List of HVDC projects
This is a list of notable high-voltage direct-current power transmission projects.
HVDC projects for long-distance transmission have two (or rarely, more) converter stations and a transmission line interconnecting them. Generally overhead lines are used for interconnection, but an important class of HVDC projects use submarine power cables. A back-to-back station has no transmission line and connects two AC grids at different frequencies or phase counts. Historical HVDC systems used the Thury system of motor-generators but these have all been made obsolete by later developments such as mercury-arc valves, thyristors, and IGBT power transistors.
Legend
Line type:
- Thury = Series-connected generators as designed by René Thury
- Merc = Mercury-arc valve rectifier and inverter
- Thyr = Thyristor rectifier and inverter
- IGBT = Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors
Line status:
Under construction
Planned
Decommissioned
Transmission lines
 | This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: The tables are not consistently coloured to reflect line status. (November 2014) |
Africa
| Name |
Converter station 1 |
Converter station 2 |
Total Length (Cable/Pole) (km) |
Volt (kV) |
Power (MW) |
Year |
Type |
Remarks |
Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cahora Bassa | Mozambique - Songo 15°36′41″S 32°44′59″E / 15.61139°S 32.74972°E |
South Africa - Apollo 25°55′11″S 28°16′34″E / 25.91972°S 28.27611°E |
1420 (0/1420) |
533 | 1920 | 1979 | Thyr | First HVDC with voltage above 500 kV ABB refurb 2013-2014 |
[1][2][3] |
| Inga-Shaba | Democratic Republic of Congo - Kolwezi 10°39′27″S 25°27′08″E / 10.65750°S 25.45222°E |
Democratic Republic of Congo - Inga 05°31′27″S 13°36′39″E / 5.52417°S 13.61083°E |
1700 (0/1700) |
500 | 560 | 1982 | Thyr | Upgraded in 2014 Supplier: ABB, GE |
[1][4][5][6] |
| Caprivi Link | Namibia - Gerus 20°18′53″S 16°27′9″E / 20.31472°S 16.45250°E |
Namibia - Zambezi 17°30′6″S 24°13′20″E / 17.50167°S 24.22222°E |
950 (950/0) |
350 | 300 | 2010 | IGBT | Supplier: ABB | [1][7] |
Australia and Oceania
| Name |
Converter station 1 |
Converter station 2 |
Total Length (Cable/Pole) (km) |
Volt (kV) |
Power (MW) |
Year |
Type |
Remarks |
Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HVDC Inter-Island 1 | New Zealand - Benmore 44°33′55″S 170°11′24″E / 44.56528°S 170.19000°E |
New Zealand - Haywards 41°9′1″S 174°58′52″E / 41.15028°S 174.98111°E |
611 (40/571) |
270 | 600 | 1965 | Merc | Built as 250 kV 600 MW link Paralleled to operate at 270 kV as positive pole with HVDC Inter-Island 2 in 1992. Partially decommissioned in 2007, fully decommissioned in August 2012. Supplier: ABB |
[1] |
| HVDC Inter-Island 2 | New Zealand - Benmore 44°33′55″S 170°11′24″E / 44.56528°S 170.19000°E |
New Zealand - Haywards 41°9′1″S 174°58′52″E / 41.15028°S 174.98111°E |
611 (40/571) |
350 | 700 | 1992 | Thyr | Negative pole, operates in bipole configuration with HVDC Inter-Island 3 (previously HVDC Inter-Island 1) Restricted to 500 MW due to cable rating. Supplier: ABB |
[1] |
| Terranora interconnector (Directlink) | Australia - Mullumbimby 28°34′15″S 153°27′8″E / 28.57083°S 153.45222°E |
Australia - Bungalora 28°15′20″S 153°28′20″E / 28.25556°S 153.47222°E |
59 (59/0) |
80 | 180 | 2000 | IGBT | Land cable Supplier: ABB |
[1] |
| Murraylink | Australia - Red Cliffs 34°17′31″S 142°14′19″E / 34.29194°S 142.23861°E |
Australia - Berri 34°14′17″S 140°36′01″E / 34.23806°S 140.60028°E |
176 (176/0) |
150 | 200 | 2002 | IGBT | Underground XLPE cable Supplier: ABB |
[1] |
| Basslink | Australia - LoyYang, Vic 38°15′45″S 146°36′29″E / 38.26250°S 146.60806°E |
Australia - GeorgeTown, Tas 41°6′53″S 146°53′31″E / 41.11472°S 146.89194°E |
370 (298/72) | 400 | 500 | 2006 | Thyr | One of the longest HVDC cable in operation Supplier: Siemens |
[1][8][9] |
| HVDC Inter-Island 3 | New Zealand - Benmore 44°33′55″S 170°11′24″E / 44.56528°S 170.19000°E |
New Zealand - Haywards 41°9′1″S 174°58′52″E / 41.15028°S 174.98111°E |
611 (40/571) |
350 | 735 | 2013 | Thyr | Positive pole, operates in bipole configuration with HVDC Inter-Island 2 Supplier: Siemens |
[10] |
Asia
| Name | Converter station 1 |
Converter station 2 |
Total Length (Cable/Pole) (km) |
Volt (kV) |
Power (MW) |
Year |
Type |
Remarks |
Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hokkaido - Honshu | Japan - Hakodate 41°55′55″N 140°39′47″E / 41.93194°N 140.66306°E |
Japan - Kamikita 40°48′06″N 141°11′52″E / 40.80167°N 141.19778°E |
193 (44/149) |
250 | 300 | 1979 | Thyr | Supplier: ABB, Hitachi, Toshiba | [1] |
| Zhou Shan | China - Ningbo 29°55′25″N 121°46′51″E / 29.92361°N 121.78083°E |
China - Gao Tongge 30°02′13″N 122°04′03″E / 30.03694°N 122.06750°E |
54 (12/42) |
100 | 50 | 1982 | Thyr | [1] | |
| Gezhouba - Shanghai | China - Gezhouba 30°43′44″N 111°14′39″E / 30.72889°N 111.24417°E |
China - Nan Qiao 30°57′22″N 121°24′48″E / 30.95611°N 121.41333°E |
1046 (0/1046) |
500 | 1200 | 1989 | Thyr | Power line shares pylons of HVDC Hubei - Shanghai in most part of its track | [11] |
| Sileru-Barsoor | India - Sileru 17°52′01″N 81°39′21″E / 17.86694°N 81.65583°E |
India - Barsoor 19°8′20″N 81°23′47″E / 19.13889°N 81.39639°E |
196 (0/196) |
200 | 100 | 1989 | Thyr | Supplier: BHEL | [1] |
| Ekibastuz–Tambov | Kazakhstan - Ekibastuz 51°48′57″N 75°18′58″E / 51.81583°N 75.31611°E |
Russia - Tambov 52°46′25″N 41°19′17″E / 52.77361°N 41.32139°E |
2414 (0/2414) |
750 | 6000 | (1990) | Thyr | Abandoned around 1990 owing to collapse of Soviet Union | |
| Rihand-Delhi | India - Rihand 24°01′13″N 82°47′21″E / 24.02028°N 82.78917°E |
India - Dadri 28°35′36″N 77°36′16″E / 28.59333°N 77.60444°E |
814 (0/814) |
500 | 1500 | 1990 | Thyr | Supplier: ABB, BHEL | [12] |
| Haenam-Cheju | South Korea - Haenam 34°22′03″N 126°35′34″E / 34.36750°N 126.59278°E |
South Korea - Jeju 33°32′06″N 126°35′44″E / 33.53500°N 126.59556°E |
101 (101/0) |
180 | 300 | 1996 | Thyr | Supplier: Alstom | [1] |
| Leyte - Luzon | Philippines - Ormoc, Leyte 11°5′19″N 124°38′21″E / 11.08861°N 124.63917°E |
Philippines - Naga, Camarines Sur 13°36′40″N 123°14′19″E / 13.61111°N 123.23861°E |
451 (21/430) |
350 | 440 | 1998 | Thyr | Supplier: ABB, Marubeni | [1] |
| Chandrapur-Padghe | India - Chandrapur 20°0′36″N 79°17′06″E / 20.01000°N 79.28500°E |
India - Padghe 19°21′26″N 73°11′18″E / 19.35722°N 73.18833°E |
752 (0/752) |
500 | 1500 | 1999 | Thyr | Supplier: ABB | [13] |
| Kii Channel | Japan - Anan 33°49′40″N 134°38′14″E / 33.82778°N 134.63722°E |
Japan - Kihoku 34°12′50″N 135°30′07″E / 34.21389°N 135.50194°E |
100 (50/50) |
250 | 1400 | 2000 | Thyr | Supplier: Hitachi, Toshiba, Mitsubishi | [1] |
| Tian-Guang | China - Tianshengqiao 24°54′56″N 105°05′47″E / 24.91556°N 105.09639°E |
China - Beijiao 23°18′58″N 113°15′05″E / 23.31611°N 113.25139°E |
960 (0/960) |
500 | 1800 | 2001 | Thyr | Supplier: Siemens | [1] |
| Thailand-Malaysia | Thailand - Khlong Ngae 6°42′56″N 100°27′8″E / 6.71556°N 100.45222°E |
Malaysia - Gurun 5°48′45″N 100°32′6″E / 5.81250°N 100.53500°E |
110 (0/110) |
300 | 300 | 2001 | Thyr | Supplier: Siemens | [1] |
| Talcher-Kolar | India - Talcher, Odisha 21°06′01″N 85°03′49″E / 21.10028°N 85.06361°E |
India - Kolar, Karnataka 13°10′39″N 78°7′0″E / 13.17750°N 78.11667°E |
1450 (0/1450) |
500 | 2500 | 2003 | Thyr | Supplier: Siemens | [1] |
| Three Gorges - Changzhou | China - Longquan 30°47′6″N 111°31′48″E / 30.78500°N 111.53000°E |
China - Zhengping 31°36′42″N 119°59′27″E / 31.61167°N 119.99083°E |
890 (0/890) |
500 | 3000 | 2003 | Thyr | From north bank of Three Gorges to Zhengping, 200 km from Shanghai in the East grid Supplier: ABB, Siemens. Sharing of grounding electrode at Chujiahu with HVDC Hubei-Shanghai |
[1][14][15] |
| Guizhou - Guangdong I | China - Anshun, Guizhou 26°16′23″N 105°48′21″E / 26.27306°N 105.80583°E |
China - Zhaoqing, Guangdong 22°54′57″N 112°29′11″E / 22.91583°N 112.48639°E |
980 (0/980) |
500 | 3000 | 2004 | Thyr | Supplier: Siemens | [1] |
| Three Gorges - Guangdong | China - Jingzhou 30°27′26″N 112°08′18″E / 30.45722°N 112.13833°E |
China - Huizhou 23°16′15″N 114°12′5″E / 23.27083°N 114.20139°E |
940 (0/940) |
500 | 3000 | 2004 | Thyr | Supplier: ABB | [1][16] |
| Three Gorges - Shanghai | China - Yidu 30°31′45″N 111°22′35″E / 30.52917°N 111.37639°E |
China - Shanghai 31°14′13″N 121°11′13″E / 31.23694°N 121.18694°E |
1060 (0/1060) |
500 | 3000 | 2006 | Thyr | Supplier: ABB | [1][17] |
| Guizhou - Guangdong II | China - Xingren 25°27′56″N 105°15′14″E / 25.46556°N 105.25389°E |
China - Shenzhen 22°45′1″N 113°59′28″E / 22.75028°N 113.99111°E |
1200 (0/1200) |
500 | 3000 | 2007 | Thyr | Supplier: Siemens, Sharing of grounding electrode at Linwu with HVDC Yunnan - Guangdong | [1] |
| Ballia - Bhiwadi | India - Ballia 26°04′16″N 83°42′48″E / 26.07111°N 83.71333°E |
India - Bhiwadi 28°11′0″N 76°48′58″E / 28.18333°N 76.81611°E |
800 (0/800) |
500 | 2500 | 2010 | Thyr | Supplier: Siemens | [1] |
| Baoji - Denyang | China - Baoji 34°34′47″N 107°19′49″E / 34.57972°N 107.33028°E |
China - Denyang 31°19′22″N 104°34′51″E / 31.32278°N 104.58083°E |
500 | 3000 | 2010 | Thyr | ??? | ||
| Hulunbeir - Liaoning | China - Hulunbeir 48°31′04″N 119°43′30″E / 48.51778°N 119.72500°E |
China - Shenyang 41°07′25″N 122°46′44″E / 41.12361°N 122.77889°E |
920 (0/920) |
500 | 3000 | 2010 | Thyr | Supplier: ABB | [1][18] |
| Xiangjiaba-Shanghai | China - Fulong 28°32′47″N 104°25′04″E / 28.54639°N 104.41778°E |
China - Fengxia 30°55′32″N 121°46′16″E / 30.92556°N 121.77111°E |
1980 (0/1980) |
800 | 6400 | 2010 | Thyr | Supplier: ABB | [1][19] |
| Yunnan - Guangdong | China - Yunnan province 25°11′24″N 102°11′30″E / 25.19000°N 102.19167°E |
China - Zengcheng 23°15′19″N 113°40′44″E / 23.25528°N 113.67889°E |
1418 (0/1418) |
800 | 5000 | 2010 | Thyr | Supplier: Siemens, Sharing of grounding electrode at Linwu with HVDC Guizhou - Guangdong II | [1] |
| Hubei - Shanghai | China - Jingmen 30°49′21″N 112°07′15″E / 30.82250°N 112.12083°E |
China - Fenjing 30°52′00″N 121°00′58″E / 30.86667°N 121.01611°E |
970 (0/970) |
500 | 3000 | 2011 | Thyr | Power line shares pylons of HVDC Gezhouba - Shanghai in most part of its track, sharing of grounding electrode at Chujiahu with HVDC Shanghai-Changzhou | ??? |
| Nanhui Wind Farm Integration | China | China | 8.4 (8.4/0) |
30 | 18 | 2011 | IGBT | Supplier: C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co.,Ltd | [20] |
| Ningdong - Shangdong | China - Yinchuan 38°06′56″N 106°30′55″E / 38.11556°N 106.51528°E |
China - Qingdao 36°18′41″N 119°52′53″E / 36.31139°N 119.88139°E |
1335 (0/1335) |
660 | 4000 | 2011 | Thyr | Supplier:Alstom; C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co.,Ltd | [1] |
| Qinghai - Tibet | China - Geermu 36°21′20″N 95°11′05″E / 36.35556°N 95.18472°E |
China - Lhasa 29°52′39″N 91°11′44″E / 29.87750°N 91.19556°E |
1038 (0/1038) |
400 | 1500 | 2011 | Thyr | Powerline reaches altitudes up to 5300 m above sea level Supplier: CET, SGCC |
[1] |
| Mundra - Haryana | India - Mundra 22°49′46″N 69°33′22″E / 22.82944°N 69.55611°E |
India - Mohindergarh 28°21′40″N 76°12′56″E / 28.36111°N 76.21556°E | 960 (0/960) |
500 | 2500 | 2012 | Thyr | Supplier: Siemens | [1] |
| Dalian City Infeed | China - Dalian North | China - Dalian South | 43 (43/0) |
320 | 1000 | 2013 | Thy | [21] | |
| Jinping - Sunan | China - Jinping 27°50′11″N 102°08′30″E / 27.83639°N 102.14167°E |
China - Suzhou 31°03′44″N 120°37′20″E / 31.06222°N 120.62222°E |
2090 (0/2090) |
800 | 7200 | 2013 | Thyr | Supplier: ABB, C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co.,Ltd | [22] |
| Nanao Multi-terminal VSC HVDC | China | China | 32 (10/32) |
+/-160 | 200/100/50 | 2013 | IEGT/IGBT | SEPRI (Electric Power Research Institute, China Southern Power Grid) is technically responsible for the entire project. Multiple suppliers are involved: three different VSC HVDC valve suppliers, two different HVDC land/sea cable suppliers and three different control & protection system/equipment suppliers. | [23] |
| Nuozhadu - Guangdong | China - Nuozhadu 22°39′20″N 100°40′00″E / 22.65556°N 100.66667°E |
China - Jiangmen 22°42′33″N 112°52′12″E / 22.70917°N 112.87000°E |
1413 | 800 | 6400 | 2013 | Thyr | ??? | |
| Xiluodo - Guangdong | China - Zhaotong 28°07′21″N 104°22′27″E / 28.12250°N 104.37417°E |
China - Conghua 23°34′00″N 113°27′03″E / 23.56667°N 113.45083°E |
1286 (0/1286) |
500 | 6400 | 2013 | Thyr | ??? | |
| Hami - Zhengzhou | China-Hami 42°35′20″N 93°27′46″E / 42.58889°N 93.46278°E |
China-Zhengzhou 34°48′46″N 114°03′24″E / 34.81278°N 114.05667°E |
2192 | 800 | 8000 | 2014 | Thyr | Supplier: C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co.,Ltd | ??? |
| Jindo - Jeju | South Korea - Jindo 34°23′08″N 126°28′24″E / 34.38556°N 126.47333°E |
South Korea - Jeju 33°27′17″N 126°11′15″E / 33.45472°N 126.18750°E |
105 (105/0) |
250 | 400 | 2014 | Thyr | Supplier: Alstom (converter stations), LS Cable and System (cables). | [1][25][26] |
| Xiluodo - West Zhejiang | China - Xiluodu 28°27′37″N 104°20′20″E / 28.46028°N 104.33889°E |
China - Jinghua 28°53′46″N 119°43′00″E / 28.89611°N 119.71667°E |
1680 | 800 | 8000 | 2014 | Thyr | Supplier:C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co.,Ltd | ??? |
| Zhoushan Multi-terminal DC Interconnection | China | China | 134 (134/0) |
200 | 400 | 2014 | IGBT | Supplier:C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co.,Ltd | [27] |
| Humeng - Shandong | China | China | 800 | 6400 | 2015 | Thyr | ??? | ||
| Irkutsk - Beijing | Russia - Irkutsk | China - Beijing | 800 | 6400 | 2015 | Thyr | ??? | ||
| Champa-Kurukshetra | India - Champa | India - Kurukshetra | 1365 (0/1365) |
800 | 2 x 3000 | 2016 | Thyr | 2 Bipoles. Supplier: Alstom | [28] |
| Goupitan - Guangdong | China | China | 3000 | 2016 | Thyr | ??? | |||
| Jinsha River II - East China | China | China | 800 | 6400 | 2016 | Thyr | ??? | ||
| North-East Agra | India - Agra 27°05′01″N 78°04′22″E / 27.08361°N 78.07278°E |
India - Biswanath |
1728 (0/1728) |
800 | 6000 | 2016 | Thyr | Will supply electricity to serve 90 million people Bipole Ultra high voltage, multiterminal (intermediate converter station at Alipurdauar) Supplier: ABB |
[29] |
| Inner Mongolia - Linyi | China - Shizhustan 38°46′40″N 106°52′00″E / 38.77778°N 106.86667°E |
China - Linyi 35°33′07″N 118°37′07″E / 35.55194°N 118.61861°E |
800 | 6400 | 2017 | Thyr | ??? | ||
| Jiuquan- Xiangtan | China - Qiaowan 40°36′03″N 96°43′22″E / 40.60083°N 96.72278°E |
China - Xiangtan 27°38′55″N 112°47′25″E / 27.64861°N 112.79028°E |
800 | 6400 | 2017 | Thyr | Supplier:C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co.,Ltd | ??? | |
| North Shanxi - Nanjing | China - North Shanxi 39°39′35″N 112°27′45″E / 39.65972°N 112.46250°E |
China - Nanjing 32°54′47″N 118°35′33″E / 32.91306°N 118.59250°E |
2017 | Thyr | ??? | ||||
| Northwest Yunnan - Guangdong | China - Xinsong 26°24′55″N 99°49′12″E / 26.41528°N 99.82000°E |
China - Dongfang 22°44′17″N 113°52′07″E / 22.73806°N 113.86861°E |
800 | 6400 | 2017 | Thyr | ??? | ||
| Xilin Hot - Taizhou | China - Xilin Hot 44°14′40″N 116°30′22″E / 44.24444°N 116.50611°E |
China - Taizhou 33°07′25″N 119°58′05″E / 33.12361°N 119.96806°E |
800 | 6400 | 2017 | Thyr | ??? | ||
| Xinjiang - Anhui | China - Wuicaiwan 44°39′00″N 89°07′25″E / 44.65000°N 89.12361°E |
China - Anhui 31°00′20″N 118°34′20″E / 31.00556°N 118.57222°E |
3333 | 1100 | 10000 | 2017 | Thyr | ??? | |
| Yinchuan - Zhuji | China - Yinchuan 37°43′45″N 106°32′22″E / 37.72917°N 106.53944°E |
China - Zhuji 29°56′25″N 120°13′12″E / 29.94028°N 120.22000°E |
800 | 6400 | 2017 | Thyr | ??? | ||
| Dianxibei - Guangdong | China-Lijiang | China-Zhengzhen | 1928/0 | 800 | 5000 | 2017 | Thyr | Supplier: C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co.,Ltd | ??? |
| Jinsha River II - Fujian | China | China | 800 | 6400 | 2018 | Thyr | ??? | ||
| Humeng - Liaoning | China | China | 800 | 6400 | 2018 | Thyr | ??? | ||
| Shanghai - Shensi | Shanghai – China | Shensi – China | 123 (63/60) |
50 | ? | ? | Thyr | ??? |
Europe
| This section has an unclear citation style. The reason given is: In particular, external links should be converted to footnotes. (July 2014) |
| Name |
Converter station 1 |
Converter station 2 |
Total Length (Cable/Pole) (km) |
Volt (kV) |
Power (MW) |
Year |
Type |
Remarks |
Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Miesbach-Munich Power Transmission | Germany - Miesbach | Germany - Munich | 58 (0/58) |
2 | 0.0025 | 1882 | Single machine | Demonstration facility
Dismantled |
|
| Gorzente River - Genoa DC transmission scheme | Italy - Gorzente River | Italy - Genoa | ? | 6 | ? | 1889 | Thury | Upgraded later to a voltage of 14 kV, power of 2.5 MW and a length of 120 km
Dismantled |
|
| La Chaux-de-Fonds DC transmission scheme | Switzerland - ? | Switzerland - ? | ? | 14 | ? | 1897 | Thury | Dismantled | |
| St. Maurice - Lausanne DC transmission scheme | Switzerland - St. Maurice | Switzerland - Lausanne | ? | 22 | 3.7 | 1899 | Thury | Dismantled | |
| Lyon-Moutiers DC transmission scheme | France - Lyon | France - Moutiers | 200 (10/190) |
75 | 30 | 1906 | Thury | Dismantled in 1936 | |
| Wilesden-Ironbridge DC transmission scheme | UK - Wilesden | UK - Ironbridge | ? | 100 | ? | 1910 | Thury | Dismantled | |
| Chambéry DC transmission scheme | France - ? | France - ? | ? | 150 | ? | 1925 | Thury | Dismantled in 1937 | |
| HVDC Zurich-Wettingen | Switzerland - Wettingen 47°27′25″N 8°19′15″E / 47.45694°N 8.32083°E | Switzerland - Zurich | 20 (0/20) |
50 | 0.5 | 1939 | Merc | Experimental facility built by BBC
Dismantled |
|
| HVDC Charlottenburg-Moabit | Germany - Berlin-Moabit | Germany - Berlin-Charlottenburg | 4.6 (0/4.6) |
100 | 14 | 1942 | Merc | Experimental facility built by Siemens
Dismantled in 1945 |
|
| Lehrte-Misburg HVDC | Germany - Lehrte 52°22′54″N 9°55′03″E / 52.38167°N 9.91750°E | Germany - Hannover/Misburg | ? | 80 | 16 | 1944 | Merc | Experimental facility
Dismantled |
|
| Elbe-Project | Germany, Vockerode 51°50′40″N 12°21′50″E / 51.84444°N 12.36389°E | Germany - Berlin, Marienfelde 52°25′49″N 13°22′42″E / 52.43028°N 13.37833°E | 115 (115/0) |
200 | 60 | 1945 | Merc | Never placed in service
Dismantled |
|
| HVDC Trollhattan-Merud | Sweden - Trollhattan | Sweden - Merud | 50 (0/50) |
45 | 6.5 | 1946 | Merc | Experimental facility built by ASEA
Dismantled |
|
| Moscow–Kashira | Russia - Moscow 55°39′32″N 37°38′16″E / 55.65889°N 37.63778°E | Russia - Kashira | 100 (100/0) |
200 | 30 | 1951 | Merc | Built of parts of HVDC Elbe-Project
Shut down |
[1] |
| Gotland 1 | Sweden - Västervik 57°43′41″N 16°38′51″E / 57.72806°N 16.64750°E | Sweden - Yigne 57°35′13″N 18°11′44″E / 57.58694°N 18.19556°E | 98 (98/0) |
200 | 20 | 1954 | Merc | World's first commercial HVDC link. Expanded by ABBin 1970, decommissioned in 1986 | [1][30] |
| Cross-Channel | France - Echingen 50°41′48″N 1°38′21″E / 50.69667°N 1.63917°E | UK - Lydd 50°54′54″N 0°56′50″E / 50.91500°N 0.94722°E | 64 (64/0) |
100 | 160 | 1961 | Merc | Shut down in 1984 | [1] |
| Volgograd-Donbass | Russia - Volzhskaya 48°49′34″N 44°40′20″E / 48.82611°N 44.67222°E | Ukraine - Mikhailovskaya 48°39′13″N 38°33′56″E / 48.65361°N 38.56556°E | 475 (0/475) |
400 | 750 | 1965 | Merc/Thyr | Shut down in 2014 | [1] |
| Konti-Skan 1 | Denmark - Vester Hassing 57°3′46″N 10°5′24″E / 57.06278°N 10.09000°E | Sweden - Stenkullen 57°48′15″N 12°19′13″E / 57.80417°N 12.32028°E | 176 (87/89) |
250 | 250 | 1965 | Merc | Replaced in August 2006 by modern converters using thyristors | [1] |
| SACOI 1 | Italy - Suvereto 43°3′10″N 10°41′42″E / 43.05278°N 10.69500°E ( before 1992: Italy - San Dalmazio 43°15′43″N 10°55′05″E / 43.26194°N 10.91806°E) | France- Lucciana 42°31′40″N 9°26′59″E / 42.52778°N 9.44972°E ; Codrongianos, Italy 40°39′7″N 8°42′48″E / 40.65194°N 8.71333°E | 483 (365/118) |
200 | 200 | 1965 | Merc | Replaced in 1986 by Thyr, multiterminal scheme | [1] |
| Kingsnorth | UK - Kingsnorth 51°25′11″N 0°35′46″E / 51.41972°N 0.59611°E | UK - London-Beddington 51°22′23″N 0°7′38″W / 51.37306°N 0.12722°W | 85 (85/0) |
266 | 320 | 1975 | Merc | Bipolar scheme
Supplier: English Electric Shut down in 1987 |
[31] |
| Kingsnorth | UK - Kingsnorth | UK - London-Willesden 51°32′03″N 0°15′29″W / 51.53417°N 0.25806°W | 111 (111/0) |
266 | 320 | 1975 | Merc | Opposite pole of Kingsnorth - Beddington. Cable wholly underground except for Thames crossing - crossed on upstream side of Putney District line railway bridge | |
| Skagerrak 1 + 2 | Denmark - Tjele 56°28′44″N 9°34′1″E / 56.47889°N 9.56694°E | Norway - Kristiansand 58°15′36″N 7°53′55″E / 58.26000°N 7.89861°E | 230 (130/100) |
250 | 500 | 1977 | Thyr | Supplier: STK(Nexans) Control system upgrade by ABB in 2007 | [32][33][34] |
| Gotland 2 | Sweden - Västervik 57°43′41″N 16°38′51″E / 57.72806°N 16.64750°E | Sweden - Yigne 57°35′13″N 18°11′44″E / 57.58694°N 18.19556°E | 99.5 (92.9/6.6) |
150 | 130 | 1983 | Thyr | ||
| Interconnexion France Angleterre (new) | France - Les Mandarins 50°54′11″N 1°47′5″E / 50.90306°N 1.78472°E | UK - Sellindge 51°6′21″N 0°58′32″E / 51.10583°N 0.97556°E | 72 (72/0) |
270 | 2000 | 1986 | Thyr | 2 bipolar systems
Supplier: Alstom |
[1][35] |
| Gotland 3 | Sweden - Västervik 57°43′41″N 16°38′51″E / 57.72806°N 16.64750°E | Sweden - Yigne 57°35′13″N 18°11′44″E / 57.58694°N 18.19556°E | 98 (98/0) |
150 | 130 | 1987 | Thyr | ||
| Konti-Skan 2 | Denmark - Vester, Hassing 57°3′46″N 10°5′24″E / 57.06278°N 10.09000°E | Sweden - Lindome 57°36′24″N 12°6′40″E / 57.60667°N 12.11111°E | 147 (87/60) |
285 | 300 | 1988 | Thyr | Supplier: ABB | |
| Fenno-Skan | Finland - Rauma 61°09′07″N 21°37′32″E / 61.15194°N 21.62556°E | Sweden - Dannebo 60°24′14″N 18°08′10″E / 60.40389°N 18.13611°E | 233 (200/33) |
400 | 500 | 1989 | Thyr | Supplier: ABB | |
| SACOI 2 | Italy - Suvereto 43°3′10″N 10°41′42″E / 43.05278°N 10.69500°E ( before 1992: Italy - San Dalmazio 43°15′43″N 10°55′05″E / 43.26194°N 10.91806°E) | France- Lucciana 42°31′40″N 9°26′59″E / 42.52778°N 9.44972°E ; Codrongianos, Italy 40°39′7″N 8°42′48″E / 40.65194°N 8.71333°E | 422 (118/304) |
200 | 300 | 1992 | Thyr | Multiterminal scheme
Supplier: Alstom |
|
| Skagerrak 3 | Denmark - Tjele 56°28′44″N 9°34′1″E / 56.47889°N 9.56694°E | Norway - Kristiansand 58°15′36″N 7°53′55″E / 58.26000°N 7.89861°E | 230 (130/100) |
350 | 440 | 1993 | Thyr | Supplier: Nexans ABB | [32] |
| Baltic Cable | Germany - Lübeck- Herrenwyk 53°53′46″N 10°48′9″E / 53.89611°N 10.80250°E | Sweden - Kruseberg 55°30′1″N 13°8′45″E / 55.50028°N 13.14583°E | 262 (250/12) |
450 | 600 | 1994 | Thyr | Supplier: ABB | |
| Kontek | Denmark - Bjæverskov 55°27′1″N 12°0′27″E / 55.45028°N 12.00750°E | Germany - Bentwisch 54°6′3″N 12°13′1″E / 54.10083°N 12.21694°E | 170 (170/0) |
400 | 600 | 1996 | Thyr | Supplier: ABB | |
| Hellsjön-Grängesberg | Sweden - Hellsjön 60°02′50″N 15°08′52″E / 60.04722°N 15.14778°E | Sweden - Grängesberg 60°03′53″N 14°59′39″E / 60.06472°N 14.99417°E | 10 (0/10) |
180 | 3 | 1997 | IGBT | Experimental HVDC
Supplier: ABB |
|
| Visby-Nas | Sweden - Nas 57°05′58″N 18°14′27″E / 57.09944°N 18.24083°E | Sweden - Visby 57°37′29″N 18°21′18″E / 57.62472°N 18.35500°E | 70 (70/0) |
80 | 50 | 1999 | Thyr | ||
| SwePol | Poland - Wierzbięcin 54°30′8″N 16°53′28″E / 54.50222°N 16.89111°E | Sweden - Stärnö 56°9′11″N 14°50′29″E / 56.15306°N 14.84139°E | 245 (245/0) |
450 | 600 | 2000 | Thyr | Supplier: ABB | [36] |
| Tjæreborg | Denmark - Tjæreborg/Enge 55°26′52″N 8°35′34″E / 55.44778°N 8.59278°E | Denmark - Tjæreborg/Substation 55°28′07″N 8°33′36″E / 55.46861°N 8.56000°E | 4.3 (4.3/0) |
9 | 7 | 2000 | IGBT | Interconnection to wind power generating stations | |
| Italy-Greece | Greece - Arachthos 39°11′00″N 20°57′48″E / 39.18333°N 20.96333°E | Italy - Galatina 40°9′53″N 18°7′49″E / 40.16472°N 18.13028°E | 310 (200/110) |
400 | 500 | 2001 | Thyr | ||
| Moyle | UK - Auchencrosh 55°04′10″N 4°58′50″W / 55.06944°N 4.98056°W | UK - N. Ireland- Ballycronan More 54°50′34″N 5°46′11″W / 54.84278°N 5.76972°W | 63.5 (63.5/0) |
250 | 2501 | 2001 | Thyr | Supplier: Siemens, Nexans | [37] |
| HVDC Troll | Norway - Kollsnes 60°33′01″N 4°50′26″E / 60.55028°N 4.84056°E | Norway - Offshore platform Troll A 60°40′00″N 3°40′00″E / 60.66667°N 3.66667°E | 70 (70/0) |
60 | 80 | 2004 | IGBT | Power supply for offshore gas compressor
Supplier: ABB |
[38] |
| Estlink | Estonia - Harku 59°23′5″N 24°33′37″E / 59.38472°N 24.56028°E | Finland - Espoo 60°12′14″N 24°33′06″E / 60.20389°N 24.55167°E | 105 (105/0) |
150 | 350 | 2006 | IGBT | Supplier: ABB | [38] |
| NorNed | Netherlands - Eemshaven 53°26′4″N 6°51′57″E / 53.43444°N 6.86583°E | Norway - Feda 58°16′58″N 6°51′55″E / 58.28278°N 6.86528°E | 580 (580/0) |
450 | 700 | 2008 | Thyr | Supplier: ABB, Nexans | [38] |
| BritNed | UK - Grain 51°26′24″N 0°43′0″E / 51.44000°N 0.71667°E | Netherlands - Maasvlakte 51°57′27″N 4°01′17″E / 51.95750°N 4.02139°E | 245 (245/0) |
450 | 1000 | 2010 | Thyr | Operational since April 2011. Supplier: Siemens | [38][39] |
| StoreBælt | Denmark - Fraugde 55°22′01″N 10°30′25″E / 55.36694°N 10.50694°E | Denmark - Herslev 55°31′53″N 11°19′01″E / 55.53139°N 11.31694°E | 56 (56/0) |
400 | 600 | 2010 | Thyr | Operational since August 2010. Supplier: Siemens | [38] |
| Cometa | Spain - Morvedre 39°38′28″N 0°14′7″W / 39.64111°N 0.23528°W | Spain - Santa Ponsa 39°32′2″N 2°30′21″E / 39.53389°N 2.50583°E | 247 (247/0) |
250 | 400 | 2011 | Thyr | Expected completion 2011
Supplier: Siemens (converter stations); Prysmian/Nexans (cables) |
[38] |
| Fenno-Skan 2 | Finland - Rauma 61°09′07″N 21°37′32″E / 61.15194°N 21.62556°E | Sweden - Finnbole 60°25′30″N 17°3′42″E / 60.42500°N 17.06167°E | 303 (200/103) |
500 | 800 | 2011 | Thyr | ||
| SAPEI | Italy - Latina 41°25′47″N 12°48′25″E / 41.42972°N 12.80694°E | Italy - Fiume Santo 40°50′29″N 8°18′21″E / 40.84139°N 8.30583°E | 435 (435/0) |
500 | 1000 | 2011 | Thyr | The largest HVDC link in the Mediterranean Sea. Supplier: ABB | [38][42][43] |
| Valhall HVDC | Norway - Lista 58°04′37″N 6°46′29″E / 58.07694°N 6.77472°E | Norway - Valhall, Offshore platform | 292 (292/0) |
150 | 78 | 2011 | IGBT | Supplier: ABB, Nexans | [44][45] |
| BorWin1 | Germany - Diele | Germany - BorWin Alpha platform | 200 (200/0) |
±150 | 400 | 2012 | IGBT | Supplier: ABB | [46][47][48] |
| East West Interconnector | Ireland - Woodland 53°28′16″N 6°34′3″W / 53.47111°N 6.56750°W | UK - Shotton, Wales 53°13′38″N 3°4′22″W / 53.22722°N 3.07278°W | 130 (130/0) |
±200 | 500 | 2012 | IGBT | Supplier: ABB | [49] |
| Fenno-Skan 1 Upgrade | Sweden - Finnböle | Finland - Rauma | 233 (200/33) |
400 | 500 | 2013 | Thyr | Upgrade
Supplier:ABB |
[50][51][52] |
| Estlink 2 | Estonia - Püssi 59°22′13″N 27°04′05″E / 59.37028°N 27.06806°E | Finland - Anttila 60°22′36″N 25°22′01″E / 60.37667°N 25.36694°E | 171 (157/14) |
450 | 650 | 2014 | Thyr | Supplier: Siemens, Nexans | |
| ÅL-link | Åland - Ytterby | Finland - Naantali (sv:Nådendal) 60°27′49″N 22°03′49″E / 60.46361°N 22.06361°E | 158 (158/0) |
80 | 100 | 2015 | IGBT | Supplier: ABB | [53][54][55] |
| BorWin2 | Germany - Diele 53°7′30″N 7°18′29″E / 53.12500°N 7.30806°E | Germany - BorWin Beta platform 54°21′18″N 6°01′30″E / 54.35500°N 6.02500°E | 200 (200/0) |
±300 | 800 | 2015 | IGBT | Supplier: Siemens | [56] |
| DolWin1 | Germany - Heede 52°58′57″N 7°15′26″E / 52.98250°N 7.25722°E | Germany - DolWin Alpha platform 53°59′42″N 6°25′16″E / 53.99500°N 6.42111°E | 165 (165/0) |
±320 | 800 | 2015 | IGBT | Supplier:ABB | [57] |
| HelWin1 | Germany - Büttel 53°55′01″N 9°13′55″E / 53.91694°N 9.23194°E | Germany - HelWin Alpha platform 54°27′07″N 7°44′20″E / 54.45194°N 7.73889°E | 130 (130/0) |
±250 | 576 | 2015 | IGBT | Supplier: Siemens | [58] |
| HelWin2 | Germany - Büttel 53°55′01″N 9°13′55″E / 53.91694°N 9.23194°E | Germany - HelWin Beta platform 54°27′11″N 7°44′20″E / 54.45306°N 7.73889°E | 130 (130/0) |
±320 | 690 | 2015 | IGBT | Supplier: Siemens | |
| INELEF | France - Baixas 42°43′56″N 2°48′14″E / 42.73222°N 2.80389°E | Spain - Santa Llogaia 42°13′59″N 2°56′39″E / 42.23306°N 2.94417°E | 64 (64/0) |
±320 | 2000 | 2015 | IGBT | Supplier: Siemens, Cables: Prysmian | [59] |
| LitPol Link HVDC is B2B | Lithuania - Alytus | Poland - Elk | 160 (0/160) |
70 | 500 | 20152 [62] | Thyr | Supplier: ABB | [63][64][65] |
| NordBalt | Sweden - Nybro 56°46′1″N 15°51′35″E / 56.76694°N 15.85972°E | Lithuania - Klaipėda 55°40′54″N 21°15′29″E / 55.68167°N 21.25806°E | 450 (450/0) |
300 | 700 | 2015 | IGBT | Supplier: ABB | [66] |
| Skagerrak 4 | Denmark - Tjele 56°28′44″N 9°34′1″E / 56.47889°N 9.56694°E | Norway - Kristiansand 58°15′36″N 7°53′55″E / 58.26000°N 7.89861°E | 244 (244/0) |
500 | 700 | 2015 | IGBT | Suppliers: Nexans, ABB | [67] |
| SylWin1 | Germany - Büttel 53°55′01″N 9°13′55″E / 53.91694°N 9.23194°E | Germany - SylWin Alpha platform 55°03′47″N 7°14′28″E / 55.06306°N 7.24111°E | 205 (205/0) |
±320 | 864 | 2015 | IGBT | Supplier: Siemens | [68] |
| Troll A 3&4 | Norway - Kollsnes | Norway - Troll A 3&4 platform | 70 (70/0) |
66 | 100 | 2015 | IGBT | Supplier: ABB | [69][70][71][72][73][74] |
| DolWin2 | Germany - Heede 52°58′52″N 7°15′26″E / 52.98111°N 7.25722°E | Germany - DolWin Beta platform 53°58′41″N 6°55′23″E / 53.97806°N 6.92306°E | 135 (135/0) |
±320 | 900 | 2016 | IGBT | Supplier: ABB | [75] |
| SydVästlänken | Sweden - Barkeryd 57°44′52″N 14°39′19″E / 57.74778°N 14.65528°E | Sweden - Hurva 55°49′59″N 13°36′08″E / 55.83306°N 13.60222°E | 260 (197/63) |
±300 | 2x720 | 2016 | IGBT | Supplier: Alstom | |
| DolWin3 | Germany - Heede 52°58′57″N 7°15′26″E / 52.98250°N 7.25722°E | Germany - DolWin Gamma platform 53°59′42″N 6°25′16″E / 53.99500°N 6.42111°E | 160 (160/0) |
±320 | 900 | 2017 | IGBT | Supplier: Alstom | [76] |
| HVDC MON.ITA Project | Italy-Cepagatti 42°24′11″N 14°7′46″E / 42.40306°N 14.12944°E | Montenegro - Lastva Grbaljska 42°18′53″N 18°47′35″E / 42.31472°N 18.79306°E | 415 (415/0) |
±500 | 1000 | 2017 | Thyr | Supplier: Toshiba (converter stations); Nexans (cables). | [77][78][79] |
| Western HVDC Link | UK - Hunterston | UK - Flintshire Bridge | 422 (422/0) |
600 | 2200 | 2017-18 | Thyr | Supplier: Prysmian Group, Siemens First subsea 600kV link |
[80][81] |
| Caithness Moray HVDC3 | UK - Spittal | UK - Blackhillock | 160 | 320 | 1200 | 2018 | Supplier: ABB | [82][83] | |
| BorWin3 | Germany - Diele | Germany - BorWin Gamma platform | 200 (200/0) |
±320 | 900 | 2019 | IGBT | Supplier: Siemens | |
| COBRAcable | Denmark - Endrup via Fanø | Nederlands - Eemshaven | 325 | 400 | 700 | 20194 | [84][85][86] | ||
| ElecLink | France - Les Mandarins | UK - Sellindge | 70 | 320 | 1000 | 2019 | [87] | ||
| France-Italy via Fréjus Road Tunnel | France, Grand-Île | Italy, Piossasco | 190 | ±320 | 2x600 | 2019 | IGBT | Supplier: Alstom (converter stations); Prysmian (cables). | [88][89][90][91] |
| Nemo Link | Belgium - near Bruges | UK - Richborough Energy Park | 140 (140/0) |
400 | 1000 | 2019 | IGBT | Converter stations: Siemens , cables: J-power systems [92] | [93][94] |
| ALEGrO | Belgium - Visé | Germany - Aachen | 100 (100/0) |
320 | 1000 | 2019-205 | IGBT | [95] | |
| IFA2 | France - Tourbe, Normandie | UK -Pilling, Hampshire | 240 | 400 | 1000 | 2020 | [96][97][98] | ||
| NORD.LINK | Norway - Tonstad 58°39′29″N 6°43′29″E / 58.65806°N 6.72472°E | Germany - Wilster 53°55′18″N 9°20′41″E / 53.92167°N 9.34472°E | 623 (570/53) |
525 | 1400 | 2020 | Thyr | Supplier: ABB | [99][100][101] |
| NSN Link | Norway - Kvilldal | England - Blyth | 730 | 515 | 1400 | 2020 | IGBT | Supplier: ABB, Prysmian Group, Nexans | [102][103][104][105] |
| FAB Link | France - Menuel on Cherbourg Peninsula | UK - Exeter via Alderney | 1000/1400 | 2021 | [106][107] | ||||
| Shetland HVDC Connection | UK - Upper Kergord | UK - near Staxigoe[108] | 345 (345/0) |
300 | 550/600 | 20216 | Thyr | [109][110] | |
| Western Isles HVDC | UK - Arnish Point near Stornoway | UK - Beauly | 156 | 320 | 600 | 20217 | [111] | ||
| EuroAsia Interconnector | Israel via Cyprus and Crete | Greece - Attica | 1520 | 600 | 2000 | 2022 | [112][113] | ||
| NorthConnect | Norway - Simadalen | UK - Peterhead | 650 | 1400 | 2022 | [114][115] | |||
| Viking Link | Denmark - Revsing | UK - Bicker Fen | 740 | 1000-1400 | 2022 | [116][117] | |||
| Eastern HVDC Link | UK - Peterhead | UK - Hawthorn | 305 | 400 | 2000 | 2024 | [118] |
1 Moyle currently running at 250 MW but being restored to 450 MW in 2016.[37] National Grid says it will be 450 MW to Northern Ireland and 295 MW to Wales.[81]
2 As of 9 December 2015, LitPol Link started trial operations.[119]
3 Caithness Moray HVDC will serve a number of renewable energy sources in the north of Scotland - see map [111]
4 Contracts due to be placed in 2016.
5 Elia says construction expected to start in late 2017.
6 2021 date is that quoted to support the Shetland Wind Farm that SSE is a part investor in.[120]
7 Decision on project expected in 2017 following consultation - see SSE PD reference.
North America
| Name |
Converter station 1 |
Converter station 2 |
Total Length (Cable/Pole) (km) |
Volt (kV) |
Power (MW) |
Year |
Type |
Remarks |
Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HVDC Mechanicville–Schenectady | USA - Mechanicville,NY 42°54′45″N 73°40′49″W / 42.91250°N 73.68028°W |
USA - Schenectady, NY | 37 (0/37) |
12 | 5 | 1932 | Merc | Experimental, frequency conversion 40 to 60 Hz
Dismantled after WW II |
[121] |
| Vancouver Island 1 | Canada - Delta, BC 49°5′31″N 123°2′31″W / 49.09194°N 123.04194°W |
Canada - North Cowichan, BC 48°49′39″N 123°42′55″W / 48.82750°N 123.71528°W |
75 (42/33) |
260 | 312 | 1968 | Merc | Supplier: ASEA | [1] |
| Pacific DC Intertie | USA - Celilo, OR 45°35′39″N 121°6′51″W / 45.59417°N 121.11417°W |
USA - Sylmar, CA 34°18′39″N 118°29′21″W / 34.31083°N 118.48917°W, 34°18′42″N 118°28′53″W / 34.31167°N 118.48139°W |
1362 (0/1362) |
500 | 3100 | 1970 | Thyr | Transmission voltage 400 kV until 1984 Maximum transmission power 1440 MW until 1982 From 1982 to 1984 1600 MW From 1984 to 1989 2000 MW Merc replaced by Thyr in 2004 Original supplier: ASEA, GE In 1989 upgraded by ABB In 2004 upgraded by ABB and Siemens |
[1][1][122][123] |
| Nelson River Bipole 1 | Canada - Gillam, Manitoba 56°21′41″N 94°36′48″W / 56.36139°N 94.61333°W |
Canada - Rosser, Manitoba 49°59′34″N 97°25′42″W / 49.99278°N 97.42833°W |
895 (0/895) |
463.5 | 1854 | 1971 | Thyr | Used the largest mercury arc rectifiers ever built Poles converted to Thyr in 1993 Original supplier: English Electric, Alstom In 1993 upgraded by Alstom In 2004 upgraded by Siemens |
[1][124] |
| Vancouver Island 2 | Canada - Delta, BC 49°5′31″N 123°2′31″W / 49.09194°N 123.04194°W |
Canada - North Cowichan, BC 48°49′39″N 123°42′55″W / 48.82750°N 123.71528°W |
75 (33/42) |
280 | 370 | 1977 | Thyr | Supplier: GE | [1] |
| Square Butte | USA - Center, ND (Young) 47°4′18″N 101°11′45″W / 47.07167°N 101.19583°W |
USA - Adolph, MN (Arrowhead) 46°46′25″N 92°17′39″W / 46.77361°N 92.29417°W |
749 (0/749) |
250 | 500 | 1977 | Thyr | Supplier: GE In 2004 Control system upgrade by ABB | [1][125][126] |
| Nelson River Bipole 2 | Canada - Sundance, Manitoba 56°30′14″N 94°8′24″W / 56.50389°N 94.14000°W |
Canada - Rosser, Manitoba 49°59′34″N 97°25′42″W / 49.99278°N 97.42833°W |
940 (0/940) |
500 | 2000 | 1978-1985 | Thyr | Supplier: Siemens | [1][124] |
| CU | USA - Underwood, ND (Coal Creek) 47°22′24″N 101°9′23″W / 47.37333°N 101.15639°W |
USA - Rockford, MN (Dickinson) 45°6′40″N 93°48′36″W / 45.11111°N 93.81000°W |
687 (0/687) |
400 | 1000 | 1979 | Thyr | Supplier: ABB In 2004, control system upgrade by ABB | [1][127] |
| Path 27 | USA - Intermountain, UT 39°30′2″N 112°34′51″W / 39.50056°N 112.58083°W |
USA - Adelanto, CA 34°33′4″N 117°26′14″W / 34.55111°N 117.43722°W |
785 (0/785) |
500 | 1920 | 1986 | Thyr | ||
| Quebec - New England Transmission | Canada - Radisson, QC 53°43′33″N 77°44′17″W / 53.72583°N 77.73806°W |
Canada - Nicolet, QC 46°04′47″N 72°14′58″W / 46.07972°N 72.24944°W; USA - Ayer, MA 42°34′13″N 71°31′27″W / 42.57028°N 71.52417°W |
1105 (5/1100) |
450 | 2250 | 1991 | Thyr | 3 terminals[dubious – discuss] Converter stations near Windsor, QC and Monroe, NH were decommissioned in 2007. Supplier: ABB |
[1] |
| Cross Sound Cable | USA - New Haven, CT 41°17′12″N 72°54′8″W / 41.28667°N 72.90222°W |
USA - Shoreham, Long Island, NY 40°57′33″N 72°52′3″W / 40.95917°N 72.86750°W |
40 (40/0) |
150 | 330 | 2002 | IGBT | Buried underwater cable Supplier: ABB |
[128] |
| Neptune Cable | USA - Long Island (Hicksville) NY 40°45′38″N 73°33′4″W / 40.76056°N 73.55111°W |
USA -Sayreville, NJ 40°28′25.38″N 74°21′11.1″W / 40.4737167°N 74.353083°W |
105 (105/0) |
500 | 660 | 2007 | Thyr | Supplier: Siemens | [129] |
| Trans Bay Cable | USA - Pittsburg, CA 38°01′51″N 121°53′48″W / 38.03083°N 121.89667°W |
USA - San Francisco, CA 37°45′17″N 122°23′09″W / 37.75472°N 122.38583°W |
85 (85/0) |
200 | 400 | 2010 | IGBT | First HVDC system using Modular Multi-Level Converter
Supplier: Siemens, Pirelli |
[130][131][132] |
| Eastern Alberta Transmission Line | Canada – Newell, AB 50°30′41″N 112°01′02″W / 50.51139°N 112.01722°W | Canada – Heathfield, AB 53°51′28″N 113°13′52″W / 53.85778°N 113.23111°W | 485 (0/485) | 500 | 1000 | 2015/2016 | Thyr | Supplier: Siemens | [133] |
| Western Alberta Transmission Line | Canada – Genesee, AB 53°21′13″N 114°18′33″W / 53.35361°N 114.30917°W | Canada – Langdon, AB 50°57′37″N 113°43′11″W / 50.96028°N 113.71972°W | 350 (0/350) | 500 | 1000 | 2015 | Thyr | Supplier: Siemens | [133][134] |
| Labrador-Island Link | Canada - Muskrat Falls, NL | Canada - Soldiers Pond, NL | 1135 (35/1100) |
350 | 900 | 2017 | Thyr | Drilling for cable landfall began in 2014. Supplier: Alstom Grid |
[135][136] |
| Maritime Link | Canada - Bottom Brook, NL 48°31′52″N 58°15′39″W / 48.53111°N 58.26083°W | Canada - Woodbine, NS 45°59′30″N 60°16′26″W / 45.99167°N 60.27389°W |
360 (170/190) |
200 | 500 | 2017 | IGBT | Right-of-way clearing began in 2014. Supplier: ABB |
[137][138][139][140] |
| Plains & Eastern Clean Line | USA - Texas County, OK | USA - Shelby County, TN | 1207 (0/1207) |
600 | 4000 | ~2018 | Thyr | Approved March 2016 | [141][142][143] |
| New England Clean Power Line | USA - Alburgh, VT | USA - Ludlow, VT | 248 (248/0) |
320 | 1000 | 2020 | [144][145] | ||
| Juan de Fuca Cable Project | USA - Port Angeles, WA 48°06′10″N 123°25′00″W / 48.10278°N 123.41667°W | Canada - Victoria, BC 48°29′26″N 123°27′30″W / 48.49056°N 123.45833°W | 35 (35/0) |
150 | 550 | ? | IGBT | Buried undersea (30.5 km) and underground (2.5 km at each end) Supplier: ABB |
[146][147] |
| Rock Island Clean Line | USA - O'Brien County, IA | USA - Grundy County, IL | 805 (0/805) |
600 | 3500 | ? | Thyr | Supplier: Siemens | [148] |
| TransWest Express | USA – Sinclair, WY | USA – Boulder City, NV | 1165 (0/1165) |
600 | 3000 | ? | Final EIS expected in April 2015. | [149][150] |
South America
| Name |
Converter station 1 |
Converter station 2 |
Total Length (Cable/Pole) (km) |
Volt (kV) |
Power (MW) |
Year |
Type |
Remarks |
Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Itaipu 1 | Brazil - Foz do Iguaçu, Paraná 25°27′58″S 54°32′33″W / 25.46611°S 54.54250°W |
Brazil - São Roque, São Paulo 23°40′2″S 47°6′19″W / 23.66722°S 47.10528°W |
785 (0/785) |
600 | 3150 | 1984 | Thyr | Supplier: ABB | [1] |
| Itaipu 2 | Brazil - Foz do Iguaçu, Paraná 25°27′58″S 54°32′33″W / 25.46611°S 54.54250°W |
Brazil - São Roque, São Paulo 23°40′2″S 47°6′19″W / 23.66722°S 47.10528°W |
805 (0/805) |
600 | 3150 | 1987 | Thyr | Supplier: ABB | [1] |
| Rio Madeira | Brazil, Porto Velho 08°54′53″S 63°57′27″W / 8.91472°S 63.95750°W |
Brazil, Araraquara 21°49′59″S 48°20′52″W / 21.83306°S 48.34778°W |
2375 (0/2375) |
600 | 7100 | 2013 | Thyr | The longest transmission link in the world Suppliers: ABB, Alstom |
[151] |
Back to back
| This section has an unclear citation style. The reason given is: In particular, external links should be converted to footnotes. (July 2014) |
| Name |
Location |
Volt (kV) |
Power (MW) |
Year |
Type |
Remarks |
Ref | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carnegie Steel Company B2B | USA - Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania | ? | ? | ? | Merc | built for an interconnection between 60 Hz-utility system and a 25 Hz System, dismantled | [152] | |
| Sakuma B2B | Japan - Sakuma 35°04′57″N 137°47′56″E / 35.08250°N 137.79889°E |
125 | 300 | 1965 | Merc | replaced in 1993 by new converter using light-triggered thyristors | ||
| Eel River B2B | Canada - Eel River, NB 48°01′05″N 66°26′39″W / 48.01806°N 66.44417°W |
80 | 320 | 1972 | Thyr | life extension project 2014 | [153][154] | |
| Shin Shinano B2B | Japan - Shin Shinano 36°08′14″N 137°52′58″E / 36.13722°N 137.88278°E |
125 | 600 | 1977 | Thyr | Supplier: Toshiba, Hitachi | ||
| Acaray B2B | Paraguay - Ciudad de Este 25°27′26″S 54°37′26″W / 25.45722°S 54.62389°W |
25.6 | 50 | 1981 | Thyr | |||
| Vyborg B2B | Russia - Vyborg 60°40′49″N 28°55′7″E / 60.68028°N 28.91861°E |
±85 | 1065 | 1982 | Thyr | extended up to 1420 MW in 2001 | ||
| Dürnrohr B2B | Austria - Dürnrohr 48°19′46″N 15°52′48″E / 48.32944°N 15.88000°E |
145 | 550 | 1983 | Thyr | shut down in October 1996, dismantled in 2007 | ||
| Artesia, New Mexico (Eddy County HVDC B2B) B2B | USA - Artesia, NM 32°48′51.7″N 104°14′29.6″W / 32.814361°N 104.241556°W |
82 | 200 | 1983 | Thyr | |||
| Chateauguay B2B | Canada – Châteauguay, QC 45°15′11″N 73°52′11″W / 45.25306°N 73.86972°W |
140 | 1000 | 1984 | Thyr | Control system upgrade by ABB in 2009 | [155][156] | |
| Oklaunion B2B | USA - Oklaunion, TX 34°5′6″N 99°11′1″W / 34.08500°N 99.18361°W |
82 | 200 | 1984 | Thyr | ABB replacement in 2014 | [157][158]
|| | |
| Blackwater, New Mexico B2B | USA - Blackwater, NM 34°18′3″N 103°10′27″W / 34.30083°N 103.17417°W |
57 | 200 | 1984 | Thyr | Valve cooling and control systems upgrade by ABB in 2009 | [159][160] | |
| Madawaska, Quebec B2B | Canada - Dégelis, QC 47°30′31″N 68°31′25″W / 47.50861°N 68.52361°W |
140 | 350 | 1985 | Thyr | |||
| Miles City, Montana B2B | USA - Miles City, MT 46°24′31″N 105°47′36″W / 46.40861°N 105.79333°W |
82 | 200 | 1985 | Thyr | |||
| Highgate, VT B2B | USA - Highgate, VT 44°56′17″N 73°3′15″W / 44.93806°N 73.05417°W |
56 | 200 | 1985 | Thyr | Refurbishment by ABB in 2012, | [161] | |
| Uruguaiana B2B | Brazil - Uruguaiana 29°48′22″S 57°0′17″W / 29.80611°S 57.00472°W |
17.9 | 53.9 | 1986 | Thyr | |||
| Broken Hill B2B | Australia - Broken Hill 31°59′10″S 141°25′9″E / 31.98611°S 141.41917°E |
8.33 | 40 | 1986 | Thyr | |||
| Virginia Smith B2B | USA - Sidney, NE 41°9′51″N 102°59′15″W / 41.16417°N 102.98750°W |
50 | 200 | 1988 | Thyr | [162] | ||
| Vindhyachal B2B | India - Vindhyachal 24°05′38″N 82°40′44″E / 24.09389°N 82.67889°E |
176 | 500 | 1989 | Thyr | |||
| McNeill B2B | Canada - Mc Neill, AB 50°35′56″N 110°01′25″W / 50.59889°N 110.02361°W |
42 | 150 | 1989 | Thyr | Supplier: Alstom | ||
| Wolmirstedt B2B | Germany - Wolmirstedt 52°16′21″N 11°38′10″E / 52.27250°N 11.63611°E |
160 | 600 | (1992) | Thyr | construction work was stopped after reunification, static inverter hall is today part of a recycling yard | ||
| Etzenricht B2B | Germany - Etzenricht 49°37′52″N 12°6′56″E / 49.63111°N 12.11556°E |
160 | 600 | 1993 | Thyr | shut down in October 1995, dismantled in 2009 | ||
| Vienna-Southeast B2B | Austria - Vienna 48°7′22″N 16°25′6″E / 48.12278°N 16.41833°E |
142 | 600 | 1993 | Thyr | shut down in October 1996, dismantled in 2007 | ||
| Chandrapur B2B | India - Chandrapur 20°5′21″N 79°8′36″E / 20.08917°N 79.14333°E |
205 | 2x500 | 1998 | Thyr | Supplier: Alstom | ||
| Welsh HVDC Converter Station B2B | USA - Titus County, TX 33°03′30.3″N 94°50′36.54″W / 33.058417°N 94.8434833°W |
162 | 600 | 1998 | Thyr | |||
| Garabi HVDC | Brazil - Garabi 28°15′19″S 55°40′18″W / 28.25528°S 55.67167°W |
±70 | 2200 | 1999 | Thyr | Brazil-Argentina Interconnection. Supplier: ABB In 2002, the second phase 'Garabi 2' was supplied by ABB . | [163] | |
| Vizag 1 | India - Visakhapatnam Gazuwaka 17°38′33″N 83°7′57″E / 17.64250°N 83.13250°E |
205 | 500 | 1999 | Thyr | Supplier: Alstom | ||
| Minami-Fukumitsu B2B | Japan - Minami - Fukumitsu 36°29′46″N 136°54′57″E / 36.49611°N 136.91583°E |
125 | 300 | 1999 | Thyr | |||
| Rivera B2B | Uruguay - Rivera 30°56′29″S 55°33′34″W / 30.94139°S 55.55944°W |
22 | 70 | 2000 | Thyr | Supplier: Alstom | ||
| Eagle Pass, Texas B2B | USA - Eagle Pass, TX 28°42′58.8″N 100°29′26.88″W / 28.716333°N 100.4908000°W |
15.9 | 36 | 2000 | IGBT | |||
| Sasaram B2B | India - Sasaram 25°07′42″N 83°42′29″E / 25.12833°N 83.70806°E |
205 | 500 | 2003 | Thyr | Supplier: Alstom | ||
| Rapid City DC Tie B2B | USA - Rapid City, SD 44°00′37″N 103°9′54″W / 44.01028°N 103.16500°W |
13 | 200 | 2003 | Thyr | [164][165] | ||
| Vizag 2 | India - Visakhapatnam 17°38′26″N 83°8′10″E / 17.64056°N 83.13611°E |
176 | 500 | 2005 | Thyr | Installed at Gazuwaka. Supplier:ABB. This is similar in specs to Vizag I and connects the Eastern and Southern grids. | [166] | |
| Lingbao B2B | China - Lingbao 34°32′56″N 110°50′49″E / 34.54889°N 110.84694°E |
168 | 360 | 2005 | Thyr | Supplier: NR(Protection&Control), Extension project 2010: Supplier: ABB;C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co.,Ltd | [167][168] | |
| Lamar Co., Colorado B2B | USA - Lamar, CO 38°12′25.08″N 102°31′43.92″W / 38.2069667°N 102.5288667°W |
63.6 | 210 | 2005 | Thyr | Supplier: Siemens; Combination of B2B HVDC & Grid Power Flow Controller (GPFC) | [169] | |
| Higashi-Shimuzu B2B | Japan - Shimuzu 35°03′24″N 138°29′58″E / 35.05667°N 138.49944°E |
125 | 300 | 2006 | Thyr | |||
| Sharyland B2B | USA - Mission, TX 26°10′01″N 98°19′25″W / 26.16694°N 98.32361°W |
21 | 150 | 2007 | Thyr | |||
| Al Fadhili B2B | Saudi Arabia - Al Fadhili 26°53′52″N 49°20′47″E / 26.89778°N 49.34639°E |
222 | 3x600 | 2008 | Thyr | Used mainly for Dynamic Reserve Power Sharing rather than economic energy transfer. Supplier: Alstom | [170] | |
| Outaouais B2B | Canada - Buckingham, QC 45°36′01″N 75°26′47″W / 45.60028°N 75.44639°W |
315 | 625 (2x) | 2009 | Thyr | Expected completion 2009. Supplier:ABB | [38] | |
| Heihe B2B | China - Heihe 50°15′19″N 127°25′37″E / 50.25528°N 127.42694°E |
±125 | 750 | 2011 | Thyr | Supplier: NR(Protection&Control)[171] | ||
| Gaoling B2B | China - Gaoling 40°10′49″N 120°00′22″E / 40.18028°N 120.00611°E |
±500 | 1500 | 2008 | Thyr | |||
| Shandong - East B2B | China | 1200 | 2011 | Thyr | ||||
| Melo B2B | Uruguay - Melo 32°25′02″S 54°05′34″W / 32.41722°S 54.09278°W |
±79 | 500 | 2011 | Thyr | Supplier:Alstom | ||
| North - Central B2B | China | 1000 | 2012 | Thyr | ||||
| Rio Madeira B2B | Brazil – Porto Velho 8°54′46″S 63°57′27″W / 8.91278°S 63.95750°W |
100 | 800 | 2013 | Thyr | Supplier: ABB[172] | [173][174][175][176] | |
| Ridgefield B2B ( Hudson Project) | USA - Ridgefield, NJ 40°49′56″N 74°00′44″W / 40.83222°N 74.01222°W |
185 | 660 | 2013 | Thyr | |||
| Bheramara B2B | Bangladesh – Bheramara 24°04′03″N 89°0′04″E / 24.06750°N 89.00111°E | 158 | 500 | 2013 | Thyr | |||
| Akhaltsikhe B2B | Georgia - Akhaltsikhe 41°42′26″N 43°06′35″E / 41.70722°N 43.10972°E |
96 | 700 | 2013 | Thyr | Supplier: Siemens | [177] | |
| Mackinac B2B | USA - Saint Ignace, MI 45°51′31″N 84°44′18″W / 45.85861°N 84.73833°W |
70 | 200 | 2014 | IGBT | Supplier: ABB | [178] | |
| Railroad DC Tie | USA - Mission, TX 26°10′01″N 98°19′25″W / 26.16694°N 98.32361°W |
21 | 150 | 2014 | Thyr | |||
| Alytus B2B | Lithuania - Alytus 54°26′19″N 23°58′02″E / 54.43861°N 23.96722°E |
±70 | 500 | 2015 | Thyr | [179] | ||
| Mogocha B2B | Russia - Mogocha 53°43′30″N 119°47′22″E / 53.72500°N 119.78944°E |
±32 | 2x100 | 2017 | IGBT | [180] | ||
| Yu - E B2B | China-ChongQing, China-Hubei | ±420 | 4x1250 | 2017 | VSC-HVDC | Supplier: C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co.,Ltd | ||
| Tres Amigas SuperStation | USA - Clovis, NM | ? | 5000 | ? | IGBT |
Maps
Europe
Existing
Under construction
Options under consideration
Medium to large HVDC interconnections in western Europe.- Iceland – UK (option), 1.1 GW
- Moyle: Auchencrosh, UK – Ballycronan More, Northern Ireland, UK
- NSN Norway Kvilldal – UK Blyth, 1.4 GW under construction
- Viking cable (option): Germany – Norway, 600 MW but NORD.LINK 1.4 GW under construction
- Kattegat (option): Norway – Zealand, Denmark; or Norway – southern Sweden
- Fenno-Skan: Rauma, Finland – Dannebo, Sweden
- Vyborg
- Estlink: Harku, Estonia – Espoo, Finland
- NorNed: Feda, Norway – Eemshaven, Netherlands
- Skagerrak 1, 2, 3, and 4: Tjele, Denmark – Kristiansand, Norway
- Konti-Skan 1 and 2: VesterHassing, Denmark – Stenkullen, Sweden
- Gotland: Västervik, Sweden – Ygne, Sweden
- NordE.ON 1: Diele, Germany – Borkum 2 platform, Germany
- StoreBælt: Fyn, Denmark – Zealand, Denmark
- (purposely left blank)
- SwePol: Stärnö, Sweden – Wierzbięcin (Słupsk), Poland
- Baltic Cable: Lübeck- Herrenwyk, Germany – Kruseberg, Sweden
- Kontek: Bjæverskov, Denmark – Bentwisch, Germany
- East West Interconnector: Leinster, Ireland – Anglesey, Wales, UK. Operational since 2012
- BritNed: UK – Netherlands. Operational since April 2011.
- HVDC Cross-Channel: Les Mandarins, France – Sellindge, UK
- HVDC Italy–Corsica–Sardinia: "SACOI" – Codrongianos, Sardinia, Italy – Lucciana, Corsica, France – Suvereto, Italy (mainland)
- Sapei, Sardinia – Italian mainland
- Cometa: Valencia, Spain – Mallorca, Spain
- 25 — 28 EuroMed options:
- Algeria – Spain
- Algeria – Sardinia
- Tunis – Sicily
- Tripoli – Sicily
- HVDC Italy-Greece: Arachthos, Greece – Galatina, Italy
See also
- Electrode line
- European super grid
- High-voltage direct current
- Lyon-Moutiers DC transmission scheme
- Scotland-Norway interconnector
- HVDC converter station
- Submarine power cable
- Transmission tower
- Uno Lamm
- Valve hall
- List of high voltage underground and submarine cables
- Desertec
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av HVDC Projects List, March 2012 - Existing or Under Construction (PDF), accessed in February 2014
- ^ Cahora Bassa, accessed in February 2014
- ^ ABB wins $50 million HVDC order in Mozambique, accessed in February 2014
- ^ Inga-Kolwezi – One of the world's longest electric power transmissions, accessed in February 2014
- ^ ABB wins $107 million power order in Africa, accessed in February 2014
- ^ Report on Congo DRC – SOCIETE NATIONALE D'ELECTRICITE, accessed in February 2014
- ^ "ABB commissions Caprivi link". 1 January 2011. Retrieved February 2014.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - ^ Basslink Homepage, accessed in February 2014
- ^ Joerg Dorn; Dietmar Retzmann; Cristen Schimpf; Dag Soerangr (2007-11-06). "HVDC Solutions for System Interconnection and Advanced Grid Access" (PDF). EPRI HVDC conference 2007-09-13 to 14. Siemens: 44. Retrieved February 2014.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - ^ "HVDC Inter-Island Link Project - Transpower". Transpower New Zealand. Archived from the original on February 10, 2013. Retrieved February 2014.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Gezhouba - Shanghai, accessed in February 2014
- ^ Rihand - Delhi, accessed in February 2014
- ^ Chandrapur - Padghe – The first HVDC transmission to Mumbai., accessed in February 2014
- ^ "ROLE OF THREE GORGES - CHANGZHOU HVDC IN INTERCONNECTING CENTRAL AND EAST CHINA" (PDF). ABB Asea Brown Boveri. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 16, 2012. Retrieved 2014-02-10.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Three Gorges - Changzhou, accessed in February 2014
- ^ Three Gorges - Guangdong, accessed in February 2014
- ^ Three Gorges - Shanghai, accessed in February 2014
- ^ Hulunbeir - Liaoning, accessed in February 2014
- ^ Xiangjiaba - Shanghai, accessed in February 2014
- ^ Nanhui Wind Farm Integration, accessed in February 2014 Archived July 2, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Dalian City Infeed, accessed in February 2014 Archived July 2, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Jinping - Sunan: The most powerful transmission line in the world, accessed in January 2015
- ^ world’s first multi-terminal VSC HVDC transmission project , accessed in February 2014
- ^ world’s first multi-terminal VSC HVDC transmission project , accessed in February 2014 Archived February 8, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Grid energises Jeju Island in South Korea, Alstom Press Release, 7 July 2014.
- ^ Project Overview, LS Cable and System.
- ^ Zhoushan Multi-terminal DC Interconnection, accessed in February 2014 Archived April 14, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Champa ±800 kV UHVDC, Alstom publication, 2014.
- ^ North-East Agra, accessed in February 2014
- ^ "The Gotland HVDC link". abb.com.
- ^ Kingsnorth Power Station brochure on the DC system (Kingsnorth to London HVDC power reinforcement scheme - dated 1975)
- ^ a b "Skagerrak". abb.com.
- ^ "New lease on life for northern European power link". abb.com.
- ^ "ABB wins $180 million order for Norway-Denmark power transmission link". abb.com.
- ^ "National Grid info on IFA". Interconnections - France. National Grid plc. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
- ^ "SwePol Link". abb.com.
- ^ a b "Mutual Energy". Mutual Energy. Mutual Energy. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Working Group on HVDC and FACTS Bibliography and Records (2008-07-07). "HVDC PROJECTS LISTING" (PDF). IEEE Transmission and Distribution Committee. Retrieved 2008-12-19.
- ^ "BritNed cable live today" (Press release). BritNed. 2011-04-01. Retrieved 2011-04-01.[dead link]
- ^ "BritNed organisation". BritNed. BritNed. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
- ^ "National Grid on BritNed". Interconnectors - Netherlands. National Grid plc. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
- ^ "SAPEI". abb.com.
- ^ "ABB wins $180 million order for undersea power link in Italy". abb.com.
- ^ "ABB press release". ABB power link to Valhall. ABB. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
- ^ "Valhall HVDC by ABB". ABB refs Valhall. ABB. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
- ^ "BorWin1". abb.com.
- ^ "ABB wins power order worth more than $400 million for world's largest offshore wind farm". abb.com.
- ^ BorWin1 - Transmission project. YouTube. 7 July 2010.
- ^ "Overview of EirGrid Connection" (PDF). Paper presented at UPEC 2013. ABB. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
- ^ "ABB Fenno-Skan - ABB HVDC Reference Projects in Europe (HVDC References)". abb.com.
- ^ "ABB to upgrade transmission control for Scandinavian power interconnector". abb.com.
- ^ New Fenno-Skan 2 HVDC pole with an upgrade of the existing Fenno-Skan 1 pole
- ^ "Åland". abb.com.
- ^ "ABB wins $130-million HVDC order for subsea power transmission link in Finland". abb.com.
- ^ "Åland Link project management" (PDF). pöyry case summary. Pöyry SwedPower AB. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
- ^ "Wir bringen die Windenergie vom Meer an Land - TenneT TSO GmbH". tennettso.de.
- ^ "DolWin1". abb.com.
- ^ Wir bringen die Windenergie vom Meer an Land - TenneT TSO GmbH
- ^ "2014 INELFE, France-Spain" (PDF) (Press release). Siemens. 2011-01-12. Retrieved 2012-05-13.
- ^ "REE on INELFE". Spain-France underground interconnection. Red Eléctrica da España. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
- ^ "INEFE ready for testing". HVDC link between France and Spain. Siemens. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
- ^ "Russia's Power Grip Over Baltics Ending With Billion-Euro Cables". Bloomberg. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
- ^ "LITPOL Link". litpol-link.com.
- ^ "ABB wins $110 million power order to interconnect Lithuania and Poland". abb.com.
- ^ "LitPol Link". abb.com.
- ^ "NordBalt". Retrieved 12 January 2015.
- ^ "ABB press release". ABB sets world record. ABB. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
- ^ "Wir bringen die Windenergie vom Meer an Land - TenneT TSO GmbH". tennettso.de.
- ^ "ABB wins $270 million order from Statoil for world's largest offshore gas platform". abb.com.
- ^ "Inauguration event of ABB technologies at the Troll A platform in Norway". abb.com.
- ^ "The Troll area". statoil.com.
- ^ "ABB signs US$ 230 million in contracts with Statoil". abb.com.
- ^ "ABB HVDC Light - Electrical/Integrated Project Solutions (Offshore Production)". abb.com.
- ^ "Very high voltage synchronous motors". abb.com.
- ^ "DolWin2". Retrieved 12 January 2015.
- ^ "Offshore wind energy: TenneT awards "DolWin3"project to Alstom, marking next step in Germany's energy turnaround". alstom.com.
- ^ "Nexans wins major subsea cable contract for Terna's new HVDC power interconnection between Italy and Montenegro". 30 October 2012. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
- ^ "Toshiba wins EPC Contract for HVDC power conversion system". Toshiba Press Release. 7 December 2012. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
- ^ "HVDC MON.ITA Project" (PDF). Terna Crna Gora. 27 January 2014. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
- ^ "Q&A". Western HVDC. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
- ^ a b "NG ETYS 2015". Electricity 10 year statement. National Grid plc. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
- ^ "Caithness Moray HVDC". Caithness Moray. SSE Power Distribution. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
- ^ "ABB information". Caithness Moray HVDC Link. ABB. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
- ^ https://www.energinet.dk/DA/ANLAEG-OG-PROJEKTER/Anlaegsprojekter-el/Kabel-til-Holland-COBRA/Sider/Kabel-til-Holland-COBRA.aspx
- ^ "Energienet in English". Cable to NL - COBRACable. Energienet.DK. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
- ^ "Tennet on COBRAcable". COBRA cable. TenneT. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
- ^ "ElecLink". Eleclink. ElecLink. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
- ^ Alstom will supply converter stations to Italy-France interconnector , 7 September 2015.
- ^ New strategic interconnection Italy-France for Terna R. I. and RTE, Prysmian Press Release, 26 March 2015.
- ^ "RTE on France Italy link". Savoie-Piémont: 190 km. RTE France. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
- ^ "Terna on Italy France link". Italy - France, the invisible line. Terna. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
- ^ "Nemo Link news June '15". Nemo Link news June '15. Nemo Link. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
- ^ "Nemo Link". Nemo Link. Nemo Link. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
- ^ "Siemens re Nemo Link". Siemens wins major HVDC order to connect British and Belgian power grid. Siemens. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
- ^ "ALEGrO Project". ALEGrO Project. Elia. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
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