Energy in Denmark
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Oil_platform_in_the_North_SeaPros.jpg/220px-Oil_platform_in_the_North_SeaPros.jpg)
Denmark has considerable sources of oil and natural gas in the North Sea and ranked as number 32 in the world among net exporters of crude oil in 2008.[1] Denmark expects to be self-sufficient with oil until 2050.[2] However, gas resources are expected to decline, and production may decline below consumption in 2020, making imports necessary.[3] A large but decreasing proportion[4] of electricity is produced from coal and nuclear energy imports,[5] while wind turbines supply the equivalent of about 42% of electricity demand by 2015 (see Wind power in Denmark).[6][7]
In February 2011 the Danish government announced the "Energy Strategy 2050" with the aim to be fully independent of fossil fuels by 2050,[8] and a new government repeated the goal in 2015 despite public scepticism.[9] The European Renewables Directive set a mandatory target at 20% share of energy from renewable sources by 2020 (EU combined).[10][11] In 2012 the Danish government adopted a plan to increase the share of electricity production from wind to 50% by 2020,[12][13] and to 84% in 2035.[14]
Denmark's electrical grid is connected by transmission lines to other European countries,[15] and had (according to the World Economic Forum) the best energy security in the EU in 2013[16] although this had fallen to third in the EU by 2014.[17]
History
In 1972, 92% of Denmark's energy consumption came from imported oil.[18] The 1973 oil crisis forced Denmark to rethink its energy policy; in 1978 coal contributed 18%, and the Tvind wind turbine was made, along with the creation of a wind turbine industry.[19] The 1979 energy crisis pushed further change, and in 1984 the North Sea natural gas projects began.[20] The North Sea production of oil and gas made Denmark self-sufficient in 1997,[21] peaking in 2005,[22] and decreased below self-sufficiency by 2013.[23]
The year 2014 was the warmest on record in Denmark, with the lowest number of degree days in history. A normal year has 2,906 while 2014 saw only 2,100 degree days.[24] Since 2000, Denmark has increased Gross National Product and decreased energy consumption.[25]
Overview
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Energy statistics
Energy in Denmark [26] | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Capita | Prim. energy | Production | Export | Electricity | CO2-emission | |
Million | TWh | TWh | TWh | TWh | Mt | |
2004 | 5.40 | 233 | 361 | 117 | 35.8 | 50.9 |
2007 | 5.46 | 229 | 314 | 64 | 36.4 | 50.5 |
2008 | 5.49 | 221 | 309 | 54 | 35.5 | 48.4 |
2009 | 5.52 | 216 | 278 | 43 | 34.5 | 46.8 |
2010 | 5.55 | 224 | 271 | 42 | 35.1 | 47.0 |
2012 | 5.57 | 209 | 244 | 19 | 34.1 | 41.7 |
2012R | 5.59 | 202 | 221 | 8 | 33.8 | 37.1 |
2013 | 5.61 | 203 | 196 | -26 | 33.9 | 38.8 |
Change 2004-10 | 2.8% | -4.1% | -24.8% | -63.6% | 0.0% | -7.7% |
Mtoe = 11.63 TWh. Primary energy includes energy losses.
2012R = CO2 calculation criteria changed, numbers updated |
Energy taxes
Diesel | Gasoline | Natural gas | Coal | Electricity | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
per unit | liter | liter | m3 | MWh | tonne | GJ | MWh |
Excise | 2.660 | 4.137 | 2.158 | 176.6 | 1,6051 | 54.5 | 8781 |
Environment | 0.420 | 0.388 | 0.384 | 31.4 | 413.51 | 0 |
1Not applicable for industry
Fuel is not taxed for ships and planes to other countries. Coal and gas for electricity is not taxed.[30]
Minor taxes are called "Compulsory storage fee" and "NOx tax". Carbon dioxide tax is 0.09 DKK/kWh for electricity. Fossil fuels are taxed at about 90 DKK/ton CO2.[31]
Oil | Gasoline | Natural gas | Coal | Electricity | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Excise | 9.3 | 7.3 | 3.3 | 2.5 | 11.7 |
Energy taxes contributed 34 billion DKK in 2015, about 12% of overall taxing revenue.[32] The money is a considerable income for the state, and changing the composition of the taxes towards a "greener" mix is difficult. According to a government official, the majority of taxes are not based on environment concerns,[33] in contrast to the DKK 5 billion per year in PSO-money for cleaner energy, paid by electricity consumers to producers of clean electricity. These tolls are not available for government consumption.[34]
Energy sources
Coal
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Fossil_fuel_consumption_in_Denmark.svg/220px-Fossil_fuel_consumption_in_Denmark.svg.png)
Coal power provided 48.0% of the electricity and 22.0% of the heat in district heating in Denmark in 2008; and in total provided 21.6% of total energy consumption (187 PJ out of 864 PJ).[35] The coal is mainly imported from outside Europe.[36] Consumption of coal was more than halved over the 10 years between 2004-2014.[4] Coal constituted 41% of the mass fuels (not wind and sun) in 2015, and is expected to decrease to 14% in 2025, mostly replaced by biofuels.[37][38]
Oil
- Production
The production of crude oil fell from 523 PJ in 2010 to 470 PJ in 2011. As of May 2014, Denmark produced an average of 172 kbpd.[39] Danish oil companies donate DKK 1 billion over 10 years to Technical University of Denmark to increase production. Danish oil reserves are expected to run out around 2047.[40]
- Consumption
Consumption fell from 315 to 306 PJ during 2011.[41] Official statistics estimate 231,000 residences heated by oil in 2014 (down from 328,000 in 2013), but only 87,000 actually purchased oil during 2014.[42]
Natural gas
The production of natural gas fell from 307 PJ in 2010 to 265 PJ in 2011. Consumption fell from 187 to 157 PJ.[41]
CO2 emissions from energy production fell from 49.4 to 44.3 million tons, from 2010 to 2011,[41] a decline of 10%.[43]
Biomass
Denmark consumed 2.1 million tonnes of wood pellets in 2014, expected to increase by 1.2 million tonnes as more coal is replaced. They are mainly imported from the Baltic states and Russia. Denmark also burns wood chips and straw, mostly for heating.[44]
Nuclear energy
The production of nuclear energy has been banned in Denmark since 1985. In 2014 and 2015, (imported) nuclear power was 3-4% of electricity consumption in Denmark.[45] An average of 10% of domestic energy consumption comes from imports from neighboring countries Sweden and Germany, which both generate nuclear power.[46] In Sweden, about 40% of the energy is generated by nuclear power[47] and in Germany less than 20% by nuclear power.[48] In 2011, with imports of 2.9 TWh from Germany and 5.2 TWh from Sweden, about 3.5TWh used was from countries that generate nuclear power – nearly 11% of total final consumption. This fluctuates year to year, mainly due to NordPool prices, and Energinet.dk analysis showed 1% from countries that generate nuclear power in 2010, 7% in 2011 and 14% in 2012.[46]
Solar
Denmark had 790 MW of photovoltaic capacity in late 2015,[49] and already reached its year 2020 governmental goal of installing 200 MW in 2012.[50] As of 2013, the total PV capacity from 90,000 private installations amounts to 500 MW.[51] Danish energy sector players estimate that this development will result in 1000 MW by 2020 and 3400 MW by 2030.[50]
Solar heating is installed in some homes,[52] and also used in district heating.[53]
Geothermal
Denmark has two geothermal district heating plants, one in Thisted started in 1988, and one in Copenhagen started in 2005.[54][55] They produce no electricity.
Electricity
The electricity sector relies on fossil, nuclear and renewable energy: wind power, biogas, biomass and waste. No hydro power is produced domestically and other countries' hydro and thermal power is used for buffering Denmark's renewable generation. The average consumption of electricity per person was 0.8 GWh less than EU 15 average in 2008. Denmark invested in the wind power development in the 1970s and has been the top wind power country of the world ever since. Danish consumption of wind electricity has been highest in the world per person: 1,218 kWh in 2009. Denmark produced more wind power per person in 2009 than Spain or the UK produced nuclear power.
Denmark has mediocre electricity costs (including about DKK 5 billion in costs for cleaner energy)[34] in EU for industries at 9eurocent/kWh,[56][57][58][59] but general taxes increase the household price to the highest in Europe at 31eurocent/kWh.[56][60]
Transmission costs are around 1c/kWh, and support regimes cost 2½c/kWh in 2014.[61]
Wind power
Wind provided 39% of the electricity generated in Denmark in 2014,[7][62][63] and 42.1% of Denmark's total electricity consumption in 2015.[6][64] Denmark is a long-time leader in wind energy, and as of May 2011[update] Denmark derives 3.1 percent of its Gross Domestic Product from renewable energy technology and energy efficiency, or around €6.5 billion ($9.4 billion).[65][66]
To encourage investment in wind power, families were offered a tax exemption for generating their own electricity within their own or an adjoining commune. While this could involve purchasing a turbine outright, more often families purchased shares in wind turbine cooperatives which in turn invested in community wind turbines. By 2004 over 150,000 Danes were either members of cooperatives or owned turbines, and about 5,500 turbines had been installed, although with greater private sector involvement the proportion owned by cooperatives had fallen to 75%.
District heating
Danish district heating plants use 100 Petajoule/year,[67] mostly waste heat from thermal power plants burning coal, natural gas and biomass, but a small part of this consumption is from electrode boilers[68] or heat pumps.[69][70] Expansion of wind powered district heating is calculated to be economically efficient without taxes.[71][72] The peak thermal load of district heating in Copenhagen is 2.5 GWth, and simulations suggest a potential heat pump would run 3,500 load-hours per year using sewage water as the heat reservoir.[73]
In 2013, Denmark imported 158,000 ton garbage for incineration in 10 district heating plants,[74] increasing to 323,963 ton in 20 plants in 2015, about 10% of burnt waste.[75]
The pipe heat loss is 17%, at a value of DKK 150 million. New pipes have a heat loss of 6.5%. There are 60,000 km of pipes, serving 1.6 million households.[76] Several towns use central solar heating, some with storage.[53][77]
Transport
Denmark aims to focus on intelligent battery systems (V2G) and plug-in vehicles in the transport sector.[78]
Tax revenue from vehicles was 28 billion DKK in 2014.[32]
Cities
Copenhagen has a target to be carbon-neutral by 2025,[79] and has burned more biomass and less coal during 2004-2014.[80]
Aarhus aims to be carbon-neutral by 2030.[81]
See also
- List of power stations in Denmark
- Nordic energy market
- Energy policy of the European Union
- Renewable energy in Denmark
References
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- ^ Unforeseen billions from North Sea Maritime, 4 December 2011. Accessed: 8 December 2011.
- ^ Andersen, Christian Meiniche. Gas supply 2011-2013 page 17 Energinet.dk. Accessed: 8 December 2011.
- ^ a b Energy statistics, 2014 page 12
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- ^ a b "New record-breaking year for Danish wind power". Energinet.dk. 15 January 2016.
- ^ a b Rasmussen, Jesper Nørskov. "Vindmøller slog rekord i 2014 " Energinet.dk, 6 January 2015. Accessed: 6 January 2015.
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- ^ EU law - as measured in gross final consumption of energy
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- ^ Bernth, Martin. "Mildt vejr skærer 20 procent af varmeregningen" Ingeniøren, 5 January 2015. Accessed: 5 January 2015.
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- ^ IEA Key World Energy Statistics Statistics 2015, 2014 (2012R as in November 2015 + 2012 as in March 2014 is comparable to previous years statistical calculation criteria, 2013, 2012, 2011, 2010, 2009, 2006 IEA October, crude oil p.11, coal p. 13 gas p. 15
- ^ ENERGY PRICES AND TAXES, COUNTRY NOTES, 3rd Quarter 2015, page 26. International Energy Agency, 2015
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- ^ "Kulafgiftsloven". Danish Ministry of Taxation. 9 March 2016. Archived from the original on 4 April 2016. Retrieved 12 September 2016.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
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suggested) (help) - ^ "SKAT: E.A.4.5.8 Afgiftsfritagelse og afgiftsgodtgørelse". Retrieved 13 September 2016.
uden CO2-afgift til brug om bord i skibe i udenrigsfart, fiskerfartøjer .. Jetfuel kan leveres uden CO2-afgift til brug i luftfartøjer .. fuelolie/naturgas / stenkul, der anvendes til fremstilling af elektricitet i kraftværker og kraftvarmeværker
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- ^ a b c Afgifter - provenuet af afgifter og moms 2009-2016, Danish Ministry of Taxation, 2015
- ^ "Derfor er omlægning af energiafgifter en svær øvelse". Ingeniøren. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
The main part of tolls are not based on environment concerns
- ^ a b "Fremskrivning af PSO-udgifter" page 6+17. Danish Energy Agency, 19 May 2014. Retrieved: 17 January 2015.
- ^ "Energy Statistics 2008" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-07-22.
- ^ Hansen, Jens Morten. "Dänemark - Produktion und Kommunikation - Energie" (in German). The Royal Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved 17 May 2010.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
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suggested) (help) - ^ "Fuels". Energinet.dk. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
- ^ Fuel composition diagram, 1990-2025
- ^ Danish Production of Oil, Gas and Water for May 2014 Danish Energy Agency, May 2014. Accessed: 26 June 2014.
- ^ "Teknologisk spredehagl skal klemme den sidste olie ud af Nordsøen". Ingeniøren. 8 September 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
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- ^ Dal, Peter. Large drop in energy and CO2 Danish Ministry of Climate and Energy, 20 March 2012. Accessed: 20 March 2012. Quote: ""
- ^ http://www.ens.dk/sites/ens.dk/files/dokumenter/nyheder/filer/det_danske_traepillemarked_2014_2.pdf
- ^ "Rekord lav CO2-udledning fra elforbrug i 2015" Energinet.dk, 1 March 2015.
- ^ a b "Nuclear Energy in Denmark". World Nuclear Association. Retrieved 2016-02-03.
- ^ "A nuclear update for a Swedish energy summit". Energycentral. 2 October 2015. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
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- ^ http://ing.dk/artikel/kaempe-solcelleparker-slar-bunden-ud-af-energiforlig-181991
- ^ a b Denmark reaches 2020-goal for solar energy before time 12.09.2012
- ^ "Follow the solar cells" Energinet.dk, 18 December 2013. Accessed: 26 December 2013.
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- ^ Allan Mahler & Jesper Magtengaard, Proceeding World Geothermal Congress 2005, Geothermal Development in Denmark, Country Update WGC 2005
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- ^ Electricity prices (table) Eurostat, October 2015
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{{cite web}}
: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=
(help) - ^ Forbedring af den nationale elprisstatistik for erhverv page 7. Danish Energy Agency, 30 June 2015. Note: correction to statistics
- ^ Electricity Prices for Households Energy information administration
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- ^ Energy_statics_2006
- ^ En visionær dansk energipolitik frem til 2025
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- ^ Rank-1 in Clean Energy
- ^ Lindboe, page 29
- ^ Wittrup, Sanne. "Dong: Vores kraftværker bruger allerede billig vindmøllestrøm i elpatroner" Ingeniøren, 15 January 2015. Retrieved: January 2015.
- ^ Blarke, Morten Boje. "Liste over el-drevne varmepumper i fjernvarmen" SmartVarme.dk, 12 February 2014. Retrieved: January 2015.
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- ^ Lindboe, page 7
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{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
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suggested) (help) - ^ Copenhagen's ambitious push to be carbon-neutral by 2025 Guardian 12 April 2013
- ^ Udviklingen i miljødeklaration for fjernvarme 1990-2014 CTR
- ^ "Climate Target 2030". Go Green with Aarhus, City of Aarhus. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
- Lindboe, Hans Henrik&, János Hethey. "Vindintegration i Danmark" Ea Energianalyse, November 2014. Retrieved: January 2015. Source
External links
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