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Ideology of Hezbollah

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The ideology of Hezbollah has been summarized as Shi'i radicalism.[1][2][3] Hezbollah was largely formed with the aid of the Ayatollah Khomeini's followers in the early 1980s in order to spread Islamic revolution[4] and follows a distinct version of Islamic Shi'a ideology (Valiyat al-faqih or Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists) developed by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, leader of the "Islamic Revolution" in Iran.[5][6]

Manifesto

Hezbollah declared its existence on February 16, 1985 in "The Hizballah Program". This document[7] was read by spokesman Sheikh Ibrahim al-Amin at the al-Ouzai Mosque in west Beirut and simultaneously published in al-Safir as "The Hizballah Program, an open letter to all the Oppressed in Lebanon and the World," and a separate pamphlet that was first published in full in English in 1987.[8]

According to "The Hizballah Program" the principles of its ideology are:[9]

  • To expel Americans, the French and their allies definitely from Lebanon, putting an end to any colonialist entity on our land.
  • To submit the phalanges to a just power and bring them all to justice for the crimes they have perpetrated against Muslims and Christians.
  • To permit all the sons of our people to determine their future and to choose in all the liberty the form of government their desire. We call upon all of them to pick the option of Islamic government which, alone, is capable of guaranteeing justice and liberty for all. Only an Islamic regime can stop any future tentative attempts of imperialistic infiltration onto our country.

It listed the Ayatollah Khomeini as the leader whose "orders we obey;" called on Christians to "open your hearts to our call" and "embrace Islam" and noted that "Allah has… made it intolerable for Muslims to particuate in… a regime which is not predicated upon… the Sharia"; explained that Israel is "the vanguard of the United States in our Islamic world."[9]

More broadly, current leader Sheikh Nasserallah has described Hizb'allah's ideology as having "two main axis: firstly, a belief in the rule by the just jurisconsult and adherence to Khomeini's leadership; and secondly, the continued need to struggle against the Israeli enemy."[10]

In the early 1990s, Hezbollah underwent what a number of observers have called a process of "Lebanonization," which is reflected in acceptance of a multi-confessional Lebanon, rapprochement with a variety of non-Islamist forces, participation in electoral politics, and an emphasis on providing for the social welfare of its Shi'a Lebanese constituency.[11] This tendency was expressed in religious as well as strategic terms:

Christians and Jews differ with Muslims concerning the interpretation of the unity of God and the personality of God. Despite that, the Qur'an commands: Turn to the principle of unity—the unity of God and the unity of mankind. We interpret this to mean that we can meet with Marxists on the common ground of standing up to the forces of international arrogance; we can meet nationalists, even secular nationalists, on the common ground of Arab causes, which are also Islamic causes. Islam recognizes the Other. …So Islam does not negate the Other; it invites the Other to dialogue.[12]

Since then, Hizbullah has published a new manifesto on Dec 1, 2009 which shifts its direction to better stay coherent with the current situation in their community. This new manifesto contains language that downplays the Islamic rhetoric and focuses more on integration into their community. Furthermore, the new manifesto calls for the elimination of the sectarian system in place right now in Lebanon and calls for replacement of this system by a secular modern system. However, the new manifesto states that the US and Israel are still Hizb'allah's prime enemies. Moreover, it eliminates the possibility of open discussion on its right to bear arms.

Shi'a Islamism

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Hezbollah's original 1985 manifesto reads:

We are the sons of the ummah (Muslim community) — the party of God (Hizb Allah) the vanguard of which was made victorious by God in Iran. There the vanguard succeeded to lay down the bases of a Muslim state which plays a central role in the world. We obey the orders of one leader, wise and just, that of our tutor and faqih (jurist) who fulfills all the necessary conditions: Ruhollah Musawi Khomeini. …We are an umma linked to the Muslims of the whole world by the solid doctrinal and religious connection of Islam, whose message God wanted to be fulfilled by the Seal of the Prophets, i.e., Muhammad. Our behavior is dictated to us by legal principles laid down by the light of an overall political conception defined by the leading jurist. …As for our culture, it is based on the Holy Koran, the Sunna and the legal rulings of the faqih who is our source of imitation.[13]

Hezbollah was largely formed with the aid of the Ayatollah Khomeini's followers in the early eighties in order to spread Islamic revolution[4] and follows a distinct version of Islamic Shi'a ideology (“Willayat Al-Faqih”) developed by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, leader of the Islamic Revolution in Iran.[6] Although Hezbollah believes in one-person-one-vote system and disagree with the multi-confessional quotas under the Ta'if Accord, it does not intend to force a one-person-one-vote system onto the country’s Christians.[14]

Hezbollah views its conflict with Israel and the Jewish people as religiously motivated. The history of the Arab-Israeli conflict to them is a repeat of the negative interactions between the Jews of medieval Arabia and Muhammad and the early umma described in the Koran and other classical Islamic texts. God, according Hezbollah theology, cursed all Jews as blasphemers damned for all time and throughout history.[15][16] Hezbollah (as well as the political/religious leaders of Iran) believe that the destruction of Israel will bring about the "reappearance of the Imam (the Shiite Islamic Messiah)."[17] These issues exist independently of Israeli treatment of Palestinians or even the existence of the State of Israel, although Hezbollah has strong objections to these more earthly matters as well. It is on theological grounds, therefore, that Hezbollah cannot reconcile itself with a Jewish state in the Middle East.

Attitudes, statements, and actions concerning Israel and Zionism

From the inception of Hezbollah to the present[18][19][20][21] the elimination of the state of Israel has been a primary goal for Hezbollah. Hezbollah not only opposes the government and policies of the State of Israel, but also each and every Jewish civilian who lives in Israel.[22] Its 1985 manifesto reportedly states "our struggle will end only when this entity [Israel] is obliterated. We recognize no treaty with it, no ceasefire, and no peace agreements."[9][23] Secretary-General Nasrallah has stated that "Israel is an illegal usurper entity, which is based on falsehood, massacres, and illusions,"[24] and considers that the elimination of Israel will bring peace in the Middle East: "There is no solution to the conflict in this region except with the disappearance of Israel."[25][26] In an interview with the Washington Post, Nasrallah said, "I am against any reconciliation with Israel. I do not even recognize the presence of a state that is called 'Israel.' I consider its presence both unjust and unlawful. That is why if Lebanon concludes a peace agreement with Israel and brings that accord to the Parliament our deputies will reject it; Hezbollah refuses any conciliation with Israel in principle. …When a peace agreement is concluded between the Lebanese government and Israel, we would surely disagree with the Lebanese government about that, but we would not make any turmoil out of it."[27] In 1993, during the Oslo peace process, Nasrallah and several other top Hezbollah generals came out staunchly opposed to any final peace agreement between the Israelis and Palestinians to the point that they accused Palestinian National Authority President Yasser Arafat of blasphemy and treachery to the Muslim people.[28] Their strong objections to the Israeli-Palestinian peace process is held to this day.[29][30] Jerusalem and the Dome of the Rock is used as a rallying point in Hezbollah literature, media, and music for the destruction of Israel and support for Palestinian terrorism.[31]

In a 1999 interview, Nasrallah outlined the group’s three "minimal demand[s]: an [Israeli] withdrawal from South Lebanon and the Western Bqa’ Valley, a withdrawal from the Golan, and the return of the Palestinian refugees.”[24] An additional objective is the freeing of prisoners held in Israeli jails,[5][32][33] some of whom have been imprisoned for eighteen years.[34]

Israel's occupation of the Shebaa Farms, along with the presence of Lebanese prisoners in Israeli jails, is often used as a pretext and stated as justification for the Hezbollah's continued hostilities against Israel even after Israel's verified withdrawal from Lebanon in 2000. Hezbollah's spokesperson Hassan Ezzedin, however, said that

the Hezbollah campaign to rid Shebaa of Israeli troops is a pretext for something larger. 'If they go from Shebaa, we will not stop fighting them," he told [the New Yorker]. 'Our goal is to liberate the 1948 borders of Palestine, …The Jews who survive this war of liberation can go back to Germany or wherever they came from.' He added, however, that the Jews who lived in Palestine before 1948 will be 'allowed to live as a minority and they will be cared for by the Muslim majority.'"[35]

On May 26, 2000, After the Israeli withdrawal from south Lebenon Hassan Nassrallah said: "I tell you: this "Israel" that owns nuclear weapons and the strongest air force in this region is more fragile than a spiderweb".[36][37] Arie W. Kruglanski, Moshe Ya'alon, Bruce Hoffman, Efraim Inbar, and YNET interpret the "spider web" theory as the notion, articulated by Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah, that Israel's reverence for human life, the hedonistic nature of the Israeli society, and its self-indulgent Western values make it weak, soft, and vulnerable. Such a society, though technologically advanced, will crumble under continued war and bloodshed.[38][39][40][41]

In 2002, according to the BBC, Hezbollah, "said publicly that it is ready to open a second front against Israel in support of the intifada."[42] In a 2003 interview, Nasrallah has answered questions concerning the establishment of a Palestinian state established alongside an Israeli state stating "that he would not sabotage what is finally a 'Palestinian matter.' But until such a settlement is reached, he will, he said, continue to encourage Palestinian suicide bombers."[43] In the same interview, Nasrallah stated that "at the end of the road no one can go to war on behalf of the Palestinians, even if that one is not in agreement with what the Palestinians agreed on," adding, "Of course, it would bother us that Jerusalem goes to Israel… [but] let it happen. I would not say O.K. I would say nothing."[43] Similarly, in 2004, when asked whether he was prepared to live with a two-state settlement between Israel and Palestine, Nasrallah said he would not sabotage what is a Palestinian matter.[18] He also said that outside of Lebanon, Hezbollah will act only in a defensive manner towards Israeli forces, and that Hezbollah's missiles were acquired to deter attacks on Lebanon.[44]

In a 2003 interview, Nasrallah answered questions concerning the renewed peace talks between the Palestinians and the Israelis, stating that he would not interfere in what he regarded as "... primarily a Palestinian matter." However, in his speeches to his followers, he provides rationalizations for suicide bombings.[45] Similarly, in 2004, when asked whether he was prepared to live with a two-state settlement between Israel and Palestine, Nasrallah said again that he would not sabotage what is finally a "... Palestinian matter."[18] He also said that outside of Lebanon, Hezbollah would act only in a defensive manner towards Israeli forces, and that Hezbollah's missiles were acquired to deter attacks on Lebanon.[44]

In 2004 the Hezbollah-owned television station Al-Manar was banned in France on the grounds that it was inciting racial hatred. The court cited a 23 November 2004 broadcast in which a speaker accused Israel of deliberately disseminating AIDS in Arab nations.[46]

Hezbollah's desire for Israeli prisoners to be that could be exchanged with Israel led to Hezbollah's abduction of Israeli soldiers which triggered the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict.[47]

In March 2009, in a speech marking the birthday of Muhammad, Nasrallah said, "As long as Hezbollah exists, it will never recognize Israel." rejecting a US precondition for dialogue.[48][49][50] A prominent Hezbollah poster at a May 2009 rally had an image of a mushroom cloud along with the message, "OH ZIONISTS, IF YOU WANT THIS TYPE OF WAR THEN SO BE IT!"[51]

Attitudes, statements, and actions concerning the United States

During the years prior to its official founding, Hezbollah was held responsible or partially responsible for several attacks on Western (mostly American) targets and it has been blamed for killing many Americans.[52] Hezbollah has denied involvement in the attacks, but its manifesto does claim that "the whole world knows that whoever wishes to oppose the US, that arrogant superpower, cannot indulge in marginal acts which may make deviate from its major objective. We combat abomination and we shall tear out its very roots, its primary roots, which are the US."[9] Hezbollah supporters chant "Death to America" in demonstrations every year.[53] This attitude mirrors the attitude of the Iranian government.[54]

Hezbollah leader Fadlallah has told an interviewer, "We believe there is no difference between the United States and Israel; the latter is a mere extension of the former. The United States is ready to fight the whole world to defend Israel's existence and security. The two countries are working in complete harmony, and the United States is certainly not inclined to exert pressure on Israel."[55]

On its Al-Manar Television network, which is viewed by "an estimated 10–15 million people a day across the world," the United States is portrayed by an animated image of "the Statue of Liberty as a ghoul, her gown dripping blood, a knife instead of a torch in her raised hand. In Arabic the video… concludes with the words: 'America owes blood to all of humanity.'"[56]

Attitudes, statements, and actions concerning Jews and Judaism

Hezbollah has declared that it distinguishes between Zionism and Judaism.

  • On November 30, 2009, while reading the party's new political manifesto, Hassan Nasrallah declared "Our problem with [the Israelis] is not that they are Jews, but that they are occupiers who are raping our land and holy places."[57]
  • In a Pro-Palestinian Convention held in Beirut in 2005, Hezbollah representative in the Lebanese Parliament Abdallah Qussayr[58] stated that "Hezbollah has never been against religions. Hezbollah supports all religions, it supports interfaith dialogue, and it has no problem with any religion. Hezbollah considers Zionism to be the enemy, not the Jews as a people or a religion."[59]
  • According to Joseph Alagha, Hezbollah "only regards the Jews living in Israel as Zionists, who should be killed".[60] Alagha concluded that Hezbollah "neither discriminates against the Jews as a religion nor as a race" and that it is "not anti-Semitic in its overall orientation."[60]
  • Commenting on a recent project for rebuilding the Maghen Abraham Synagogue in Beirut, Hussein Rahhal, a spokesman for Hezbollah said that the group supported the restoration of the synagogue: "We respect the Jewish religion just like we do Christianity… The Jews have always lived among us. We have an issue with Israel's occupation of land."[61]

However, the group has been accused of using antisemitism.

  • Robert S. Wistrich devotes an entire chapter of his comprehensive, worldwide history of anti-Semitism, A Lethal Obsession, to Hezbollah and other like-minded anti-Semitic groups. In the book, Wistrich described Hezbollah's anti-Semitism as "contempt normally reserved for weak and cowardly enemies. Like the Hamas propaganda for holy war, that of Hezbollah has relied on the endless vilification of Jews as 'enemies of mankind,' 'conspiratorial, obstinate, and conceited' adversaries full of 'satanic plans' to enslave the Arabs. It fuses traditional Islamic anti-Judaism with Western conspiracy myths, Third Worldist anti-Zionism, and Iranian Shiite contempt for Jews as 'ritually impure' and corrupt infidels."[62]
  • Jeffrey Goldberg, staff writer for The New Yorker, described the group as a "very, very radical, anti-Semitic organization."[63] He stated that Hezbollah has embraced an ideology "melding of Arab nationalist-based anti-Zionism, anti-Jewish rhetoric from the Koran, and, most disturbingly, the antique anti-Semitic beliefs and conspiracy theories of European fascism."[64] An article by Jeffrey Goldberg which was published in The New Yorker in 2002 quoted Ibrahim Mousawi, the director of English-language news at Al Manar, calling the Jews "a lesion on the forehead of history."[65]
  • The Hezbollah-owned and operated television station Al-Manar was criticized for airing "anti-Semitic propaganda" in the form of a television drama depicting a Jewish world domination conspiracy,[66][67][68] and for making accusations that Jews deliberately spread AIDS.[69][70] Hezbollah also used antisemitic educational materials designed for 5-year-old scouts.[71][72]
  • In 1996, Hezbollah called on Muslims to boycott the movie Independence Day, calling it "propaganda for the so-called genius of the Jews and their alleged concern for humanity."[73] In the movie, a Jewish scientist played by Jeff Goldblum helps save the world from an alien invasion. Goldblum replied that "Hezbollah has missed the point: the film is not about American Jews saving the world; it's about teamwork among people of different religions and nationalities to defeat a common enemy." Hezbollah's anti-Jewish crusade, Goldblum added, "does not sit well with me."
  • Amal Saad-Ghorayeb, a Lebanese writer and political analyst, devoted an entire chapter of her book Hizbu'llah: Politics and Religion to an analysis of Hezbollah's anti-Jewish beliefs.[74] Sadd-Ghorayeb argues that although Zionism has influenced Hezbollah's anti-Judaism, "it is not contingent upon it" because Hezbollah's hatred of Jews is more religiously motivated than politically motivated.[74]
  • According to Shaul Shai, The Hassan Nasrallah has often made sharp anti-Semitic statements that not only revile Israel as a state, but also the entire Jewish people, while using themes taken from classic and Muslim anti-Semitism.[75]

Anti-Semitic statements have also been attributed to prominent figures in Hezbollah and to Hassan Nasrallah.

  • In a 1998 speech marking the Day of Ashura, and published in Hassan Nasrallah's official website[76][77][78] at that time, Nasrallah referred to Israel as "the state of the grandsons of apes and pigs – the Zionist Jews" and condemned them as "the murderers of the prophets."[79][80][81]MEMRI, CAMERA and Shaul Shai interpret this language as broadly antisemitic.[79][81][82]
  • According to the Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Hassan Nasrallah, speaking at the Shi'ite Moslem "Ashura" flagellation ceremony on April 9, 2000, said: "The Jews invented the legend of the Nazi atrocities… Anyone who reads the Koran and the holy writings of the monotheistic religions sees what they did to the prophets, and what acts of madness and slaughter the Jews carried out throughout history… Anyone who reads these texts cannot think of co-existence with them, of peace with them, or about accepting their presence, not only in Palestine of 1948 but even in a small village in Palestine, because they are a cancer which is liable to spread again at any moment.”[83]
  • According to Shaul Shai, Hassan Nasrallah said in a speech delivered in Beirut and aired on Al-Manar TV on September 28, 2001: "What do the Jews want? They want security and money. Throughout history the Jews have been Allah's most cowardly and avaricious creatures. If you look all over the world, you will find no one more miserly or greedy than they are."[75]
  • Badih Chayban in his October 23, 2002 article in The Daily Star, Nasrallah said that "if [Jews] all gather in Israel, it will save us the trouble of going after them worldwide."[84]
  • Saad-Ghorayeb quotes Hassan Nasrallah as saying, "If we searched the entire world for a person more cowardly, despicable, weak and feeble in psyche, mind, ideology and religion, we would not find anyone like the Jew. Notice, I do not say the Israeli."[85][86]
  • Saad-Ghorayeb quotes Hezbollah's Deputy-General Shaykh Na'im Qasim as saying, "The history of Jews has proven that, regardless of the Zionist proposal, they are a people who are evil in their ideas."[87]

Position on use of armed strength to achieve aims

Hezbollah's 1985 founding Manifesto reads:

"whatever touches or strikes the Muslims in Afghanistan, Iraq, the Philippines and elsewhere reverberates throughout the whole Muslim umma of which we are an integral part. ... No one can imagine the importance of our military potential as our military apparatus is not separate from our overall social fabric. Each of us is a fighting soldier. And when it becomes necessary to carry out the Holy War, each of us takes up his assignment in the fight in accordance with the injunctions of the Law, and that in the framework of the mission carried out under the tutelage of the Commanding Jurist."[13]

Hezbollah regards any act of violence committed against any Israeli (including children) as "legitimate resistance."[31]

Women’s rights

In keeping with Lebanon’s generally secular and egalitarian culture, Hezbollah recognizes and promotes women’s rights somewhat more strongly than do other groups associated with Islamic jihad, as per Hezbollah’s self-proclaimed "model and example."[89][90]

One member of the Hezbollah Political Council, speaking to an Online Journal correspondent in July 2006, claimed that "Hezbollah differs from many Islamic groups in our treatment of women. We believe women have the ability like men to participate in all parts of life."[90] The Online Journal correspondent writes:

"From its founding in the 1980s, Hezbollah women have headed education, medical and social service organizations. Most recently Hezbollah nominated several women to run in the Lebanese elections. It named Wafa Hoteit as a chief of Al Noor Radio ..., and promoted 37-year-old Rima Fakhry to its highest ruling body, the Hezbollah Political Council. Part of Fakhry's duties include interpreting Islamic feminism in Sharia law for the Committee for Political Analysis."[90]

See also

References

  1. ^ Barak, Oren. "Hizballah." The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East. Ed. Avraham Sela. New York: Continuum, 2002. p. 350.
  2. ^ Rosenthal, Donna. The Israelis: Ordinary People in an Extraordinary Land. New York: Free Press, 2003. p. 15.
  3. ^ Collier, Robert. "Everyone casting suspicious eye on Iraq's Hezbollah." SFGate. 29 December 2003. 14 March 2008.
  4. ^ a b Wright, Robin (2006-07-13). "Options for U.S. Limited As Mideast Crises Spread". Washington Post. p. A19.
  5. ^ a b Jamail, Dahr (2006-07-20). "Hezbollah's transformation". Asia Times. Retrieved 2007-10-23.
  6. ^ a b Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1996-04-11). "Hizbullah". Retrieved 2006-08-17. Cite error: The named reference "mfaGOV960411" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  7. ^ "The Hizballah Program: An Open Letter [to the Downtrodden in Lebanon and the World]". Institute for Counterterrorism. 1985-02-16. Archived from the original on 2006-08-21. Retrieved 2006-08-24.
  8. ^ See the appendix in A. R. Norton's Amal and the Shi'a: Struggle for the Soul of Lebanon University of Texas Press, 1987
  9. ^ a b c d An open letter, The Hizballah program.
  10. ^ Ettela'at, 13 February 1993. In Ranstorp, Hizb'allah in Lebanon, (1997), p. 48.
  11. ^ Graham Usher, "Hizballah, Syria, and the Lebanese Elections," Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 26, No. 2. (Winter, 1997), pp. 59-67.
  12. ^ Mahmoud Soueid, "Islamic Unity and Political Change. Interview with Shaykh Muhammad Hussayn Fadlallah," Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 25, No. 1. (Autumn, 1995), pp. 61-75.
  13. ^ a b "The Hezballah Program: An Open Letter [to the Downtrodden in Lebanon and the World]". Institute for Counterterrorism. 1985-02-16. Archived from the original on 2006-08-21. Retrieved 2006-08-24.
  14. ^ Helena Cobban (April/May 2005). Hizbullah's New Face. Boston Review.
  15. ^ Hezbollah literature professes, "Certainly you will find the most violent people in enmity for those who believe are the Jews and those who are polytheists." qtd. Jaber, "Hezbollah: born with a vengeance."
  16. ^ Al-'Ahd, December 6, 1991; quoted in Webman, Anti-Semitic Motifs, p. 10. qtd. in Wistrich, A Lethal Obsession, p. 766.
  17. ^ Wistrich, Robert S. A Lethal Obsession: Anti-Semitism from Antiquity to the Global Jihad. New York: Random House, 2010. p. 770.
  18. ^ a b c Adam Shatz (April 29, 2004). "In Search of Hezbollah". The New York Review of Books. Retrieved 2006-08-14.
  19. ^ United Nations Document A/54/723 S/2000/55, citing Al Hayyat, 30 October 1999 Letter dated 25 January 2000 from the Permanent Representative of Israel to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General Accessed August 17, 2006
  20. ^ The Brunswickan Online. "Hizbollah promises Israel a blood-filled new year, Iran calls for Israel's end". (Student newspaper)
  21. ^ Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness Canada Listed Entities - Hizballah Accessed July 31, 2006
  22. ^ Sheikh Hassan Izz al-Din, Hezbollah media relations director, said, "[T]he Jews need to leave." Avi Jovisch, Beacon of Hatred: Inside Hizballah's Al-Manar Television (Washington, D.C.: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 2004), pp. 62-90. qtd. by Wistrich, A Lethal Obsession, p. 774
  23. ^ this text is reportedly in the original Arabic-language manifesto but not in the original translation, nor found on Hezbollah website, according to the pro-Israel, anti-Hezbollah website where the text appears.
  24. ^ a b Thisreen (Syrian newspaper) June 21, 1999, reprinted by MEMRI Secretary General of Hizbullah Discusses the New Israeli Government and Hizbullah’s Struggle Against Israel Accessed July 30, 2006
  25. ^ Little choice for a defiant Israel, by Andrew Markus, The Age, July 15, 2006
  26. ^ United Nations Document A/54/723 S/2000/55, citing Washington Post, 1 January 2000 Letter dated 25 January 2000 from the Permanent Representative of Israel to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General Accessed August 17, 2006
  27. ^ "Said Hassan Nasrallah Q&A: What Hezbollah Will Do". The Washington Post. February 20, 2000. Archived from the original on 2006-09-09. Retrieved 2006-08-08.
  28. ^ Saad-Ghrayeb, 2002, pp. 151-154
  29. ^ Hodeib, Mirella. "Nasrallah 'strongly endorses' Arab reconciliation efforts." The Daily Star. 14 March 2009. 19 January 2011.
  30. ^ Hassan Nasrallah on Al-Manar TV, May 22, 2002. qtd. in Wistrich, A Lethal Obsession, p. 774.
  31. ^ a b Wistrich, 774-775
  32. ^ Source states, among other things, that Hezbollah seeks the return of Lebanese prisoners from Israel: "Israeli court frees Lebanese prisoners". BBC News. 2000-04-12. Retrieved 2006-08-08.
  33. ^ "Israeli striles kill 40 in Lebanon". Al Jazeera. 2006-07-13. Retrieved 2006-08-08.
  34. ^ Bassam Kantar, Beirut Lebanon (WHOIS search, August 4, 2006) Freedom for Samir Kuntar Accessed August 4, 2006.
  35. ^ Jeffrey Goldberg, "In the Party of God." The New Yorker. 10 July 2002. Accessed 2 September 2006.
  36. ^ "The Best American Magazine Writing 2003" By American Society of Magazine Editors, Contributor David Remnick, Published by HarperCollins, 2003, ISBN 0060567759, 9780060567750, 464 pages, Page 88
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  38. ^ "Israel's National Security: Issues and Challenges Since the Yom Kippur War" By Efraim Inbar, Published by Routledge, 2008, ISBN 0415449553, 9780415449557, 281 pages, Page 229
  39. ^ "Fact file: Hassan Nasrallah - Leader of Shiite terrorist organization, Hizbullah". YNET. 2006-07-31.
  40. ^ Bruce Hoffman in "Homeland Security and Terrorism: Readings and Interpretations" By Russell D. Howard, James J. F. Forest, Joanne C. Moore, Published by McGraw-Hill Professional, 2006, ISBN 0071452826, 9780071452823, 400 pages, Page 64 (Chapter 5 "The logic of suicide terrorism")
  41. ^ Arie W. Kruglanski in "Tangled Roots: Social and Psychological Factors in the Genesis of Terrorism" By Jeffrey Ivan Victoroff, NATO Public Diplomacy Division, Contributor Jeffrey Ivan Victoroff, Published by IOS Press, 2006, ISBN 158603670X, 9781586036706, 477 pages, Pages 68-69 (Chapter 4, "The psychology of terrorism: "Syndrom" versus "Tool" perspectives")
  42. ^ Westcott, Kathryn (2002-04-04). "Who are Hezbollah?". BBC News. Retrieved 2006-08-11.
  43. ^ a b Hersh, Seymour (2003-07-18). "The Syrian Bet". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2006-08-07.
  44. ^ a b Macvicar, Sheila (March 16, 2003). "Interview With Sheikh Hassan Nasrallah". CNN. Retrieved 2006-08-01.
  45. ^ Hersh, Seymour (2003-07-18). "The Syrian Bet". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2006-08-07.
  46. ^ BBC News, December 14, 2004 France pulls plug on Arab network Accessed August 18, 2006.
  47. ^ Myre, Greg and Steven Erlanger. [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/13/world/middleeast/13mideast.html?_r=1&hp&ex=1152849600&en=7c501785edb16cc8&ei=5094&partner=homepage&oref=slogin "Israelis Enter Lebanon After Attacks." The New York Times. 13 July 2006. 21 October 2007.
  48. ^ "Hezbollah chief defiant on Israel." BBC NEWS. 14 March 2009. 14 March 2009.
  49. ^ "Hezbollah will not recognize Israel." Al Jazeera English. 14 March 2009. 14 March 2009.
  50. ^ "Nasrallah vows Hezbollah will never recognize Israel." Haaretz. 14 March 2009. 14 March 2009
  51. ^ Hitchens, Christopher. "Christopher Hitchens on Lebanon and Syria." Vanity Fair. May 2009. 14 August 2009.
  52. ^ Rosen, Laura. "Islamic radical groups are not all alike." Boston.com. 13 August 2006. 15 August 2007.
  53. ^ "Hizbullah Leader Hasan Nasrallah: 'The American Administration Is Our Enemy ... Death to America,'" MEMRI TV Monitor Project, no. 867 (February 22, 2005). qtd. in Wistrich, A Lethal Obsession, p. 764.
  54. ^ Wistrich, 764.
  55. ^ Interview in July 1985, quoted in Martin Kramer, `The Oracle of Hizbullah: Sayiid Muhammad Husayn Fadlallah, Part II, in Spokesmen for the Despised: Fundamentalist Leaders of the Middle East, ed. R. Scott Appleby (Chicago University of Chicago Press, 1997), p. 8.
  56. ^ Terrorist Television
  57. ^ "Reuters: Hezbollah cuts Islamist rhetoric in new manifesto"
  58. ^ Lebanonwire.com/Lebanese Parliament Members
  59. ^ "Anti-Zionist Rabbis Join Hizbullah and Hamas At Beirut Pro-Palestinian Convention"
  60. ^ a b "The Shifts in Hizbullah's Ideology: Religious Ideology, Political Ideology, and Political Program". Joseph Elie Alagha, Amsterdam University Press, 2006, ISBN 9053569103, 978-9053569108, 380 pages, p. 188.
  61. ^ Lebanon Jews Tap Diaspora to Rebuild Beirut's Shelled Synagogue
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