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List of presidents of Peru

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This is a list of those who have served as President of the Republic of Peru (head of state and head of government of Peru) from its establishment to the present. The office was established by the 1822 Constituent Congress, after the resignation of José de San Martín to his position as Protector of Peru and his subsequent departure from the country.

The first president was José de la Riva Agüero and the current officeholder is Dina Boluarte, the first woman to hold the position. In the history of the position, there has been a series of political crises, caudillos, barracks revolt, civil wars, death of the incumbent, coups d'état, parliamentary attempts to remove the presidency,[1] one self-coup, and vacancies dictated by the congress. The list is based on the work of the historian Jorge Basadre, constitutions, laws, and decrees in each case.

Even though they were not presidents, the list includes the Libertadores San Martín and Simón Bolívar due to their historical relevance in the independence of Peru and its consolidation.

Presidents

[edit]

Political parties:

Far-right:   Revolutionary Union (Unión Revolucionaria, UR)

Right wing:   Civilista Party (Partido Civil, PC)   Fujimorism (Cambio 90/ Let's Go Neighbor)   Constitutional Party (Partido Constitucional)   Reformist Democratic Party (Partido Democrático Reformista)   Peruvian Democratic Movement (Movimiento Democrático Peruano, MDP)   National Democratic Front (Frente Democrático Nacional)

Centre-right:   Peruvians for Change (Peruanos Por el Kambio, PPK)

Centrist:   Popular Action (Acción Popular, AP)   Possible Peru (Perú Posible, PP)   Purple Party (Partido Morado, PM)

Centre-left:   Democratic Party (Partido Demócrata, PD)   Peruvian Aprista Party (Partido Aprista Peruano, APRA)

Left wing:   Peruvian Nationalist Party (Partido Nacionalista Peruano, PNP)

Far-left:   Free Peru (Perú Libre, PL)

Others:   Independent   Military

  UR (2)   PC (9)   C90/VV (1)   PC (4)   PDR (1)   MDP (2)   PPK (1)   AP (4)   PP (1)

  PM (1)   PD (2)   APRA (2)   FDN (1)   PNP (1)   PL (1)   Ind. (6)   Military (16)

No. Portrait President
(Birth–Death) 		Term of office Time in office Party Election Vice President
Took office Left office
— José de San Martín
(1778–1850)
[2][a] 		3 August 1821 20 September 1822 1 year, 48 days Independent N/A None
1 José de la Riva Agüero
(1783–1858)
[2] 		28 February 1823 23 June 1823 115 days Military —[b][3] None
2 José Bernardo de Tagle
(1779–1825)
[2][c] 		16 August 1823 10 February 1824 178 days Military —[b][5] None
1823[6] Diego de Aliaga y Santa Cruz[7]
— Simón Bolívar
(1783–1830)
[2][d] 		10 February 1824 27 January 1827 2 years, 351 days Independent —[b][8] None
3 José de La Mar
(1776–1830)
[2] 		10 June 1827 7 June 1829 1 year, 362 days Military 1827[9] Manuel Salazar y Baquíjano
4 Agustín Gamarra
(1785–1841)
[2] 		7 June 1829 19 December 1833 4 years, 195 days Military Coup d'état Antonio Gutiérrez de la Fuente
1829[10]
5 Luis José de Orbegoso
(1795–1847)
[11] 		21 December 1833 25 February 1835 1 year, 66 days Military 1833[12] None
— Felipe Salaverry
(1805–1836)
[e][13] 		25 February 1835 7 February 1836 347 days Military Coup d'état[14] None
6 Agustín Gamarra
(1785–1841)
[15] 		20 January 1839[16] 18 November 1841 (†) 2 years, 302 days Military Open Cabildo[17][18] Manuel Menéndez (1840–1841)
President of the Council of State
Justo Figuerola (1840–1841)
1º Vice President of the Council of State
Juan Francisco de Vidal (1840–1841)
2º Vice President of the Council of State
1839[17]
1840[19]
7 Manuel Menéndez
(1793–1847)
[f][15] 		18 November 1841 16 August 1842 271 days Independent —[20] Justo Figuerola
1º Vice President of the Council of State
Juan Francisco de Vidal
2º Vice President of the Council of State
8 Juan Francisco de Vidal
(1800–1863)
[15] 		20 October 1842 15 March 1843 146 days Military —[20][21][22] None
— Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco
(1806–1873)
[g][15] 		27 March 1843 17 June 1844 1 year, 82 days Military Coup d'état None
10 Manuel Menéndez
(1793–1847)
[f][15] 		7 October 1844 20 April 1845 195 days Independent Restored to office[23] None
11 Ramón Castilla
(1797–1867)
[24] 		20 April 1845 20 April 1851 6 years Military 1845[25][26] None
12 José Rufino Echenique
(1808–1887)
[24] 		20 April 1851 5 January 1855 3 years, 260 days Military 1851[27] None
13 Ramón Castilla
(1797–1867)
[24] 		5 January 1855 24 October 1862 7 years, 292 days Military Coup d'état[28] (As Prime Minister)
1858[29] Juan Manuel del Mar
14 Miguel de San Román
(1802–1863)
[24] 		24 October 1862 3 April 1863 (†) 161 days Military 1862 1º Juan Antonio Pezet
2º Pedro Diez Canseco
15 Juan Antonio Pezet
(1809–1879)
[24] 		5 August 1863 8 November 1865 2 years, 95 days Military Pedro Diez Canseco
16 Mariano Ignacio Prado
(1825–1901)
[h][24] 		28 November 1865 7 January 1868 2 years, 40 days Military Coup d'état
[30][31] 		None
1867[32]
17 Pedro Diez Canseco Corbacho
(1815–1893)
[33] 		7 January 1868 2 August 1868 208 days Military None
18 José Balta
(1814–1872)
[33] 		2 August 1868 22 July 1872 3 years, 355 days Military 1868[34] 1º Mariano Herencia Zevallos
2º Francisco Diez-Canseco
— Tomás Gutiérrez
(1817–1872)
[i][33] 		22 July 1872 26 July 1872 4 days Military Coup d'état None
19 Mariano Herencia Zevallos
(1820–1873)
[33] 		27 July 1872 2 August 1872 6 days Civilista Party — None
20 Manuel Pardo y Lavalle
(1834–1878)
[33] 		2 August 1872 2 August 1876 4 years, 0 days Civilista Party 1872[35] 1º Manuel Costas Arce
2.º Francisco Garmendia Puértolas
21 Mariano Ignacio Prado
(1825–1901)
[33] 		2 August 1876 18 December 1879 3 years, 138 days Civilista Party 1876[36] 1º Luis La Puerta
2º José Francisco Canevaro
22 Luis La Puerta
(1811–1896)
[33] 		18 December 1879 23 December 1879 5 days Military — José Francisco Canevaro
23 Nicolás de Piérola
(1839–1913)
[j][33] 		23 December 1879 28 December 1881 2 years, 5 days Independent Open cabildo[37] None
24 Francisco García Calderón
(1834–1905)
[38] 		12 March 1881 6 November 1881 239 days Independent —[k] 1º Lizardo Montero
2º Andrés Avelino Cáceres
25 Lizardo Montero
(1832–1905)
[38] 		28 September 1881 28 October 1883 2 years, 30 days Civilista Party — None
26 Miguel Iglesias
(1830–1909)
[38] 		30 December 1882 3 December 1885 2 years, 338 days Military 1882[39] None
1884[40][41]
27 Andrés Avelino Cáceres
(1836–1923)
[38][42] 		3 June 1886 10 August 1890 4 years, 68 days Constitutional Party 1886 1º Remigio Morales Bermúdez
2º Aurelio Denegri
28 Remigio Morales Bermúdez
(1836–1894)
[42] 		10 August 1890 1 April 1894 (†) 3 years, 234 days Constitutional Party 1890 1º Pedro Alejandrino del Solar
2º Justiniano Borgoño
29 Justiniano Borgoño
(1836–1921)
[43] 		1 April 1894 10 August 1894 131 days Constitutional Party None
30 Andrés Avelino Cáceres
(1836–1923)
[43] 		10 August 1894 20 March 1895 222 days Constitutional Party 1894 1º César Canevaro
2º Cesáreo Chacaltana
31 Nicolás de Piérola
(1839–1913)
[43] 		8 September 1895 8 September 1899 4 years Democratic Party 1895 1º Guillermo Billinghurst
2º Augusto Seminario y Váscones
32 Eduardo López de Romaña
(1847–1912)
[43] 		8 September 1899 8 September 1903 4 years Civilista Party 1899 1º Isaac Alzamora
2.º Federico Bresani
33 Manuel Candamo
(1841–1904)
[43] 		8 September 1903 7 May 1904 (†) 242 days Civilista Party 1903 1.º Lino Alarco (†)
2.º Serapio Calderón
34 Serapio Calderón
(1843–1922)
[43] 		7 May 1904 24 September 1904 140 days Civilista Party None
35 José Pardo y Barreda
(1864–1947)
[44] 		24 September 1904 24 September 1908 4 years Civilista Party 1904 1.º José Salvador Cavero Ovalle
2º Vacant
36 Augusto Leguía
(1863–1932)
[44] 		24 September 1908 24 September 1912 4 years Civilista Party 1908 1º Eugenio Larrabure y Unanue
2º Belisario Sosa
37 Guillermo Billinghurst
(1851–1915)
[44] 		24 September 1912 4 February 1914 1 year, 133 days Democratic Party 1912 1º Roberto Leguía
2º Miguel Echenique
38 Óscar Benavides
(1876–1945)
[l][44] 		4 February 1914 18 August 1915 1 year, 195 days Military Coup d'état
[45] 		None
39 José Pardo y Barreda
(1864–1947)
[44] 		18 August 1915 4 July 1919 3 years, 320 days Civilista Party 1915 1º Ricardo Bentín Sánchez
2.º Melitón Carvajal
40 Augusto Leguía
(1863–1932)
[44] 		4 July 1919 25 August 1930 11 years, 52 days Reformist Democratic Party Coup d'état 1º César Canevaro
(1919–1920)
2.º Agustín de la Torre González
(1919–1920)
1919
1924
1929
— Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro
(1889–1933)
[m][46] 		27 August 1930 1 March 1931 186 days Revolutionary Union Coup d'état None
— David Samanez Ocampo
(1865–1947)
[n] 		11 March 1931 8 December 1931 272 days Democratic Party —[o] None
41 Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro
(1889–1933)
[46] 		8 December 1931 30 April 1933 (†) 1 year, 143 days Revolutionary Union 1931 None
42 Óscar Benavides
(1876–1945)
[47] 		30 April 1933 8 December 1939 6 years, 222 days Military —[o] 1º Ernesto Montagne Markholz
2º Antonio Rodríguez Ramírez
43 Manuel Prado Ugarteche
(1889–1967)
[48][49] 		8 December 1939 28 July 1945 5 years, 232 days Peruvian Democratic Movement 1939 1º Rafael Larco Herrera
2º Carlos D. Gibson
44 José Luis Bustamante y Rivero
(1894–1989)
[50] 		28 July 1945 29 October 1948 3 years, 93 days National Democratic Front 1945 1º José Gálvez Barrenechea
2º Eduardo Ganoza y Ganoza
45 Manuel Odría
(1896–1974)
[p][51][52] 		1 November 1948 28 July 1956 7 years, 270 days Military Coup d'état 1º Héctor Boza
2º Federico Bolognesi Bolognesi
1950
46 Manuel Prado Ugarteche
(1889–1967)
[53] 		28 July 1956 18 July 1962 5 years, 355 days Peruvian Democratic Movement 1956 1º Luis Gallo Porras
2.º Carlos Moreyra y Paz Soldán
47 Ricardo Pérez Godoy
(1905–1982)
[m][54] 		18 July 1962 3 March 1963 228 days Military Coup d'état None
48 Nicolás Lindley López
(1908–1995)
[m][55] 		3 March 1963 28 July 1963 147 days Military Succession
(De facto) 		None
49 Fernando Belaúnde Terry
(1912–2002)
[56] 		28 July 1963 3 October 1968 5 years, 67 days Popular Action 1963 1º Edgardo Seoane
2º Mario Polar Ugarteche
50 Juan Velasco Alvarado
(1910–1977)
[q][57][58] 		3 October 1968 30 August 1975 6 years, 331 days Military Coup d'état None
51 Francisco Morales Bermúdez
(1921–2022)
[q][59] 		30 August 1975 28 July 1980 4 years, 333 days Military Coup d'état None
52 Fernando Belaúnde Terry
(1912–2002)
[60][61] 		28 July 1980 28 July 1985 5 years Popular Action 1980 1º Fernando Schwalb
2º Javier Alva Orlandini
53 Alan García
(1949–2019)
[62] 		28 July 1985 28 July 1990 5 years Peruvian Aprista Party 1985 1º Luis Alberto Sánchez
2.º Luis Alva Castro
54 Alberto Fujimori
(1938–2024)
[r][s] 		28 July 1990 21 November 2000
(Resigned, deposed by Congress) 		10 years, 116 days Change 90
(1990–1998)
Let's Go Neighbour
(1998–2000) 		1990 First Vice President
Máximo San Román (1990–1992)
Ricardo Márquez Flores (1995–2000)
Francisco Tudela (2000)
Second Vice President
Carlos García y García (1990–1992)
César Paredes Canto (1995–2000)
Ricardo Márquez Flores (2000)
Self-coup
1993
1995
2000
55 Valentín Paniagua
(1936–2006) 		22 November 2000 28 July 2001 248 days Popular Action —[t] None
56 Alejandro Toledo
(born 1946) 		28 July 2001 28 July 2006 5 years Possible Peru 2001 1º Raúl Diez Canseco
2.º David Waisman
57 Alan García
(1949–2019) 		28 July 2006 28 July 2011 5 years Peruvian Aprista Party 2006 1º Luis Giampietri
2º Lourdes Mendoza del Solar
58 Ollanta Humala
(born 1962) 		28 July 2011 28 July 2016 5 years Peruvian Nationalist Party 2011 1º Marisol Espinoza
2º Omar Chehade
59 Pedro Pablo Kuczynski
(born 1938) 		28 July 2016 23 March 2018 1 year, 238 days Peruvians for Change 2016 1º Martín Vizcarra
2º Mercedes Aráoz
60 Martín Vizcarra
(born 1963) 		23 March 2018 9 November 2020 2 years, 231 days Independent 2º Mercedes Aráoz
61 Manuel Merino
(born 1961) 		10 November 2020 15 November 2020 5 days Popular Action —[t] None
62 Francisco Sagasti
(born 1944) 		17 November 2020 28 July 2021 253 days Purple Party —[t] None
63 Pedro Castillo
(born 1969) 		28 July 2021 7 December 2022 1 year, 132 days Free Peru 2021 1º Dina Boluarte
64 Dina Boluarte
(born 1962) 		7 December 2022 Incumbent 1 year, 333 days Independent None

Timeline

[edit]
Dina BoluartePedro CastilloFrancisco SagastiManuel MerinoMartín VizcarraPedro Pablo KuczynskiOllanta HumalaAlejandro ToledoValentín PaniaguaAlberto FujimoriAlan GarcíaFrancisco Morales BermúdezJuan Velasco AlvaradoFernando Belaúnde TerryNicolás Lindley LópezRicardo Pérez GodoyManuel OdríaJosé Luis Bustamante y RiveroManuel Prado UgartecheDavid Samanez OcampoLuis Miguel Sánchez CerroÓscar BenavidesGuillermo BillinghurstAugusto LeguíaJosé Pardo y BarredaSerapio CalderónManuel CandamoEduardo López de RomañaJustiniano BorgoñoRemigio Morales BermúdezAndrés Avelino CáceresMiguel IglesiasLizardo MonteroFrancisco García CalderónNicolás de PiérolaLuis La PuertaManuel Pardo y LavalleMariano Herencia ZevallosTomás GutiérrezJosé BaltaPedro Diez CansecoMariano Ignacio PradoJuan Antonio PezetMiguel de San RománJosé Rufino EcheniqueRamón CastillaManuel Ignacio de VivancoJuan Francisco de VidalManuel MenéndezFelipe SalaverryLuis José de OrbegosoAgustín GamarraJosé de La MarSimón BolívarJosé Bernardo de TagleJosé de la Riva AgüeroJosé de San Martín

Addendum

[edit]

Those who are mentioned in the following list were sworn in as presidents of Peru, because of a political crisis, however, they never came to govern:[65]

President
(Birth–Death) 		Term of office Title Form of entry Vice President
Start End
Máximo San Román
(born 1946) 		21 April 1992 6 January 1993[65] Constitutional President of the Republic of Peru[66] Constitutional succession
(1º Vice President) 		Carlos García y García
Mercedes Aráoz
(born 1961) 		30 September 2019 1 October 2019[67][68] Acting President[69] Constitutional succession
(2º Vice President) 		None

See also

[edit]
  • List of Peruvian coups d'état

    • Notes

    [edit]
    1. ^ As Protector of Peru
    2. ^ a b c Appointed
    3. ^ José Bernardo de Tagle was appointed president by Antonio José de Sucre on 17 July 1823. This was then made official on August.[4]
    4. ^ As Supreme Political and Military Authority of the Peruvian Republic
    5. ^ As Supreme Head of the Republic
    6. ^ a b As President of the Council of State of Peru
    7. ^ As Supreme Director of Peru
    8. ^ As Provisional Supreme Chief from 1865 to 1867, as Provisional President in 1867, and as constitutional President of Peru from 1867 to 1868
    9. ^ As Supreme Leader of the Peruvian Republic
    10. ^ As Supreme Head of the Peruvian Republic until 8 July 1881
    11. ^ Congress of Chorrillos
    12. ^ As President of the Governing Board of Peru from 4 February 1914 to 15 May 1914, and as Provisional President of the Peruvian Republic from 15 May 1914 to 18 August 1915
    13. ^ a b c As President of the Military Junta of the Government of Peru
    14. ^ As President of the Transition Government Junta
    15. ^ a b Appointed by Congress
    16. ^ As President of the Military Junta of the Government of Peru until 1 June 1950
    17. ^ a b As President of the Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru
    18. ^ De jure figurehead, de facto leadership by Vladimiro Montesinos[63][64]
    19. ^ As President of the Government of Emergency and National Reconstruction of Peru between 22 April 1992 and 9 January 1993
    20. ^ a b c Succeeded to the presidency as President of Congress

    References

    [edit]
    1. ^ Cfr. Pérez-Liñán, Aníbal (2007). Presidential impeachment and the new political instability in Latin America. Cambridge University Press.
    2. ^ a b c d e f Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 298. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
    3. ^ "Nombramiento de José de la Riva Agüero como Presidente de la República, 28 febrero de 1823" (PDF).
    4. ^ "DECRETO DISPONIENDO QUE DON JOSÉ BERNARDO DE TAGLE CONTINUE COMO JEFE SUPREMO POLÍTICO Y MILITAR DEL PERÚ" (PDF). Congress of Peru. 7 August 1823.
    5. ^ "Nombramiento del Gran Mariscal José Bernardo de Tagle como Presidente de la República del Perú, 16 agosto de 1823" (PDF).
    6. ^ "Se nombra Presidente Constitucional de la República al Gran Mariscal José Bernardo Tagle y Portocarrero, 18 noviembre de 1823" (PDF).
    7. ^ Castañeda Jiménez. "Manuel José de Salazar y Baquijano" (PDF). Congress of the Republic of Peru. Retrieved 14 December 2020. El Congreso aprobó tal designación el 18 de noviembre de 1823 y estableció que su mandato fuese de cuatro años. Nombró igualmente, el mismo día a Diego de Aliaga y Santa Cruz, hijo segundo del Conde de San Juan de Lurigancho, como vicepresidente de la República.
    8. ^ "Decreto disponiendo que el Libertador Simón Bolívar asuma la suprema autoridad política y militar de la república, quedando en suspenso la del presidente y en receso el Congreso" (PDF). 17 February 1824.
    9. ^ "Decreto mandando cumplir la ley que lo nombra Presidente de la República y vicepresidente a Manuel Salazar y Baquíjano, 10 de junio de 1827" (PDF).
    10. ^ "LEY PROCLAMADO PRESIDENTE DE LA REPÚBLICA AL GRAN MARISCAL AGUSTÍN GAMARRA, 19 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1829". www.congreso.gob.pe.
    11. ^ Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 68. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
    12. ^ "Ley nombrándo Presidente Provisional de la República al Gran Mariscal Luis José de Orbegoso, 20 de diciembre de 1833" (PDF).
    13. ^ Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú. Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 140. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
    14. ^ "Decreto asumiendo el mando de la República, Gral. Felipe Santiago Salaverry del Solar, 25 de febrero de 1835" (PDF).
    15. ^ a b c d e Basadre, Jorge (2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 130. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
    16. ^ * Proclaimed (Open cabildo): 24 August 1838
    17. ^ a b "Ley nombrándolo Presidente Provisorio al General Agustín Gamarra, 15 de agosto de 1839" (PDF).
    18. ^ "Acuerdo del Cabildo abierto encargando al Mariscal Agustín Gamarra el Poder Ejecutivo el 24 de agosto de 1838".
    19. ^ "Ley proclamándolo Presidente Constitucional de la República al Gran Mariscal Agustín Gamarra, 11 de julio de 1840" (PDF).
    20. ^ a b Congress of the Republic of Peru (10 November 1839). "Constitución del Perú (1839)". Art. 82º.- Cuando vacare la Presidencia de la República por muerte, pacto atentatorio, renuncia o perpétua imposibilidad física o moral, se encargará provisionalmente del Poder Ejecutivo el Presidente del Consejo de Estado, quien en estos casos convocará a los Colegios Electorales dentro de los primeros diez días de su Gobierno para la elección del Presidente.
    21. ^ Congress of the Republic of Peru (10 November 1839). "Constitución del Perú (1839)". Art. 101º.- Para reemplazar al Presidente del Consejo en cualquiera ocurrencia, hará sus veces el Vicepresidente que también nombrará el Congreso, y asimismo un tercero para los casos
    22. ^ "PROCLAMA AL PERÚ DEL VICEPRESIDENTE DEL CONSEJO DE ESTADO, ENCARGADO DEL PODER EJECUTIVO DE LA REPÚBLICA, GENERAL FRANCISCO VIDAL, EL 29 DE OCTUBRE DE 1842". www.congreso.gob.pe.
    23. ^ "DECRETO DISOLVIENDO LA JUNTA SUPREMA DE GOBIERNO PROVISORIO Y RESIGNANDO LA AUTORIDAD EN EL PRESIDENTE DEL CONSEJO DE ESTADO, 10 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1844". www.congreso.gob.pe.
    24. ^ a b c d e f Basadre, Jorge (2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 222. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
    25. ^ "LEY PROCLAMANDO PRESIDENTE CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA REPÚBLICA AL GENERAL RAMÓN CASTILLA, 19 DE ABRIL DE 1845". www.congreso.gob.pe.
    26. ^ "Juramento del Presidente de la República" (PDF).
    27. ^ "Ley 2 abril 1851 proclamando Presidente de la República al general Echenique" (PDF).
    28. ^ "PROCLAMA DEL LIBERTADOR RAMÓN CASTILLA, A LOS PUEBLOS DEL PERÚ, EL 6 DE ENERO DE 1855". www.congreso.gob.pe.
    29. ^ "Proclamando Presidente de la República al Gran Mariscal Ramon Castilla" (PDF).
    30. ^ "DECRETO ASUMIENDO EL MANDO, BAJO LA DENOMINACIÓN DE JEFE SUPREMO PROVISORIO DE LA REPÚBLICA, EL CORONEL MARIANO IGNACIO PRADO, 28 DE NOVIEMBRE DE 1865". www.congreso.gob.pe.
    31. ^ "Decreto asumiendo el mando, bajo la denominación de Jefe Supremo Provisorio de la República, 28 de" (PDF).
    32. ^ "Ley que lo proclama Presidente de la República el 29 de agosto de 1867" (PDF).
    33. ^ a b c d e f g h Basadre, Jorge (2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 102. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
    34. ^ "Ley 1 de agosto Proclamando Presidente Constitucional de la República al ciudadano Don Jose Balta" (PDF).
    35. ^ "LEY QUE PROCLAMA PRESIDENTE CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA REPÚBLICA A MANUEL PARDO Y LAVALLE, 1 DE AGOSTO DE 1872". www.congreso.gob.pe.
    36. ^ "Ley 1 de agosto de 1876 eligiendo y proclamando Presidente Constitucional a Mariano Ignacio Prado" (PDF).
    37. ^ "CABILDO ABIERTO ENCARGA LA SUPREMA MAGISTRATURA DE LA NACIÓN A NICOLÁS DE PIÉROLA LIMA, 23 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1879". www.congreso.gob.pe.
    38. ^ a b c d Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 208. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
    39. ^ "LEY ELIGIENDO PRESIDENTE REGENERADOR DE LA REPÚBLICA AL GENERAL D. MIGUEL IGLESIAS, CAJAMARCA, 30 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1882". www.congreso.gob.pe.
    40. ^ "DECRETO EMITIENDO UN VOTO DE APLAUSO AL GENERAL D. MIGUEL IGLESIAS Y NOMBRÁNDOLO PRESIDENTE PROVISORIO DE LA REPÚBLICA, 1 DE MARZO DE 1884". www.congreso.gob.pe.
    41. ^ "RENUNCIA DEL PRESIDENTE PROVISORIO DE LA REPÚBLICA, GENERAL MIGUEL IGLESIAS, 3 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1885". www.congreso.gob.pe.
    42. ^ a b Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 200. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
    43. ^ a b c d e f Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 66. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
    44. ^ a b c d e f Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 186. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
    45. ^ "Proclama del coronel don Oscar Benavides, quien se ha hecho cargo del mando supremo de la República" (PDF).
    46. ^ a b Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 284. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
    47. ^ Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 25. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
    48. ^ Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 30. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
    49. ^ Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 31. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
    50. ^ Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 34. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
    51. ^ Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 110. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
    52. ^ Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 111. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
    53. ^ Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 140. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
    54. ^ Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 144. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
    55. ^ Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 147. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
    56. ^ Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 149. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
    57. ^ Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 176. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
    58. ^ Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 180. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
    59. ^ Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 190. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
    60. ^ Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 213. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
    61. ^ Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 214. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
    62. ^ Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 225. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
    63. ^  • Llosa, Mario Vargas (27 March 1994). "Ideas & Trends: In His Words; Unmasking the Killers in Peru Won't Bring Democracy Back to Life". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 24 March 2023. The coup of April 5, 1992, carried out by high-ranking military felons who used the President of the Republic himself as their figurehead, had as one of its stated objectives a guaranteed free hand for the armed forces in the anti-subversion campaign, the same armed forces for whom the democratic system – a critical Congress, an independent judiciary, a free press – constituted an intolerable obstacle.
      • "Spymaster". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. August 2002. Retrieved 29 March 2023. Lester: Though few questioned it , Montesinos was a novel choice. Peru's army had banished him for selling secrets to America's CIA, but he'd prospered as a defence lawyer – for accused drug traffickers. ... Lester: Did Fujmori control Montesinos or did Montesinos control Fujimori? ... Shifter: As information comes out, it seems increasingly clear that Montesinos was the power in Peru.
      • Keller, Paul (26 October 2000). "Fujimori in OAS talks PERU CRISIS UNCERTAINTY DEEPENS AFTER RETURN OF EX-SPY CHIEF". Financial Times. Mr Montesinos ... and his military faction, ... for the moment, has chosen to keep Mr Fujimori as its civilian figurehead
      • "THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE IN THE ANDES" (PDF). Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. 2001. Retrieved 25 March 2023. Alberto Fujimori,... as later events would seem to confirm—merely the figurehead of a regime governed for all practical purposes by the Intelligence Service and the leadership of the armed forces
      • "Questions And Answers: Mario Vargas Llosa". Newsweek. 9 January 2001. Retrieved 25 March 2023. Fujimori became a kind of, well, a figurehead
    64. ^ "Who is Controlling Whom?" (PDF). United States Army Intelligence and Threat Analysis Center. 23 October 1990.
    65. ^ a b "¿San Román, presidente? – perupolitico.com". www.perupolitico.com. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
    66. ^ "MÁXIMO SAN ROMÁN CÁCERES" (PDF).
    67. ^ "Aráoz jura como presidenta encargada de Perú ante una facción del Congreso". www.paginasiete.bo (in Spanish).
    68. ^ "Mercedes Aráoz a la BBC: "Tenemos que solucionar esto con las instituciones, de otra forma será como un golpe de Estado"". 2 October 2019. {{cite magazine}}: Cite magazine requires |magazine= (help)
    69. ^ "Disolución del Congreso en Perú: quién es Mercedes Aráoz, que renunció tras ser nombrada "presidenta en funciones" por el Parlamento peruano para sustituir a Vizcarra". 2 October 2019. {{cite magazine}}: Cite magazine requires |magazine= (help)


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