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/22683. Retrieved 27 July 2023. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ Fayrfax, Robert (1 January 1985). Sacred Music from the Lambeth Choirbook. A-R Editions, Inc. p. viii. ISBN 978-0-89579-150-4. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
- ^ Laurent, Eugène (1854). Histoire de Marguerite de Lorraine, Duchesse d'Alençon, bisaïeule de Henri IV., etc (in French). Barbier. p. 306. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
- ^ "Leo X | pope". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
- ^ Costa, António Leite da (4 November 2019). História de Portugal (in European Portuguese). Leya. p. 109. ISBN 978-972-20-6863-5. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
- ^ Brigliadori, Egidio; Pasquini, Agostino (2000). Religiosità in Valconca: vicende e figure (in Italian). Silvana. p. 122. ISBN 978-88-8215-266-6. Retrieved 27 July 2023.