Burgenland Croatian
| Burgenland Croatian | |
|---|---|
| gradišćanskohrvatski jezik | |
| Native to | Austria, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia |
| Ethnicity | Burgenland Croats |
Native speakers | 19,000 (in Burgenland) 50,000–60,000 (all speakers)[1] (2001 census)[2] |
| Official status | |
Recognised minority language in | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | burg1244 |
| ELP | Burgenland Croatian |
| IETF | ckm-AT |
 Dialects of Burgenland Croats by Josip Lisac | |
 Burgenland Croatian is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (2010) | |
| South Slavic languages and dialects |
|---|
Burgenland Croatian (gradišćanskohrvatski jezik; German: Burgenländisch-Kroatisch, Burgenlandkroatisch, burgenlandkroatische Sprache, burgenländisch-kroatischen Sprache, Hungarian: gradistyei horvát nyelv) is a regional variety of the Chakavian dialect of Croatian spoken in Austria, Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia. Burgenland Croatian is recognized as a minority language in the Austrian state of Burgenland, where it is spoken by 19,412 people according to official reports (2001).[2] Many of the Burgenland Croatian speakers in Austria also live in Vienna and Graz, due to the process of urbanization, which is mostly driven by the poor economic situation of large parts of Burgenland.
Smaller Croatian minorities in western Hungary, southwestern Slovakia, and southern Czech Republic are often also called Burgenland Croats. They use the Burgenland Croatian written language and are historically and culturally closely connected to the Austrian Croats. The representatives of the Burgenland Croats estimate their total number in all three countries and emigration at around 70,000.
Dialects
[edit]- Štoj dialect: dialect of the Croatian folklore group Štoji (Güttenbach, Stinatz, Neuberg), is Southern Chakavian dialect with some Western Shtokavian features[3][4]
- Vlah dialect: dialect of the "Vlahi" in Weiden bei Rechnitz, Zuberbach, Althodis, Schandorf, Dürnbach, Allersdorf, etc. due to some characteristics is considered a Western Shtokavian dialect, being a Schakavian Ikavian dialect without Neo-Shtokavian accent and with some similarities to Western Ikavian dialect and Slavonian dialect, but also has similarities and influences from neighboring Burgenland dialects[4][5][6]
- Dolinci dialect: dialect of the Dolinci in Unterpullendorf, Frankenau, Kleinmutschen, etc. is a Central Chakavian dialect[3]
- Poljan dialect: dialect of the Poljanci near Lake Neusiedl, is a Central Chakavian dialect[3]
- Hati dialect: Central Chakavian dialect of Hati near Neusiedl[3]
- Grob dialect: Central Chakavian dialect,[3][7][8] or mixed Chakavian-Kajkavian dialect,[9] spoken in Chorvátsky Grob etc. in Slovakia
History
[edit]
Burgenland Croatian was the language of Croatian refugees who fled Croatia during the Croatian–Ottoman wars and settled in the western part of what was then Hungary, the area where they still live. Burgenland Croats included speakers of all three dialects of the Croatian language (Shtokavian, Chakavian and Kajkavian), with the majority being the Chakavians. A part of them originally probably came from Dalmatia, and all of them mostly emigrated from the river Una valley.[3][4]
Burgenland Croats did not take part in the shaping of the present standard Croatian in the 19th century. Instead, they constructed their own written standard based mainly on the local Chakavian speech and adopted the Croatian alphabet, a modified Latin alphabet, as their script.
It is still a matter of debate whether Burgenland Croatian should be classified as a Slavic micro-language of its own. Burgenland Croatian dialects are mostly viewed as isolated dialects of the Croatian.
Burgenland Croatian and the Prekmurje Slovene of Slovene (in Prekmurje and Hungary) have influenced each other. The first Prekmurje Slovene works (for example, the Old Hymnal of Martjanci) was applied to the Burgenland Croatian books. A few of those that wrote in Prekmurje Slovene were of Burgenland Croatian descent (for example Jakab Szabár) and also Burgenland Croatian (József Ficzkó).
After the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy in 1918 the areas in which Burgenland Croats lived were divided between Austria, Czechoslovakia and Hungary. After 1921 most of these areas became part of Austria, which established a new province of Burgenland, after which the Croatian minority was named. In 1922 Austria founded the Apostolic administration of Burgenland and began to abolish bilingual schools through the introduction of the teaching of German in all primary schools. This process halted temporarily after the adoption of The National Education Act, which allowed for Croatian-language elementary schools. After Hitler's annexation of Austria in 1938 this law was abolished. In 1955 the Austrian State Treaty was signed. This permitted the Burgenland Croats to use Croatian in education, judiciary and public administration. With the adoption of the Law on National Minorities in 1976, use of Croatian in public life became further limited. As a result of the 1987 acceptance of a constitutional complaint, parts of the law were changed and Croatian was introduced as an official language in 6 out of 7 districts of Burgenland.[10]
Written language
[edit]Burgenland Croatian written language is based mainly on the local Chakavian dialect with some influences from the other Croatian dialects spoken in Burgenland. It uses the Latin alphabet with the same diacritical modifiers as the Croatian alphabet. In the course of language development it acquired some of its own specialised vocabulary, sometimes different from that used in standard Croatian.
The popular The Little Prince has also been translated into Burgenland Croatian (1998), specifically the Standard version by Ivan Rotter.[11]
Differences between Standard and Burgenland Croatian
[edit]Example words
[edit]| English | Standard Croatian | Burgenland Croatian |
|---|---|---|
| black | crna | črna |
| word | riječ | rič |
| Jesus Christ | Isus Krist | Jezuš Kristuš |
| lower | donji | dolnji |
First books written in Burgenland Croatian
[edit] | This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: provide correct titles. E.g. "Dusevne pesne" was incorrectly given as "Duševne pesne" and "Druge kniige dussevnih peszszan" as "Druge knjige duševnih pesan". (October 2020) |
The beginnings of literacy are linked to: Klimpuški misal (Klimpuški Missal) (1501), S. Consul Histrianus and Antun Dalmatin's Postila (Fasting) (1568), Dusevne pesne (Duševne pesne, Spiritual songs) (1609) and Grgur Mekinić Pythiraeus's Druge kniige dussevnih peszszan (Druge knjige duševnih pesan, Other books of the Spiritual songs) (1611). Until the mid-19th century, the literature in Burgenland Croatian had religious character and was intended mostly for peasants. Main writers were priests and nuns. In the second half of the 19th century teachers began to write. Thanks to that, many school textbooks and calendars were written.
Newspapers written in Burgenland Croatian
[edit]Newspapers of the Burgenland Croats are: Crikveni glasnik (Church Gazette), 1946; Naše selo (Our village), 1947; Naš tjednik (Our weekly), 1947; Naša domovina (Our homeland), 1952; Glas (Voice), 1957; Novi glas (New Voice), 1969; Put (Way), 1981).
Writers writing in Burgenland Croatian
[edit]Most popular Burgenland Croat writers are: J. Mulih (1694–1754), Godefrid Palković (1714–78), L. Bogović (1719–89), E. M. Kragel (1725–88), M. Laáb (cca. 1746–1823), J. Ficko (1772–1843), M. Drobilić (1808–91), T. Jordan (1815–93), G. Glavanić (1833–72), M. Naković (1840–1900), I. Mušković (1848–1930), M. Borenić (1850–1939), Ivan Čuković (1865–1944), P. Jandrišević (1879–1938), I. Blažević (1888–1946), Mate Meršić Miloradić (1850–1928), Ignac Horvat (1895–1973), Martin Meršić, A. Blazović (1921–2004), Franz Probst (1919–93), N. Benčić (b. 1938), Ivan (Lav) Sučić (b. 1938), Mathilda Bölcs (b. 1949), J. Čenar (b. 1956), P. Tyran (b. 1955) and H. Gassner (b. 1955).[10]
The Lord's Prayer in Slovene, Burgenland Croatian (1830 and 2021), and Standard Croatian
[edit]| Slovene | Burgenland Croatian (1830)[12] | Burgenland Croatian (2021)[citation needed] | Croatian |
|---|---|---|---|
Oče naš, ki si v nebesih, |
Otacz naß, ki szi na nebeszi! |
Oče naš, ki si na nebesi, |
Oče naš, koji jesi na nebesima, |
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Geschichte der kroatischen Volksgruppe in Österreich" [History of the Croatian ethnic group in Austria]. hrvatskicentar.at (in German). Archived from the original on 20 April 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
- ^ a b "Bevölkerung 2001 nach Umgangssprache, Staatsangehörigkeit und Geburtsland" [Population 2001 by colloquial language, nationality and country of birth] (in German). Archived from the original on 6 June 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f Lisac, Josip (2009). "Srednjočakavski dijalekt, Južnočakavski dijalekt". Hrvatska Dijalektologija 2. Čakavsko narječje [Croatian Dialectology 2: Chakavian dialect] (in Croatian). Zagreb: Golden Marketing-Tehnička knjiga. pp. 96, 139. ISBN 9789532121698.
- ^ a b c Lisac, Josip (2003), "Vlahijska oaza", Hrvatska dijalektologija 1 – Hrvatski dijalekti i govori štokavskog narječja i hrvatski govori torlačkog narječja, Zagreb: Golden marketing – Tehnička knjiga, pp. 137–140, ISBN 953-212-168-4
- ^ Neweklowsky, Gerhard (1985). "O štokavskim elementima u iseljeničkim hrvatskim govorima u Gradišću". Hrvatski dijalektološki zbornik. 1 (7): 181–190. Retrieved 27 April 2024.
- ^ Neweklowsky, Gerhard (2008). "O štokavskim osobinama u hrvatskim govorima Bandola i Nove Gore u južnom Gradišću". Hrvatski dijalektološki zbornik (14): 49–57. Retrieved 27 April 2024.
- ^ Ham, Sanda (1999). "Znali su horvacki njegova mati (Review of "Sanja Vulić, Bernardina Petrović, Govor Hrvatskoga Groba u Slovačkoj, 1999)". Filologija (in Croatian) (32): 221. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
Tako Sanja Vulić, nakon raščlambe relevantnih jezikoslovnih teorija i činjenica, govor Hrvatskoga Groba svrstava u istočnu skupinu govora kontinentalnoga poddijalekta srednjočakavskoga dijalekta čakavskoga narječja.
- ^ Kinda-Berlakovich, Andrea Zorka (2017). "Razlike u čakavskim ikavsko-ekavskim govorima sjevernoga i srednjega Gradišća". Hrvatski dijalektološki zbornik (in Croatian). 21 (21): 163–176. doi:10.21857/moxpjhodlm. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
- ^ Zvonar, Ivan (2009). "Usmena kajkavska književnost u kritičkom izboru i obzorju časopisa Kaj". Kaj (in Croatian). 42 (209) (3): 39–40. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
- ^ a b "gradišćanski Hrvati - Hrvatska enciklopedija" [Croats from Gradišća - Croatian encyclopedia]. enciklopedija.hr (in Croatian).
- ^ Sandoz, Angie. "Antoine de St Exupery - The Little Prince / Croatian Burgenland dialect / 1998, Hrvatsko Stamparsko Drustvo, Eisenstadt". petit-prince-collection.com.
- ^ The pater-noster in Kroatisch der Raaber Diöcese, vulgo Wasserkroatisch, in: Franz Sartori, Historisch-ethnographische Übersicht der wissenschaftlichen Cultur, Geistesthätigkeit und Literatur des österreichischen Kaiserthums nach seinen mannigfaltigen Sprachen und deren Bildungsstufen. In skizzirten Umrissen bearbeitet. Erster Theil, Wien, 1830, p. 436 (digitalised):
External links
[edit]- Croatian Cultural Association in Burgenland (in English, Croatian, and German)
- Burgenland Croatian Center in Vienna (in English, Croatian, and German)
- Scientific Institute of the Burgenland Croats (in Croatian and German)
- Croatian Cultural and Documentation Center in Eisenstadt (in German)
- On Burgenland Croatian Isoglosses
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