Grotta del Cavallo
| Grotta del Cavallo | |
|---|---|
| Cavallo Cave | |
 | |
  | |
| Location | Apulia, Italy |
| Coordinates | 40°9′18″N 17°57′36″E / 40.15500°N 17.96000°E |
| Geology | limestone |
The Grotta del Cavallo or Cavallo Cave (Italian:"Cave of the Horse") is a limestone cave in the region of Apulia, Southern Italy, near Nardò 90 km (55.92 mi) south of Taranto. The cave is about 15 m (49 ft) above present sea level. It has a rounded entrance, 5 m (16.40 ft) wide and 2.5 m (8.20 ft) high opening toward the sea. The cave was rediscovered in 1960 and two waves of excavations ensued. The first wave spanning from 1963 to 1966 and the second from 1986 to 2008. The cave was disturbed by looters during the period between the two waves of excavations, damaging the layers corresponding to the Upper Palaeolithic, because of this, the cave entrance is covered by a gate and is not open to the public.[1]
Archaeology
Stratigraphy
The cave contains a rich stratigraphic succession with a depth of 7 m (23 ft), that is deposited on top of an interglacial beach foundation. The most notable section of this sequence covers the Middle Palaeolithic, associated with the Neanderthal Mousterian culture and a recently discovered subsequent strata that was associated with the earliest known appearance of Anatomically modern humans in Europe.
Discoveries
In 1964 two deciduous molars were discovered in the cave. In 1967 researchers described the teeth as to be of Neanderthal origin and assumed that the accompanying stone tools and shell bead ornaments were typical of a Neanderthal culture, that was subsequently termed the Uluzzi culture[2][3] as it closely resembles the Châtelperronian. However, the association of the Châtelperronian culture with Homo neanderthalensis is subject of ongoing debate.[4][5] In 2011, a team of researchers led by Stephano Benazzi of the Department of Anthropology at the University of Vienna published a study in the journal Nature which concluded that the teeth are not of Neanderthal origin, but from an early Homo sapiens and date from 45,000 to 43,000 years BP. According to Benazzi these results allow the support of the hypothesis that the Uluzzi culture is not to be attributed to Neanderthals but to modern humans. [6] Although the Human provenance of these teeth are contended, no evidence contradicting this claim has been put forward [3][7] and has gained some acceptance. However, the attribution of the entire Uluzzi technology to Anatomically Modern European Humans is more contentious.[8]
References
- ^ Benazzi, S., Katerina Douka, Cinzia Fornai, Catherine C. Bauer, Ottmar Kullmer, Jiří Svoboda, Ildikó Pap, Francesco Mallegni, Priscilla Bayle, Michael Coquerelle, Silvana Condemi, Annamaria Ronchitelli, Katerina Harvati & Gerhard W. Weber "Grotta del Cavallo: Description of the site and history of excavations." Nature: Supplementary Information, Nature Publishing Group, 02 Nov. 2011, retrieved 12 Nov. 2015
- ^ Marta Camps. Sourcebook of Paleolithic Transitions. Methods, Theories, and Interpretations. Springer, 2009: 385.
- ^ a b Callaway, Ewen. "Who were Europe’s first humans?", Nature blog, Nature Publishing Group, 02 Nov. 2011, retrieved 12 Nov. 2015
- ^ Higham T, Jacobi R, Julien M, David F, Basell L, Wood R, Davies W, Ramsey CB.C (2010). Chronology of the Grotte du Renne (France) and implications for the context of ornaments and human remains within the Chatelperronian. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. doi:10.1073/pnas.1007963107 PMID 20956292
- ^ Mellars P. (2010). Neanderthal symbolism and ornament manufacture: The bursting of a bubble? Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. doi:10.1073/pnas.1014588107
- ^ Benazzi, S., Katerina Douka, Cinzia Fornai, Catherine C. Bauer, Ottmar Kullmer, Jiří Svoboda, Ildikó Pap, Francesco Mallegni, Priscilla Bayle, Michael Coquerelle, Silvana Condemi, Annamaria Ronchitelli, Katerina Harvati & Gerhard W. Weber "Early dispersal of modern humans in Europe and implications for Neanderthal behaviour" Nature, V.479, pp. 525–528 Nature Publishing Group, 02 Nov. 2011, retrieved 12 Nov. 2015
- ^ Zilhão, Joã, William E. Banks, Francesco d’Errico, and Patrizia Gioia, (2015) PHILOSOPHICAL (AND OTHER) TRANSACTIONS ON THE GROTTA DEL CAVALLO, THE SCIENCE OF ARCHEOLOGY, AND THE ETHICS OF PUBLICATION, "Researchgate"
- ^ Zilhão, Joã, William E. Banks, Francesco d’Errico, and Patrizia Gioia, "Analysis of Site Formation and Assemblage Integrity Does Not Support Attribution of the Uluzzian to Modern Humans at Grotta del Cavallo", PLoS ONE, 10(7): e0131181. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0131181