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Geographical distribution of French speakers

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Proportion of French speakers by country in 2014:[1]
  0–19% Francophone
  20–39% Francophone
  40–59% Francophone
  60–79% Francophone
  80–100% Francophone

This article details the geographical distribution of speakers of the French language, regardless of the legislative status within the countries where it is spoken. French-based creoles are considered separate languages for the purpose of this article.

French became an international language in the Middle Ages, when the power of the Kingdom of France made it the second international language, alongside Latin. This status continued to grow into the 18th century, by which time French was the language of European courts and diplomacy. The importance of French began to wane in the early 20th century, when the rise of the English-speaking United States to superpower status eroded its place as the language of trade, science and diplomacy.[2]

According to a 2014 estimate by the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, 274 million people worldwide can speak French, of which 212 million use the language daily, while the remaining 62 million have learnt it as a foreign language.[3] Despite a decline in the number of learners of French in Europe, the overall number of speakers is rising, largely because of its presence in high-fertility African countries: of the 212 million who use French daily, 54.7% are living in Africa.[3]

Statistics

OIF figures

The following figures are from a 2014 report of the Francophonie.[1] No distinctions are made between native speakers of French and those who learnt it as a foreign language, between different levels of mastery or how often the language is used in daily life.[4] For African countries where French is the main language of education, the number of French speakers is derived from the average number of schooling years.[4]

Country French speakers Percentage
 Albania 320,000 10%
 Algeria[note 1] 11,200,000 33%
 Andorra 57,000 70%
 Armenia 200,000 6%
 Austria 967,000 11%
 Belgium 9,112,000 81%
 Benin 3,848,000 35%
 Bulgaria 185,000 3%
 Burkina Faso 3,965,000 22%
 Burundi 897,000 8%
 Cambodia 423,000 3%
 Cameroon 9,334,000 40%
 Canada 10,470,000 29%
 Cape Verde 55,000 11%
 Central African Republic 1,410,000 29%
 Chad 1,714,000 13%
 Comoros 196,000 25%
 Congo-Brazzaville 2,717,000 58%
 Congo-Kinshasa 33,222,000 47%
 Côte d'Ivoire 7,218,000 34%
 Croatia 116,000 3%
 Cyprus 126,000 11%
 Czech Republic 189,000 2%
 Denmark 436,000 8%
 Djibouti 450,000 50%
 Dominica 7,000 10%
 Dominican Republic 153,000 1%
 Egypt 2,800,000 3%
 Equatorial Guinea 231,000 29%
 Estonia 19,000 1%
 Finland 165,000 3%
 France (Metropolitan) 62,968,000 97%
 Gabon 1,070,000 61%
 Georgia 18,000 0.4%
 Germany 12,219,000 15%
 Ghana 219,000 0.8%
 Greece 985,000 9%
 Guinea 2,974,000 24%
 Guinea-Bissau 275,000 15%
 Haiti 4,454,000 42%
 Hungary 117,000 1%
 Ireland 587,000 20%
 Israel 927,000 11%
 Italy 9,760,000 16%
 Laos 190,000 3%
 Latvia 26,000 1%
 Lebanon 1,920,000 38%
 Lithuania 75,000 2%
 Luxembourg 540,000 96%
 Macedonia 237,000 11%
 Madagascar 4,847,000 20%
 Mali 2,744,000 17%
 Malta 55,000 13%
 Mauritania 529,000 13%
 Mauritius 911,000 73%
 Moldova 83,000 2%
 Monaco 30,000 79%
 Montenegro 13,000 2%
 Morocco 10,657,000 31%
 Mozambique 81,000 0.3%
 Netherlands 4,930,000 29%
 Niger 2,439,000 13%
 Norway 324,000 6%
 Poland 1,034,000 3%
 Portugal 2,502,000 24%
 Qatar 100,000 4%
 Romania 4,682,000 24%
 Rwanda 700,000 6%
 Saint Lucia 3,000 2%
 Sao Tome and Principe 41,000 20%
 Senegal 4,277,000 29%
 Serbia 319,000 3%
 Seychelles 50,000 53%
 Slovakia 109,000 2%
 Slovenia 79,000 4%
 Spain 5,572,000 12%
 Sweden 1,084,000 11%
  Switzerland 5,402,000 66%
 Thailand 556,000 0.8%
 Togo 2,787,000 39%
 Tunisia 6,090,000 54%
 Ukraine 54,000 0.1%
 United Arab Emirates 100,000 1%
 United Kingdom 14,884,000 23%
 United States of America 2,100,000 0.7%
 Uruguay 5,000 0.1%
 Vanuatu 83,000 31%
 Vietnam 654,000 0.7%

Dependent territories

Territory Country French speakers Percentage Year Reference
French Community of Belgium  Belgium 4,658,000 98% 2014 [5]
New Brunswick  Canada 320,000 42% 2014 [5]
Quebec  Canada 7,666,000 93% 2014 [5]
French Guiana  France 162,000 62% 2015 [6]
French Polynesia  France 276,000 98% 2015 [6]
Guadeloupe  France 395,000 84% 2015 [6]
Martinique  France 329,000 81% 2015 [6]
Mayotte  France 147,000 63% 2015 [6]
New Caledonia  France 260,000 99% 2015 [6]
Réunion  France 788,000 88% 2015 [6]
Saint Pierre and Miquelon  France 6,000 100% 2015 [6]
Wallis and Futuna  France 11,000 83% 2015 [6]
Aosta Valley  Italy 72,000 60% 2001 [5]

Native speakers

It is estimated that 75 million people worldwide speak French as a main or first language.[7]

Country L1 speakers Percentage Year Reference
 Algeria[note 2] 10,200 0.03% 2012 [8]
 Andorra[note 2] 4,200 5.2% 2005 [8]
 Australia 57,739 0.3% 2011 [9]
 Austria 10,190 0.1% 2001 [10]
 Belgium[note 3] 4,194,000 38% 2012 [11]
 Benin[note 2] 16,700 0.3% 1993 [8]
 Burkina Faso 170,047 1.3% 2006 [12]
 Burundi[note 2] 2,200 0.03% 2004 [8]
 Cambodia 873 0.01% 2008 [10]
 Canada 7,298,180 22.0% 2011 [13]
 Central African Republic[note 2] 9,000 0.3% 1996 [8]
 Chad[note 2] 3,000 0.05% 1993 [8]
 Comoros[note 2] 1,700 0.4% 1993 [8]
 Congo-Brazzaville[note 2] 28,000 1.1% 1993 [8]
 Congo-Kinshasa[note 2] 15,000,000 20.6% 2009 [8]
 Cote d'Ivoire[note 2] 17,500 0.2% 1988 [8]
 Cyprus 1,139 0.1% 2011 [10]
 Czech Republic[note 4] 2,056 0.02% 2011 [14]
 Djibouti[note 2] 10,200 1.3% 2006 [8]
 Estonia 124 0.01% 2011 [15]
 Finland 2,972 0.06% 2010 [10]
 France[note 5] 60,674,000 93% 2012 [11]
 Gabon[note 2] 37,500 3.7% 1993 [8]
 Georgia[note 6] 28 0.001% 2002 [6]
 Hungary[note 7] 18,943 0.2% 2011 [16]
 India[note 2] 10,000 0.001% 2008 [8]
 Lebanon[note 2] 16,600 0.4% 2004 [8]
 Liechtenstein 39 0.1% 2010 [10]
 Lithuania 95 0.003% 2011 [10]
 Luxembourg 57,633 12.1% 2013 [17]
 Madagascar[note 2] 18,000 0.1% 1993 [8]
 Mali 7,000 0.09% 1998 [18]
 Mauritius[note 8] 44,400 3.6% 2011 [19]
 Monaco 16,500 45% 2014 [8]
 Morocco[note 2] 80,000 0.3% 2007 [8]
 Niger[note 2] 6,000 0.1% 1993 [8]
 Poland[note 9] 3,488 0.01% 2011 [20]
 Rwanda[note 2] 2,300 0.03% 2004 [8]
 Senegal 59,605 0.6% 2002 [21]
 Seychelles[note 10] 650 0.7% 2010 [22]
 South Africa 9,268 0.02% 1996 [10]
  Switzerland 1,791,115 22.5% 2013 [23]
 Togo[note 2] 3,000 0.1% 1993 [8]
 Tunisia[note 2] 11,000 0.1% 1993 [8]
 United Kingdom (England and Wales) 147,000 0.3% 2011 [24]
 United States 1,307,742 0.5% 2013 [25]
 Vanuatu[note 11] 1,400 0.6% 2009 [26]

Subnational territories

Territory Country L1 speakers Percentage Year Reference
Flanders  Belgium 367,000 5.9% 2009 [27]
New Brunswick  Canada 240,455 32.5% 2011 [28]
Nova Scotia  Canada 31,110 3.4% 2011 [28]
Ontario  Canada 561,155 4.4% 2011 [28]
Quebec  Canada 6,231,600 79.7% 2011 [29]
Manitoba  Canada 51,280 4.3% 2011 [28]
Alberta  Canada 68 435 2.1% 2011 [28]
British Columbia  Canada 63 625 1.4% 2011 [28]
Mayotte[note 12]  France 21,000 10% 2014 [30]
Réunion[note 13]  France 65,700 8% 2010 [31]
Puducherry[note 14]  India 1,600 0.26% 1982 [32]
Aosta Valley[note 15]  Italy 1,200 1% 2003 [33]
Romandie   Switzerland 1,606,029 83.6% 2013 [34]
Louisiana  United States 119,931 2.8% 2013 [35]
Maine  United States 47,066 3.73% 2012 [35]
Massachusetts  United States 65,874 1.06% 2012 [35]
Connecticut  United States 35,565 1.05% 2012 [35]
New Hampshire  United States 24,697 1.98% 2012 [35]
Vermont  United States 9,543 1.61% 2012 [35]
Rhode Island  United States 11,477 1.15% 2012 [35]

Americas

Argentina

From the second half of the 19th century to the first half of the 20th century, Argentina received the second largest group of French immigrants worldwide, second only to the United States. Between 1857 and 1946 Argentina received 239,503 French immigrants - out of which 105,537 permanently settled in the country. In 1976 116,032 were settled in Argentina. France was the third source of immigration to Argentina before 1890, constituting over 10% of immigrants, only surpassed by Italians and Spaniards. Today more than 6 million Argentines have some degree of French ancestry (up to 17% of the total population), many of them French-speakers.

Brazil

The anti-Portuguese factor of Brazilian nationalism in the 19th century led to an increased use of the French language in detriment of Portuguese, as France was seen at the time as a model of civilization and progress.[36] The learning of French has historically been important and strong among the Lusophone high societies, and for a great span of time it was also the foreign language of choice among the middle class of both Portugal and Brazil, only surpassed in the globalised postmodernity by English, in both, and more recently by Spanish, in the latter.[37][38][39][40]

Canada

Main articles: Canadian French and French language in Canada

French is the second most common language in Canada, after English, and both are official languages at the federal level.[26] French is the sole official language in the province of Quebec, being the mother tongue for some 7 million people, or almost 80.1% (2006 Census) of the province. About 95% of the people of Quebec speak French as either a first or second language. New Brunswick and Manitoba are the only officially bilingual provinces, though full bilingualism is enacted only in New Brunswick, where about one third of the population is Francophone. French is also an official language of all of the territories (Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Yukon). Out of the three, Yukon has the most French speakers, comprising just under 4% of the population.[41] About 6,827,860 Canadians speak French as their first language, or around 20% of the country,[42] with 2,065,300 constituting secondary speakers.[42] Bilingualism with French has been declining in English Canada in recent years.[43]

Haiti

See also: Haitian French

French is one of two official languages of Haiti, together with Haitian Creole, which is French-based.[26] French is the language of culture and business in Haiti, and also the main language of institutions. French is used most by the elite and the middle class.[44] Attempts to increase the legitimacy of Creole as an official language and in the media, on radio and television in particular, led to a relative decline in the share of French usage.[44] Most teachers of French suffer from a low level of skills in the language, with nearly 85% achieving a level between A2 and B1 in the Test de connaissance du français (TCF) in 2009.[44]

United States

Main article: French language in the United States
French language spread in the United States

According to the U.S. Census Bureau (2011), French is the fourth[45] most-spoken language in the United States after English, Spanish, and Chinese, when all forms of French are considered together and all languages of Chinese are similarly combined. French remains the second most-spoken language in the states of Louisiana, Maine, Vermont and New Hampshire.

Louisiana is home to many distinct dialects, collectively known as Louisiana French. Cajun French has the largest number of speakers, mostly living in Acadiana. According to the 2000 United States Census, there are over 194,000 people in Louisiana who speak French at home, the most of any state if Creole French is excluded.[46] New England French, essentially a variant of Canadian French, is spoken in parts of New England.

Missouri French, Muskrat French and Métis French were historically spoken by descendants of habitants, voyageurs and coureurs des bois in various parts of New France, but are now endangered.[47]

Asia

Burma

In Burma, French is gaining popularity amongst university students and the tourism sector, as the country slowly opens up. French is taught in secondary school, as with other foreign languages aside from English, which is taught from primary school.[48] Two universities in the country have French-language departments, for a total of 350 students.[48]

Cambodia

Main article: French language in Cambodia

About 3% of the population of Cambodia can speak French as of 2014.[1]

China

In China the language was also spoken by the elite in the Shanghai French Concession and other concessions in Guangzhou (Shamian Island), Hankou, Tianjin, Kwang-Chou-Wan and in the French zone of influence over the provinces of Yunnan, Guangxi, Hainan, and Guangdong. French is seen as important for doing business in Africa in particular, and 6,000 students attended French courses in 2013.[49] 29,000 study French in one of the Alliance française establishments, and 20,000 more study it in private language schools or academies, while 35,000 Chinese people are studying in France.[49]

India

French has de jure official status in the Indian union territory of Puducherry (formerly Pondicherry) along with the native languages of Tamil, Telugu, and Malayalam. However at the district level, French is only official in the districts of Pondicherry and Mahé, while the other two districts of the territory designate local languages as official. Furthermore, according to the French Institute of Pondicherry, French is "very little spoken" in Puducherry, with only about 1% of the territory's population being able to speak the language.[50]

Jordan

See also: Languages of Jordan

French is a minor language in Jordan brought over by French colonists in Lebanon and Syria and Maghrebi and French expatriates. The growth of French in Jordan occurred primarily in the 20th century but it is still popular today. Amman is home to the Lycée Français, while the Institut français de Jordanie is another important Francophone institution in the country.[51] According to the 2014 Francophonie report, 12,000 Jordanians were studying French at the primary level, 30,000 at the secondary level and 1,747 in universities.[52]

Lebanon

See also: French language in Lebanon
French language in Lebanon
Town sign in Standard Arabic and French at the entrance of Rechmaya in Lebanon.
An obsolete 100 Lebanese pound note with inscriptions "Banque du Liban" and "Cent livres".
Lebanese license plate with inscription "Liban".

As the Lebanese people historically call France "la tendre mère" (English: The Tender Mother), not only speaking French in Lebanon is very common and encouraged, but it is also a self-identification with the French liberal and cultural spirit that was mainly the result of the French colonial period and educational, Christian religious and governmental enterprises. However, most Lebanese privilege French out of fascination and infatuation with the culture, not for any functional purposes.

While the Article 11 of Lebanon's Constitution states that "Arabic is the official national language, a law determines the cases in which the French language is to be used".

Today, French and English are secondary languages of Lebanon, with about 40% of the population being Francophone and 40% Anglophone.[53] The use of English is growing in the business and media environment. Out of about 900,000 students, about 500,000 are enrolled in Francophone schools, public or private, in which the teaching of mathematics and scientific subjects is provided in French.[54] Actual usage of French varies depending on the region and social status. One third of high school students educated in French go on to pursue higher education in English-speaking institutions. English is the language of business and communication, with French being an element of social distinction, chosen for its emotional value.[55] On social media, French was used on Facebook by just 10% of Lebanese in 2014, far behind English (78%).[56]

Laos

Main article: French language in Laos

About 3% of the population of Laos can speak French as of 2014.[1]

Philippines

The Philippines has become one of the most active areas where French is being studied. Home of the first Alliance Française in the Southeast Asia (founded in 1912), it continues to educate many Filipinos and expatriates in the said language. There are currently two branches of Alliance Française in the Philippines, that of Manila and Cebu.

Although the language is not offered in elementary school, former President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo issued a proclamation encouraging the language to be an elective in high school. Also, French, along with Spanish, is a popular foreign language offered in many universities in the country. The University of the Philippines offers a bachelor's degree in European Language, where French is one of the possible majors.

Singapore

In Singapore, the top 10% of Primary School Leaving Examination graduates may choose to opt for French as a second or third language in secondary school, though the language is not an official language in Singapore, and is not commonly spoken among locals.

Vietnam

Main article: French language in Vietnam

About 0.7% of the population of Vietnam can speak French as of 2014.[1]

Europe

Spoken by 12% of the EU population, French is the fourth most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union, after German, Italian and English; it is also the third most widely known language of the Union, after English and German (33% of the EU population report to know how to speak English, whilst 22% of Europeans understand German and 20% French).[11][57]

Belgium

Further information: Languages of Belgium and Belgian French

In Belgium, French is an official language nationwide.[26] French is the primary language of Wallonia (excluding a part of the East Cantons, which are German-speaking) and in the Brussels-Capital Region, where it is spoken by the majority of the population often as their primary language.[58] In the Flemish Region there are a dozen municipalities with language facilities for French speakers along borders with the Walloon and Brussels-Capital regions.

In total, native French speakers make up about 38% of the country's population.[11] Including speakers of French as a second language, about 72% of the Belgian population can speak French.[1]

France

See also: Toubon Law and Languages of France

French formally became the official language of France in 1992,[59] but the ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts made it mandatory for legal documents in 1539. France mandates the use of French in official government publications and public education except in specific cases (though these dispositions are often ignored)[citation needed] and legal contracts; advertisements must bear a translation of foreign words.[citation needed]

Italy

See also: Aosta Valley

The Aosta Valley was the first government authority to adopt Modern French as working language in 1536, three years before France itself.[60] French has been the official language of the Aosta Valley since 1561, when it replaced Latin.[61] In the 1861 census, the first held after the unification of Italy, 93% declared being Francophone; in 1921, the last census with a question about language found that 88% of the population was French-speaking.[62] The suppression of all French-language schools and institutions and violence against French speakers during the forceful Italianisation campaign of the Fascist government irretrievably damaged the status of French in the region.[62] Italian and French are nowadays the region's official languages[63] and are used for the regional government's acts and laws, though Italian is much more widely spoken in everyday life, and French is mostly used within cultural events. Though French was re-introduced as an official language after World War II, and by 2003 just 0.99% reported speaking French natively.[33] French remains widely known as a second language, but it is no longer spoken as part of daily life.[64] In 2001, 75.41% of the Valdostan population was French-speaking, 96.01% declared to know Italian, 55.77% Franco-Provençal, and 50.53% all of them.[65] School education is delivered equally in both Italian and French[63] so that everyone who went to school in Aosta Valley can speak French to at least at a medium-high level.

Luxembourg

Further information: Languages of Luxembourg and Multilingualism in Luxembourg

French is one of three official languages of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, alongside German and Luxembourgish, the natively spoken language of Luxembourg. French is primarily used for administrative purposes by the government, is the language in which laws are published since the law of 1984 [66] and is also the primary language used to converse with foreigners. Luxembourg's education system is trilingual: the first cycle of basic school is in Luxembourgish, before changing officially to German for most branches; while in secondary school, the language of instruction changes to French for most subjects, such as mathematics and science.[67] At the Luxemborg University courses are offered in French, German and English.[68]

Switzerland

Further information: Languages of Switzerland, Swiss French, and Romandie

French is one of the four official languages of Switzerland (along with German, Italian and Romansh) and is spoken in the western part of Switzerland called Romandie, of which Geneva is the largest city. The language divisions in Switzerland do not coincide with political subdivisions and some cantons have bilingual status for example, cities such Biel/Bienne or cantons such as Valais-Fribourg-Berne. French is the native language of about 20% of the Swiss population and is spoken by 50.4%[69] of the population.

United Kingdom and Channel Islands

Further information: Languages of Jersey, Languages of Guernsey, and Languages of the United Kingdom

French is the most popular foreign language studied in British schools. According to a 2006 European Commission report, 23% of UK residents are able to carry on a conversation in French.[70] Other surveys put the figure at 15%.[71][72]

In Jersey, a standardized variety of French called Jersey Legal French is an official language. However, its use is generally restricted to parliament formalities or legal codes and contracts. In Guernsey, English is the only official language, although French is sometimes is used in legislation with a ceremonial capacity. Nevertheless, Norman (in its local forms, Guernésiais and Jèrriais) is the historical vernacular of the islands.

North Africa

Algeria

Main article: French language in Algeria
Bilingual sign in Algiers

In Algeria, 69.1% of the population over 15 in Alger, Constantine, Oran and Annaba can read and write French.[73] According to a survey conducted in 2012, fewer than four in 10 Algerians identified with a Francophone identity. Conversely, speaking French was seen as essential by seven in 10, though a third of the population felt that the use of French is declining.[74] In urban areas, French is considered almost mandatory to get a job.[75] French is the first foreign language in Algeria, and is introduced at the primary level. In higher education, French is the language of instruction in scientific and technical fields.[76]

Francophone Algerians can be divided into three broad categories: 'real Francophones', who speak French as part of their daily lives and mostly come from a privileged background; 'casual Francophones', who use the language in certain contexts, alternating it with Arabic, and 'passive Francophones', who can understand French but do not speak it.[77]

French television channels are widely watched in Algeria, and Algerian newspaper print their television schedules.[78] Algeria also has a sizeable French-language press.[78] A 2014 report published by the National Assembly of France describes it as the most important French-speaking country after France.[78] Nevertheless, Algeria is not a member of the Francophonie.[78] On social media, French was used on Facebook by 76% of Algerians in 2014.[56]

French is not official, but The World Factbook cites it as the lingua franca of the country.[26] The French language, restricted to an urban elite during the colonial period, began to expand as part of the mass education efforts launched after 1962. Its controversial status as a legacy of colonialism led to the increasing Arabisation of the school system in the 1970s and 1980s.[79] The usage of French in the country reached its lowest point during the Algerian Civil War in the 1990s, when armed Islamist groups targeted teachers of French. The language has rebounded in public life since the end of the war,[80] culminating in the efforts to reintroduce French in primary schools in 2006, which were initially hampered by a lack of sufficiently qualified teachers.[79] Referring to the continued usage of French in Algeria in the post-colonial period, the writer Kateb Yacine described the French language as the 'spoils of war' (butin de guerre) of Algerians.[81]

Local French-language media include El Watan, Le Soir d'Algérie, Liberté, Le Matin and Tout sur l'Algérie. According to a 2010 study by IMMAR Research & Consultancy, Francophone newspapers had a readership of 4,459,000 in the country, or 28% of the total, and a majority among readers with a high school or university education.[82]

Egypt

The first French-medium school was established in Egypt in 1836, and the importance of French expanded throughout the second half of the 19th century, until it became the most common foreign language in the country.[83] At the time, it was also a lingua franca for the communities of foreign origin, especially in Cairo.[83] French began to lose ground in Egyptian society in the 1920s for a number of political and social reasons;[83] from the 1930s onwards English became the main foreign language, but French was still being learnt by 8 million Egyptians in 2013.[53] There are two French-speaking universities in the country, the Université Française d'Égypte and the Université Senghor.[53]

Mauritania

See also: Languages of Mauritania

French was demoted from its status as an official language of Mauritania in 1991. Even so, it is taught from the second grade onward for up to six hours a week. French is also a language of instruction in high school for scientific subjects. In higher education, 2,300 students were enrolled in French courses in 2012. French remains, alongside Arabic, the language of work and education, although there were attempts to introduce English as a first foreign language.[84] On social media, 59% of Mauritanian Facebook users used French on the website in 2014.[56]

Morocco

See also: French language in Morocco and Language Attitudes Among Arabic-French Bilinguals in Morocco

The 2004 census of Morocco found that 39.4% of the population aged 10 and older could read and write French.[85] Spoken mainly in cities among the upper middle class, French is the medium of instruction of two-thirds of courses in higher education, including science and technology, health, economics and management, although the adoption of English for this role was being considered by the Minister of Education.[76] In the private sector, French is treated as more than simply a foreign language.[76] French is introduced in primary school, where it is studied for up to 7 hours a week. It is also used as the language of education in many private schools.[84] Moroccans are the largest group of foreign students in France, ahead of the Chinese and Algerians.[86]

50.3% of the population over 15 in Tanger, Fès, Rabat, Casablanca and Marrakech can read and write French.[73] According to a survey conducted in 2012, just a third of urban Moroccans identify with a Francophone identity, and slightly more wish for French to become more commonly used.[87] French is nevertheless deemed essential, both in the professional and private spheres, by three-quarters of respondents.[74] French-language media are losing ground to Arabic media, including in television, radio or the press: of 618 Moroccan publications in 2004, 448 were in Arabic and 164 in French.[88] On social media, French was used on Facebook by 75% of Moroccans in 2014.[56]

Local French-language media include Le Matin du Sahara et du Maghreb, TelQuel, Aujourd'hui le Maroc, La Vie éco.

Tunisia

See also: Languages of Tunisia § French

French is a working language in many sectors in Tunisia, including healthcare, commerce or communication. In coastal areas and the more developed neighbourhoods of the capital, it is also a common language of communication for all social groups, either in its standardised form or hybridized with Arabic. In the inland regions and the south it remains a foreign language. French is introduced from the third grade at 8 hours per week. In high school French is the language of instruction for mathematics, science and computing. Teachers are not always sufficiently trained for this usage, however.[84]

Nearly three-quarters of the population of Tunis, Sousse and Sfax consider French as essential in their professional or personal lives. However, only half of the population feels Francophone, and only a third feels solidarity with other Francophone countries.[74] 70.8% of the population over 15 in the aforementioned Tunisians cities can read and write French.[73] Arabic increasingly dominates the Tunisian media landscape, especially on television: the audience share of local French-language channels reached 25% in the early 1990s, but hardly reached 3% by the 2010s.[88] On social media, French was used on Facebook by 91% of Tunisians in 2014.[56]

Local French-language media include La Presse de Tunisie, L'Economiste Maghrébin, Tunivisions, Le Temps.

Sub-Saharan Africa

French speakers in Africa in 2014:
  0–10% Francophone
  11–20% Francophone
  21–30% Francophone
  31–40% Francophone
  41–50% Francophone
  >50% Francophone

According to the High Council of the International Organization of the Francophonie, in 2010, 96.2 million French speakers were living in various countries in Africa.[89] French has been imported to most of these countries through colonization, and it is not a mother tongue to most residents. African standards of French differ from European ones.[90] Some linguists discuss a "second French language"[91] or even an "African French language".[92]

According to Paul Wald, "The notion of ownership of an imported language begins when – despite its identification as a foreign and/or vernacular language – its use does not imply a relationship with the foreigner."[93] French can thus be considered the result of functional and vernacular ownerships, satisfying the needs of a society with new sociocultural and socioeconomic realities. French has begun developing into almost independent varieties, with creation of different types of slang by speakers with a sufficient knowledge of French. Examples include the Ivorian jargon "Nouchi" in Abidjan and the Cameroonian "Camfranglais", which is a mixture of French and English with elements of indigenous languages.

Benin

See also: Languages of Benin

French is the sole official language of Benin.[26] According to a survey, 57.3% of residents of Cotonou over the age of 15 could read and write French.[73] Knowledge of French is considered important for employment, bureaucracy, education but also in everyday life.[94] 34% of the population was Francophone in 2002, up from 23% in 1992. There are strong regional differences, with the ability to speak French being more common in the south of the country. The Atlantique and Littoral departments have a French-speaking majority. French speakers are more commonly men than women, owing to a disparity in access to education.[95]

Burkina Faso

See also: Languages of Burkina Faso

French is the sole official language of Burkina Faso.[26] In Ouagadougou, 49.4% of the population aged 15 and older can read and write French.[73] At the national level French was the first language for 1.66% of the population in 2006 (up from 0.75% in 1996), reaching 9.54% in the capital, where it is the second most spoken language behind Dioula.[96]

Burundi

See also: Languages of Burundi

French is one of two official languages of Burundi, the other being Kirundi.[26]

Cameroon

See also: Languages of Cameroon

French is one of two official languages of Cameroon, the other being English.[26] French is the main language in 8 regions out of 10, with English being dominant in the remaining two.[97] In Cameroon, 63.7% of the population aged 15 and older in Douala and 60.5% in Yaounde can read and write French; an additional 13–15% can speak French without being able to write it.[73] Among residents of the capital French is seen as essential, especially in government and information, though English is also seen as important in many situations. Three quarters feel close to other Francophone countries.[94] The 2005 census found that 57.7% of the population over the age of 12 could speak French, up form 41.1% in 1987.[97]

Central African Republic

See also: Languages of the Central African Republic

French is the sole official language of the Central African Republic.[26]

Chad

See also: Languages of Chad

French is one of two official languages of Chad, together with Arabic.[26] One resident of N'Djamena out of two feels solidarity towards other French-speaking country and wishes for the use of French to expand.[87] French is seen as important in work and education.[74] French shares a place with Arabic as the language of administration and education, as well as in the press; French is dominant on radio and television.[98] French is also spoken as part of daily life.[99]

Comoros

See also: Languages of Comoros

French is one of two official languages of Comoros, Arabic being the second.[26] On social media, French was used on Facebook by 100% of Comorians in 2014.[56]

Congo-Brazzaville

See also: Languages of the Republic of the Congo

French is the sole official language of Republic of Congo.[26] 68.7% of the population of Brazzaville aged 15 and older can read and write French.[73] French is the main language in the media, used by 63% of radio and television broadcasters. French is also the dominant language in the state administrations.[100]

Congo-Kinshasa

See also: Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

French is the sole official language of Democratic Republic of Congo.[26] About half of Kinshasa residents feel solidarity towards Francophone countries, and French is seen as important for education and relations with the government. It is also seen as important to be successful in life, along with English.[94] French is the main language of education after third grade.[101]

Djibouti

See also: Languages of Djibouti

French is one of two official languages of Djibouti, the other being Arabic.[26] On social media, French was used on Facebook by 82% of Djiboutians in 2014.[56]

Gabon

See also: Languages of Gabon

French is the sole official language of Gabon.[26] According to a 1999 survey, French was the first language for 26.3% of Libreville residents between the age of 15 and 25.[102] 71.9% of the capital's residents over 15 years of age could read and write French.[73] Three quarters of the population of the capital identifies as Francophone and considers French as essential.[74] All local publications are in French.[102]

Guinea

See also: Languages of Guinea

French is the sole official language of Guinea.[26] In Conakry, 42.1% of the population aged 15 and older can read and write French.[73]

Ivory Coast

See also: Languages of Ivory Coast

French is the sole official language of Ivory Coast.[26] In Abidjan, largest city of the country, 57.6% of the inhabitants over 15 can read and write French, and another 11% can speak it but not write it.[73] The French language is seen as essential by a large majority, especially for dealing with the government and in education. Two thirds of respondents report feeling Francophone.[94] French plays an important role in all areas of public and private life across the whole country. French is increasingly seen as an Ivorian language, and a local variety distinct from standard French has emerged (français ivoirien).[103]

Madagascar

See also: Languages of Madagascar

In Antananarivo, capital of Madagascar, French is seen as important for work, education and administrative matters, but not in everyday life, where Malagasy dominates. Less than half feel solidarity with other Francophone countries or consider knowledge of French as essential.[94] Education in primary schools is bilingual in Malagasy and French. The latter is used as medium of education for mathematics and scientific subjects. French is the language of instruction in secondary and tertiary education.[104] It is also the main language of government, alongside Malagasy.[105]

Mali

See also: Languages of Mali

In Bamako, 47.7% of the population over 15 can read and write French.[73] Only 5 out of 10 people in the capital feel solidarity towards Francophone countries. French, however, is seen as essential for work, studies and administrative procedures.[94] French is advancing as a second language, rising from 11.9% in 1987 to 24.4% in 2009, but declining as a native language from 0.11% of the population in 1987 to 0.09% in 1998, losing some ground to Bambara.[106] French is more widely spoken in the Sahel region in the north of the country than in the south.[107]

Niger

See also: Languages of Niger

French is the sole official language of Niger.[26] In Niamey, the capital, French is seen as essential for work, studies and administrative procedures.[94] Two-thirds of residents believe that the use of French is becoming more common in the country.[94]

Rwanda

See also: Languages of Rwanda

French was the administrative language of Rwanda since colonial times. The Rwandan Genocide in 1994 and the victory of the Rwandan Patriotic Front were followed by a period of linguistic upheaval, with the return of millions of refugees from Anglophone countries setting the stage for the officialisation of English in 1996 and its gradual usurpation of French as the language of education, culminating with the decision in October 2008 to make English the only language of education at all levels,[108] effectively relegating French to the status of foreign language.[109] In spite of this decision, a survey of students in Kigali found that French was the preferred language for a majority of them.[110]

Senegal

See also: Languages of Senegal

French is the sole official language of Senegal.[26] French was commonly spoken by 9.4% of Senegalese in 2002, mainly as a foreign language, with just 0.6% speaking it natively.[111] Wolof is by far the most spoken language in the country, including the capital, while French remains a second language, becoming the main language only in non-Wolof areas. French is the main language of institutions, however.[112] Only half of Dakar residents identify with a Francophone status or feel solidarity with French-speaking countries, but the French language is seen as essential for everyday affairs and education.[94]

French was the language of alphabetisation for 37.2% of the population in 2013, followed by Arabic with 11.1%. French is the main language of education in all regions of Senegal except for Kaffrine, where Arabic remains dominant, with significant Arabic-educated minorities in Kaolack (15.9% to 33.0% for French), Louga (15.8% to 22.7%) and Diourbel (15.0% to 17.2%). This phenomenon is explained by the impact of Quranic schools or daara in those regions.[113]

Togo

See also: Languages of Togo

French is the sole official language of Togo.[26]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Figures for 2008
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t The percentage is calculated from the World Bank population estimate for the given year.
  3. ^ Based on a 2012 population of 11,035,948 (StatBel)
  4. ^ 2,056 or 0.02% of the total population of 10,436,560
  5. ^ Based on a 2012 population of 65,241,000 (INSEE)
  6. ^ Based on a 2002 population of 4,371,535 (Geostat)
  7. ^ 117,121 – 98,178 = 18,943 (total speakers less non-native speakers), or 0.2% of the total population of 9,937,628
  8. ^ 3.6% of a 2011 population of 1,233,000
  9. ^ 3,488 or 0.01% of the total population of 38,511,824
  10. ^ 0.7% of a 2010 population of 90,945
  11. ^ 0.6% of a 2009 population of 234,023 (VNSO)
  12. ^ Based on a 2012 population of 212,600 (INSEE)
  13. ^ Based on a 2010 population of 821,136 (INSEE)
  14. ^ Based on a 1981 population of 604,471 (Planning and Research Department of Puducherry)
  15. ^ Based on a 2003 population of 120,909 (ISTAT)

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  50. ^ French Institute of Pondicherry "French is however very little spoken, Tamil and English being the dominant languages."
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  52. ^ OIF 2014, p. 213.
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