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Ḍa (Indic)

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Ḍa
Ḍa
Example glyphs
Bengali–AssameseḌa
Tibetan
Thai
Malayalam
Sinhala
Ashoka BrahmiḌa
DevanagariḌa
Cognates
Hebrewד
GreekΔ
LatinD
CyrillicД
Properties
Phonemic representation/ɖ/ /ɗ/B /d/C /tʰ/D
IAST transliterationḍ Ḍ
ISCII code pointBF (191)

^B in Khmer and Mon
^C in Burmese, Northern Thai, Tai Lü, Tai Khün, Lao
^D in Thai

Ḍa (also romanized as Dda) is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Ḍa is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter ng after having gone through the Gupta letter . As with the other cerebral consonants, ḍa is not found in most scripts for Tai, Sino-Tibetan, and other non-Indic languages, except for a few scripts, which retain these letters for transcribing Sanskrit religious terms.

Āryabhaṭa numeration

[edit]

Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The values of the different forms of ठ are:[1]

  • [ɖə] = 13 (१३)
  • डि [ɖɪ] = 1,300 (१ ३००)
  • डु [ɖʊ] = 130,000 (१ ३० ०००)
  • डृ [ɖri] = 13,000,000 (१ ३० ०० ०००)
  • डॢ [ɖlə] = 1,300,000,000 (१ ३० ०० ०० ०००)
  • डे [ɖe] = 13×1010 (१३×१०१०)
  • डै [ɖɛː] = 13×1012 (१३×१०१२)
  • डो [ɖoː] = 13×1014 (१३×१०१४)
  • डौ [ɖɔː] = 13×1016 (१३×१०१६)

Historic Ḍa

[edit]

There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Ḍa as found in standard Brahmi, Ḍa was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta Ḍa. The Tocharian Ḍa Ḍa did not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form. The third form of ḍa, in Kharoshthi (Ḍa) was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.

Brahmi Ḍa

[edit]

The Brahmi letter Ḍa, Ḍa, is probably derived from the altered Aramaic Dalet , and is thus related to the modern Latin D and Greek Delta.[2] Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Ḍa can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.[3] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

Brahmi Ḍa historic forms
Ashoka
(3rd-1st c. BCE)
Girnar
(~150 BCE)
Kushana
(~150-250 CE)
Gujarat
(~250 CE)
Gupta
(~350 CE)

Tocharian Ḍa

[edit]

The Tocharian letter Ḍa is derived from the Brahmi Ḍa, but does not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form.

Tocharian Ḍa with vowel marks
Ḍa Ḍā Ḍi Ḍī Ḍu Ḍū Ḍr Ḍr̄ Ḍe Ḍai Ḍo Ḍau Ḍä

Kharoṣṭhī Ḍa

[edit]

The Kharoṣṭhī letter Ḍa is generally accepted as being derived from the altered Aramaic Dalet , and is thus related to D and Delta, in addition to the Brahmi Ḍa.[2]

Devanagari Ḍa

[edit]

Ḍa () is a consonant of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter ḍa, after having gone through the Gupta letter . Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter , and the Modi letter 𑘚.

Devanagari-using Languages

[edit]

In all languages, ड is pronounced as [ɖə] or [ɖ] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Devanagari ड with vowel marks
Ḍa Ḍā Ḍi Ḍī Ḍu Ḍū Ḍr Ḍr̄ Ḍl Ḍl̄ Ḍe Ḍai Ḍo Ḍau
डा डि डी डु डू डृ डॄ डॢ डॣ डे डै डो डौ ड्

Conjuncts with ड

[edit]

Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. Lacking a vertical stem to drop for making a half form, Ḍa either forms a stacked conjunct/ligature, or uses its full form with Virama. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with Marathi in particular avoiding their use where other languages would use them.[4]

Ligature conjuncts of ड

[edit]

True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. Nepali and Marathi texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form Ra for an initial "R" instead of repha.

  • Repha र্ (r) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature rḍa: note

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature rḍa:

  • ड্ (ḍ) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature ḍra:

  • ड্ (ḍ) + य (ya) gives the ligature ḍya:

Stacked conjuncts of ड

[edit]

Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.

  • ब্ (b) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature bḍa:

  • भ্ (bʰ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature bʰḍa:

  • च্ (c) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature cḍa:

  • छ্ (cʰ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature cʰḍa:

  • ड্ (ḍ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature ḍba:

  • ड্ (ḍ) + भ (bʰa) gives the ligature ḍbʰa:

  • ड্ (ḍ) + च (ca) gives the ligature ḍca:

  • ड্ (ḍ) + छ (cʰa) gives the ligature ḍcʰa:

  • ड্ (ḍ) + द (da) gives the ligature ḍda:

  • द্ (d) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature dḍa:

  • ड্ (ḍ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature ḍḍa:

  • ड্ (ḍ) + ढ (ḍʱa) gives the ligature ḍḍʱa:

  • ड্ (ḍ) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature ḍdʱa:

  • ड্ (ḍ) + ग (ga) gives the ligature ḍga:

  • ड্ (ḍ) + घ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature ḍɡʱa:

  • ड্ (ḍ) + ह (ha) gives the ligature ḍha:

  • ढ্ (ḍʱ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature ḍʱḍa:

  • ड্ (ḍ) + ज (ja) gives the ligature ḍja:

  • ड্ (ḍ) + झ (jʰa) gives the ligature ḍjʰa:

  • ड্ (ḍ) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ḍjña:

  • ड্ (ḍ) + क (ka) gives the ligature ḍka:

  • ड্ (ḍ) + ख (kʰa) gives the ligature ḍkʰa:

  • ड্ (ḍ) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature ḍkṣa:

  • ड্ (ḍ) + ल (la) gives the ligature ḍla:

  • ड্ (ḍ) + ळ (ḷa) gives the ligature ḍḷa:

  • ड্ (ḍ) + म (ma) gives the ligature ḍma:

  • ड্ (ḍ) + न (na) gives the ligature ḍna:

  • ड্ (ḍ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature ḍŋa:

  • ड্ (ḍ) + ण (ṇa) gives the ligature ḍṇa:

  • ड্ (ḍ) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ḍña:

  • ड্ (ḍ) + प (pa) gives the ligature ḍpa:

  • ड্ (ḍ) + फ (pʰa) gives the ligature ḍpʰa:

  • ड্ (ḍ) + स (sa) gives the ligature ḍsa:

  • ड্ (ḍ) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature ḍʃa:

  • ड্ (ḍ) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature ḍṣa:

  • ड্ (ḍ) + त (ta) gives the ligature ḍta:

  • ड্ (ḍ) + थ (tʰa) gives the ligature ḍtʰa:

  • ड্ (ḍ) + ट (ṭa) gives the ligature ḍṭa:

  • ड্ (ḍ) + ठ (ṭʰa) gives the ligature ḍṭʰa:

  • ड্ (ḍ) + व (va) gives the ligature ḍva:

  • ध্ (dʱ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature dʱḍa:

  • घ্ (ɡʱ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature ɡʱḍa:

  • ज্ (j) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature jḍa:

  • झ্ (jʰ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature jʰḍa:

  • क্ (k) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature kḍa:

  • ख্ (kʰ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature kʰḍa:

  • ळ্ (ḷ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature ḷḍa:

  • म্ (m) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature mḍa:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature ŋḍa:

  • प্ (p) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature pḍa:

  • फ্ (pʰ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature pʰḍa:

  • ष্ (ṣ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature ṣḍa:

  • थ্ (tʰ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature tʰḍa:

  • ट্ (ṭ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature ṭḍa:

  • ठ্ (ṭʰ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature ṭʰḍa:

  • व্ (v) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature vḍa:

  • य্ (y) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature yḍa:

Bengali Ḍa

[edit]

The Bengali script ড is derived from the Siddhaṃ , and is marked by a similar horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than its Devanagari counterpart, ड. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter ড will sometimes be transliterated as "ḍo" instead of "ḍa". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /d̳o/. Like all Indic consonants, ড can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".

Bengali ড with vowel marks
ḍa ḍā ḍi ḍī ḍu ḍū ḍr ḍr̄ ḍe ḍai ḍo ḍau
ডা ডি ডী ডু ডূ ডৃ ডৄ ডে ডৈ ডো ডৌ ড্

ড in Bengali-using languages

[edit]

ড is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese.

Conjuncts with ড

[edit]

Bengali ড exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, with a tendency towards stacked ligatures.[5]

  • ড্ (ḍ) + ড (ḍa) gives the ligature ḍḍa:

  • ড্ (ḍ) + র (ra) gives the ligature ḍra, with the ra phala suffix:

  • ড্ (ḍ) + ব (va) gives the ligature ḍva, with the va phala suffix:

  • ড্ (ḍ) + য (ya) gives the ligature ḍya, with the ya phala suffix:

  • ল্ (l) + ড (ḍa) gives the ligature lḍa:

  • ন্ (n) + ড (ḍa) gives the ligature nḍa:

  • ন্ (n) + ড্ (ḍ) + র (ra) gives the ligature nḍra, with the ra phala suffix:

  • ণ্ (ṇ) + ড (ḍa) gives the ligature ṇḍa:

  • ণ্ (ṇ) + ড্ (ḍ) + র (ra) gives the ligature ṇḍra, with the ra phala suffix:

  • ণ্ (ṇ) + ড্ (ḍ) + য (ya) gives the ligature ṇḍya, with the ya phala suffix:

  • র্ (r) + ড (ḍa) gives the ligature rḍa, with the repha prefix:

Gujarati Ḍa

[edit]
Gujarati Ḍa.

Ḍa () is the thirteenth consonant of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Ḍa Ḍa with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately the Brahmi letter Ḍa.

Gujarati-using Languages

[edit]

The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, ડ is pronounced as [ɖə] or [ɖ] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Ḍa Ḍā Ḍi Ḍī Ḍu Ḍū Ḍr Ḍl Ḍr̄ Ḍl̄ Ḍĕ Ḍe Ḍai Ḍŏ Ḍo Ḍau
Gujarati Ḍa syllables, with vowel marks in red.

Conjuncts with ડ

[edit]

Gujarati ડ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. While most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to create a "half form" that fits tightly to following letter, Ḍa does not have a half form. A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. Lacking a half form, Ḍa will normally use an explicit virama when forming conjuncts without a true ligature. True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra.

  • ર્ (r) + ડ (ɖa) gives the ligature RḌa:

  • ડ્ (ɖ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ḌRa:

  • ડ્ (ɖ) + ડ (ɖa) gives the ligature ḌḌa:

  • ડ્ (ɖ) + ન (na) gives the ligature ḌNa:

  • ડ્ (ɖ) + વ (va) gives the ligature ḌVa:

Javanese Ḍa

[edit]

Telugu Ḍa

[edit]
Telugu Ḍa
Telugu subjoined Ḍa
Telugu independent and subjoined Ḍa.

Ḍa () is a consonant of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Ḍ. It is closely related to the Kannada letter . Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras. Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of Ṣa (borrowed from Kannada) in the KṢa conjunct.

Malayalam Ḍa

[edit]
Malayalam letter Ḍa

Ḍa () is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Ḍ, via the Grantha letter Ḍa Ḍa. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Malayalam Ḍa matras: Ḍa, Ḍā, Ḍi, Ḍī, Ḍu, Ḍū, Ḍr̥, Ḍr̥̄, Ḍl̥, Ḍl̥̄, Ḍe, Ḍē, Ḍai, Ḍo, Ḍō, Ḍau, and Ḍ.

Conjuncts of ഡ

[edit]

As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.

  • ഡ് (ḍ) + ഡ (ḍa) gives the ligature ḍḍa:

  • ണ് (ṇ) + ഡ (ḍa) gives the ligature ṇḍa:

  • ഡ് (ḍ) + ഢ (ḍʱa) gives the ligature ḍḍʱa:

Odia Ḍa

[edit]
Odia independent letter Ḍa
Odia subjoined letter Ḍa
Odia independent and subjoined letter Ḍa.

Ḍa () is a consonant of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Ḍ, via the Siddhaṃ letter Ḍa Ḍa. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Odia Ḍa with vowel matras
Ḍa Ḍā Ḍi Ḍī Ḍu Ḍū Ḍr̥ Ḍr̥̄ Ḍl̥ Ḍl̥̄ Ḍe Ḍai Ḍo Ḍau
ଡା ଡି ଡୀ ଡୁ ଡୂ ଡୃ ଡୄ ଡୢ ଡୣ ଡେ ଡୈ ଡୋ ଡୌ ଡ୍

Conjuncts of ଡ

[edit]

As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters.

  • ଣ୍ (ṇ) + ଡ (ḍa) gives the ligature ṇḍa:

Kaithi Ḍa

[edit]
Kaithi consonant Ḍa
Kaithi consonant Ḍa.

Ḍa (𑂙) is a consonant of the Kaithi abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Ḍ, via the Siddhaṃ letter Ḍa Ḍa. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Kaithi Ḍa with vowel matras
Ḍa Ḍā Ḍi Ḍī Ḍu Ḍū Ḍe Ḍai Ḍo Ḍau
𑂙 𑂙𑂰 𑂙𑂱 𑂙𑂲 𑂙𑂳 𑂙𑂴 𑂙𑂵 𑂙𑂶 𑂙𑂷 𑂙𑂸 𑂙𑂹

Conjuncts of 𑂙

[edit]

As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a half form of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit virama. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjucts of ra are indicated with a repha or rakar mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.

  • 𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂙 (ḍa) gives the ligature rḍa:

Kaithi Ṛa

[edit]
Kaithi consonant Ṛa
Kaithi consonant Ṛa.

Ṛa (𑂚) is a consonant of the Kaithi abugida derived from 𑂙 Ḍa. Ṛa acts

Kaithi Ṛa with vowel matras
Ṛa Ṛā Ṛi Ṛī Ṛu Ṛū Ṛe Ṛai Ṛo Ṛau
𑂚 𑂚𑂰 𑂚𑂱 𑂚𑂲 𑂚𑂳 𑂚𑂴 𑂚𑂵 𑂚𑂶 𑂚𑂷 𑂚𑂸 𑂚𑂹

Conjuncts of 𑂚

[edit]

As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a half form of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit virama. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjucts of ra are indicated with a repha or rakar mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.

  • 𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂚 (ṛa) gives the ligature rṛa:

Comparison of Ḍa

[edit]

The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Ḍa, are related as well.

Comparison of Ḍa in different scripts
Aramaic
Ḍa
Kharoṣṭhī
𐨜
Ashoka Brahmi
Ḍa
Kushana Brahmi[a]
Ḍa
Tocharian[b]
Ḍa
Gupta Brahmi
Ḍa
Pallava
Ḍa
Kadamba
-
Bhaiksuki
𑰚
Siddhaṃ
Ḍa
Grantha
𑌡
Cham
Sinhala
Pyu /
Old Mon[c]
-
Tibetan
Newa
𑐜
Ahom
-
Malayalam
Telugu
Burmese
Lepcha
-
Ranjana
Ḍa
Saurashtra
Dives Akuru
𑤘
Kannada
Kayah Li
-
Limbu
-
Soyombo[d]
𑩨
Khmer
Tamil
-
Chakma
𑄓
Tai Tham
Meitei Mayek
-
Gaudi
-
Thai
Lao
Tai Le
-
Marchen
-
Tirhuta
𑒛
New Tai Lue
Tai Viet
-
Aksara Kawi
Ḍa
'Phags-pa
Odia
Sharada
𑆝
Rejang
-
Batak
-
Buginese
-
Zanabazar Square
𑨖
Bengali-Assamese
Ḍa
Takri
𑚖
Javanese
Balinese
Makasar
-
Hangul[e]
-
Northern Nagari
-
Dogri
𑠖
Laṇḍā
-
Sundanese
-
Baybayin
-
Modi
𑘚
Gujarati
Khojki
𑈖
Khudabadi
𑋈
Mahajani
𑅠
Tagbanwa
-
Devanagari
Ḍa
Nandinagari
𑦺
Kaithi
Ḍa
Gurmukhi
Multani
𑊒
Buhid
-
Canadian Syllabics[f]
-
Soyombo[g]
𑩨
Sylheti Nagari
Gunjala Gondi
𑶂
Masaram Gondi[h]
𑴘
Hanuno'o
-
Notes
  1. ^ The middle "Kushana" form of Brahmi is a later style that emerged as Brahmi scripts were beginning to proliferate. Gupta Brahmi was definitely a stylistic descendant from Kushana, but other Brahmi-derived scripts may have descended from earlier forms.
  2. ^ Tocharian is probably derived from the middle period "Kushana" form of Brahmi, although artifacts from that time are not plentiful enough to establish a definite succession.
  3. ^ Pyu and Old Mon are probably the precursors of the Burmese script, and may be derived from either the Pallava or Kadamba script
  4. ^ May also be derived from Devangari (see bottom left of table)
  5. ^ The Origin of Hangul from 'Phags-pa is one of limited influence, inspiring at most a few basic letter shapes. Hangul does not function as an Indic abugida.
  6. ^ Although the basic letter forms of the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics were derived from handwritten Devanagari letters, this abugida indicates vowel sounds by rotations of the letter form, rather than the use of vowel diacritics as is standard in Indic abugidas.
  7. ^ May also be derived from Ranjana (see above)
  8. ^ Masaram Gondi acts as an Indic abugida, but its letterforms were not derived from any single precursor script.


Character encodings of Ḍa

[edit]

Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter Ḍa in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Ḍa from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII.

Character information
Preview
Unicode name DEVANAGARI LETTER DDA BENGALI LETTER DDA TELUGU LETTER DDA ORIYA LETTER DDA KANNADA LETTER DDA MALAYALAM LETTER DDA GUJARATI LETTER DDA GURMUKHI LETTER DDA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 2337 U+0921 2465 U+09A1 3105 U+0C21 2849 U+0B21 3233 U+0CA1 3361 U+0D21 2721 U+0AA1 2593 U+0A21
UTF-8 224 164 161 E0 A4 A1 224 166 161 E0 A6 A1 224 176 161 E0 B0 A1 224 172 161 E0 AC A1 224 178 161 E0 B2 A1 224 180 161 E0 B4 A1 224 170 161 E0 AA A1 224 168 161 E0 A8 A1
Numeric character reference ड ड ড ড డ డ ଡ ଡ ಡ ಡ ഡ ഡ ડ ડ ਡ ਡ
ISCII 191 BF 191 BF 191 BF 191 BF 191 BF 191 BF 191 BF 191 BF


Character information
Preview
Ashoka
Kushana
Gupta
𐨜 𑌡
Unicode name BRAHMI LETTER DDA KHAROSHTHI LETTER DDA SIDDHAM LETTER DDA GRANTHA LETTER DDA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 69663 U+1101F 68124 U+10A1C 71066 U+1159A 70433 U+11321
UTF-8 240 145 128 159 F0 91 80 9F 240 144 168 156 F0 90 A8 9C 240 145 150 154 F0 91 96 9A 240 145 140 161 F0 91 8C A1
UTF-16 55300 56351 D804 DC1F 55298 56860 D802 DE1C 55301 56730 D805 DD9A 55300 57121 D804 DF21
Numeric character reference 𑀟 𑀟 𐨜 𐨜 𑖚 𑖚 𑌡 𑌡


Character information
Preview 𑨖 𑐜 𑰚 𑆝
Unicode name TIBETAN LETTER DDA TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER DDA PHAGS-PA LETTER DDA ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER DDA NEWA LETTER DDA BHAIKSUKI LETTER DDA SHARADA LETTER DDA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 3916 U+0F4C 3996 U+0F9C 43115 U+A86B 72214 U+11A16 70684 U+1141C 72730 U+11C1A 70045 U+1119D
UTF-8 224 189 140 E0 BD 8C 224 190 156 E0 BE 9C 234 161 171 EA A1 AB 240 145 168 150 F0 91 A8 96 240 145 144 156 F0 91 90 9C 240 145 176 154 F0 91 B0 9A 240 145 134 157 F0 91 86 9D
UTF-16 3916 0F4C 3996 0F9C 43115 A86B 55302 56854 D806 DE16 55301 56348 D805 DC1C 55303 56346 D807 DC1A 55300 56733 D804 DD9D
Numeric character reference ཌ ཌ ྜ ྜ ꡫ ꡫ 𑨖 𑨖 𑐜 𑐜 𑰚 𑰚 𑆝 𑆝


Character information
Preview
Unicode name MYANMAR LETTER DDA TAI THAM LETTER DA NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH DA NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW DA NEW TAI LUE LETTER FINAL D
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 4109 U+100D 6703 U+1A2F 6561 U+19A1 6564 U+19A4 6598 U+19C6
UTF-8 225 128 141 E1 80 8D 225 168 175 E1 A8 AF 225 166 161 E1 A6 A1 225 166 164 E1 A6 A4 225 167 134 E1 A7 86
Numeric character reference ဍ ဍ ᨯ ᨯ ᦡ ᦡ ᦤ ᦤ ᧆ ᧆ


Character information
Preview
Unicode name KHMER LETTER DO LAO LETTER PALI DDA THAI CHARACTER THO NANGMONTHO
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 6028 U+178C 3729 U+0E91 3601 U+0E11
UTF-8 225 158 140 E1 9E 8C 224 186 145 E0 BA 91 224 184 145 E0 B8 91
Numeric character reference ឌ ឌ ຑ ຑ ฑ ฑ


Character information
Preview 𑄓 𑤘
Unicode name SINHALA LETTER ALPAPRAANA DDAYANNA CHAKMA LETTER DDAA DIVES AKURU LETTER DDA SAURASHTRA LETTER DDA CHAM LETTER DDA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 3497 U+0DA9 69907 U+11113 71960 U+11918 43166 U+A89E 43545 U+AA19
UTF-8 224 182 169 E0 B6 A9 240 145 132 147 F0 91 84 93 240 145 164 152 F0 91 A4 98 234 162 158 EA A2 9E 234 168 153 EA A8 99
UTF-16 3497 0DA9 55300 56595 D804 DD13 55302 56600 D806 DD18 43166 A89E 43545 AA19
Numeric character reference ඩ ඩ 𑄓 𑄓 𑤘 𑤘 ꢞ ꢞ ꨙ ꨙ


Character information
Preview 𑘚 𑦺 𑩨 𑶂
Unicode name MODI LETTER DDA NANDINAGARI LETTER DDA SOYOMBO LETTER DDA SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER DDO GUNJALA GONDI LETTER DDA KAITHI LETTER DDA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 71194 U+1161A 72122 U+119BA 72296 U+11A68 43026 U+A812 73090 U+11D82 69785 U+11099
UTF-8 240 145 152 154 F0 91 98 9A 240 145 166 186 F0 91 A6 BA 240 145 169 168 F0 91 A9 A8 234 160 146 EA A0 92 240 145 182 130 F0 91 B6 82 240 145 130 153 F0 91 82 99
UTF-16 55301 56858 D805 DE1A 55302 56762 D806 DDBA 55302 56936 D806 DE68 43026 A812 55303 56706 D807 DD82 55300 56473 D804 DC99
Numeric character reference 𑘚 𑘚 𑦺 𑦺 𑩨 𑩨 ꠒ ꠒ 𑶂 𑶂 𑂙 𑂙


Character information
Preview 𑒛
Unicode name TIRHUTA LETTER DDA
Encodings decimal hex
Unicode 70811 U+1149B
UTF-8 240 145 146 155 F0 91 92 9B
UTF-16 55301 56475 D805 DC9B
Numeric character reference 𑒛 𑒛


Character information
Preview 𑚖 𑠖 𑈖 𑋈 𑅠 𑊒
Unicode name TAKRI LETTER DDA DOGRA LETTER DDA KHOJKI LETTER DDA KHUDAWADI LETTER DDA MAHAJANI LETTER DDA MULTANI LETTER DDA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 71318 U+11696 71702 U+11816 70166 U+11216 70344 U+112C8 69984 U+11160 70290 U+11292
UTF-8 240 145 154 150 F0 91 9A 96 240 145 160 150 F0 91 A0 96 240 145 136 150 F0 91 88 96 240 145 139 136 F0 91 8B 88 240 145 133 160 F0 91 85 A0 240 145 138 146 F0 91 8A 92
UTF-16 55301 56982 D805 DE96 55302 56342 D806 DC16 55300 56854 D804 DE16 55300 57032 D804 DEC8 55300 56672 D804 DD60 55300 56978 D804 DE92
Numeric character reference 𑚖 𑚖 𑠖 𑠖 𑈖 𑈖 𑋈 𑋈 𑅠 𑅠 𑊒 𑊒


Character information
Preview
Unicode name BALINESE LETTER DA MURDA ALPAPRANA JAVANESE LETTER DDA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex
Unicode 6943 U+1B1F 43421 U+A99D
UTF-8 225 172 159 E1 AC 9F 234 166 157 EA A6 9D
Numeric character reference ᬟ ᬟ ꦝ ꦝ


Character information
Preview 𑴘
Unicode name MASARAM GONDI LETTER DDA
Encodings decimal hex
Unicode 72984 U+11D18
UTF-8 240 145 180 152 F0 91 B4 98
UTF-16 55303 56600 D807 DD18
Numeric character reference 𑴘 𑴘



References

[edit]
  1. ^ Ifrah, Georges (2000). The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 447–450. ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
  2. ^ a b Bühler, Georg (1898). "On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet". archive.org. Karl J. Trübner. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
  3. ^ Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [1]
  4. ^ Pall, Peeter. "Microsoft Word - kblhi2" (PDF). Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  5. ^ "The Bengali Alphabet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-28.
^note Conjuncts are identified by IAST transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + Ha, and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".