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Nebraska State Capitol
The Nebraska State Capitol
Nebraska State Capitol is located in Nebraska
Nebraska State Capitol
LocationLincoln, Nebraska
Built1922–1932
ArchitectBertram Goodhue
Architectural styleArt Deco

Neo-Byzantine

Gothic Revival
NRHP reference No.70000372[1]
Significant dates
Added to NRHPOctober 16, 1970
Designated NHLJanuary 7, 1976[2]

The Nebraska State Capitol is the seat of government for the U.S. State of Nebraska and is located in downtown Lincoln. It was designed by New York architect Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue in 1920 and was constructed of Indiana limestone from 1922 to 1932. The capitol houses the primary executive and judicial offices of Nebraska and is home to the Nebraska Legislature—the only state unicameral legislature in the United States.

The Nebraska State Capitol is often known as the "Tower on the Plains," and its 400-foot (120 m) tower can be seen as far away as 30 miles. It was the first state capitol to incorporate a functional tower into its design.

Dimensions and features

The Capitol is sometimes illuminated various colors to honor causes.[3]

The structure is anchored by a three-story, 437-foot (133 m) square base. This square base houses offices most frequently visited by the public. The second floor (main floor) is home to the office of the Governor of Nebraska, the Nebraska Supreme Court, the Nebraska Court of Appeals, and the Nebraska Legislature.

From the center of the base, a tower rises 362 feet (110 m), crowned by a gold-tiled dome. The finial—The Sower and its pedestal—add an additional 32 feet (9.8 m) to the building's height. Common measurements list the capitol at 400 feet (120 m), making it the second-tallest U.S. statehouse, surpassed only by the 450-foot (140 m) Louisiana State Capitol.

As the tower was intended for expansion of the Nebraska State Library, the 17-foot (5.2 m) tower floors were originally conceived to include loft-like stacks for book storage.[4] By 1925, with government increasing in size, the State of Nebraska decided to repurpose the tower to house offices. Tower floors continue to house various offices today.

In total, there are 15 stories in the capitol (three mezzanines also exist within the tower between the 3rd and 4th floors). Memorial Chamber on the 14th floor—the highest publicly accessible level—has four observation decks that offer views of Lincoln from 245 feet (75 m) above the ground.

Lincoln Municipal Code places height restrictions on structures within the designated Capitol Environs District.[5] This code helps to maintain the capitol's title as the tallest building in Lincoln. The capitol held the title of tallest building in Nebraska until 1969 with the completion of the 478-foot (146 m) Woodmen Tower in downtown Omaha. With the completion of Omaha's 634-foot (193 m) First National Bank Tower in 2002, the capitol became the third-tallest building in Nebraska.

Capital cities, capitol buildings

Nebraska's first state capitol, c. 1870.
Nebraska's first state capitol, c. 1870.
Postcard: Nebraska's second state capitol as viewed from the northeast corner, c. 1912.
Postcard: Nebraska's second state capitol as viewed from the northeast corner, c. 1912.
Comparison of the footprints of the three Nebraska State Capitols.

Congress officially opened Nebraska Territory with the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. Almost instantly a factional divide between North Platters (those living north of the Platte River) and South Platters (those living south of the Platte) arose over the question of capital location. Much to the chagrin of the South Platters, Acting Governor Thomas B. Cuming selected the small northern village of Omaha City for the seat of government. Cuming was from Iowa, and as his political allies were investors in the Council Bluffs and Nebraska Ferry Company, Omaha as capital would be beneficial to his personal political career.

Results from the first territorial census, however, revealed 914 North Platters and 1,818 South Platters. The South Platters, with greater legislative representation, would be able to take the capital, but Cuming ignored proportional representation and assigned seven councilmen and fourteen representatives to the north and six councilmen and twelve representatives to the south. The North Platters, with greater political power, confirmed Omaha as the capital.[6]

In Omaha, two structures served the Territory of Nebraska. The first was a two-story brick building donated by the Council Bluffs and Nebraska Ferry Company. This building, formerly located on 9th Street between Douglas and Farnam, served the Territorial Legislature for the sessions of 1855 and 1857. A second building, constructed in 1857–58 on the site of present-day Omaha Central High School, served the remaining sessions of the Territorial Legislature and the first sessions of the State Legislature beginning in 1867.[7] In June 1867, the Third Session of the State Legislature passed Senate Bill Number 44 which "provid[ed] for the location of the Seat of Government of the State of Nebraska, and for the erection of public building thereat." The bill also created the Capitol Commission whose charge was to select a capital site somewhere within the boundaries of Seward County, the southern halves of Butler County and Saunders County, and the north half of Lancaster County.[8] On July 29, 1867, the Capitol Commission selected the village of Lancaster as the capital city and renamed it Lincoln.[9]

In Lincoln, two previous structures served the State of Nebraska. On October 10, 1867, the Capitol Commission contracted Chicago architect John Morris to build a statehouse in Lincoln on the newly platted Capitol Square (bounded by the streets of 14th and 16th, H and K).[10] Morris designed the capitol with local limestones which began to deteriorate upon the building's completion in late 1868. By 1879, the State of Nebraska determined to replace its crumbling statehouse through piecemeal construction of a new capitol. Architect William H. Wilcox designed a Renaissance Revival capitol, and the legislature appropriated $75,000 for construction of its west wing—finished in 1881.[11] The same year, the legislature appropriated $100,000 for an east wing, which was finished in 1882. In 1883, the legislature authorized the Board of Public Lands and Buildings to raze the old capitol and construct the central portion of the Wilcox design, not to exceed $450,000.[12] The State of Nebraska finally completed its new, second state capitol in 1888. The second state capitol began to experience structural issues, especially in its foundation, within a couple of decades of its completion.[13] After the building was deemed unsafe, the Nebraska Legislature made several attempts to fund construction of a third state capitol.

History

Capitol Commission Members, 1919-1935
Member Position Years Active
Governor Samuel R. McKelvie chair, ex officio 1919–1923
Governor Charles W. Bryan chair, ex officio 1923–1925, 1931–1935
Governor Adam McMullen chair, ex officio 1925–1929
Governor Arthur J. Weaver chair, ex officio 1929–1931
State Engineer George E. Johnson secretary, ex officio 1919–1923
State Engineer Robert L. Cochran secretary, ex officio 1923–1935
William E. Hardy citizen member (Lincoln) 1919–1935
Walter W. Head citizen member (Omaha) 1919–1935
William H. Thompson citizen member (Grand Island) 1919–1935

On February 20, 1919, the Nebraska Legislature passed House Roll 3 which established a Capitol Commission to oversee construction of a new statehouse.[14] The commission organized the following day and consisted of the governor, the state engineer, and three commissioners appointed by the governor: William E. Hardy (Lincoln), Walter W. Head (Omaha), and William H. Thompson (Grand Island).[15] House Roll 3 also established a special property tax to fund a capitol construction levy and declared that the cost of the capitol was not to exceed $5 million.[14] Throughout construction of the capitol, the legislature extended the levy and ultimately raised the spending limit to $10 million. The Nebraska State Constitution limits state indebtedness, so most state projects must be funded on a "pay-as-you-go" basis.[16] The State of Nebraska funded the capitol under the same principles, and the final cost, $9,800,449.07, was completely paid when the Capitol Commission dissolved in 1935.[17]

Competition program

One of the Capitol Commission's first actions was to hire Omaha architect Thomas Rogers Kimball to serve as the commission's professional advisor.[18] Kimball, who was president of the American Institute of Architects, devised a two-stage competition for the selection of a capitol architect. In the first stage, the commission invited Nebraska architects to submit capitol designs and selected Ellery L. Davis (Lincoln), John Latenser & Sons (Omaha), and John McDonald and Alan McDonald (Omaha) to compete in the second stage. The commission opened the second stage to nationally-known architects including: Bliss & Faville (San Francisco), Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue (New York), H. Van Buren Magonigle (New York), McKim, Mead, and White (New York), John Russell Pope (New York), Tracy & Swartwout (New York), and Paul Cret and Zantzinger, Borie and Medary (Philadelphia).[19]

Workers lay track for the Capitol Railroad around the second state capitol, March 1922.

Kimball wrote an innovative competition program that did not dictate plan, style, or material for the capitol. The program did state, however, the commission's desire that the architect collaborate with "sculptor, painter, and landscapist" to create a unified design.[20] Finally, Kimball organized the competition so that the jury was selected only after the ten competitors had submitted their designs to the Capitol Commission. The designs were identified by numbers and "separate sealed envelopes contained the architects' names and plan numbers."[21] Then the Capitol Commission chose the first of three competition jurors, Waddy Butler Wood; the competitors chose the second, James Gamble Rogers; and Wood and Rogers chose the third, Willis Polk.[22] On June 26, 1920, the jury chose the author of design "Number 4" as the architect of the Nebraska State Capitol.[23]

On July 1, 1920, the Capitol Commission announced Goodhue the winner.

Goodhue's design

Goodhue designed the Nebraska State Capitol in a roughly Classical architectural style, and he felt "impelled to produce something quite unlike the usual...thing of the sort, with its veneered order and invariable Roman dome."[24] Goodhue employed Classical principles of geometric form and hierarchical arrangement but eliminated the traditional use of columns, pediments, and domes. In addition to the restrained Classical vocabulary, Goodhue mixed elements of Assyrian, Byzantine, and ecclesiastical architecture.

Goodhue was highly proficient in church architecture. He designed St. Bartholomew's Church (New York), the West Point Cadet Chapel, and the Church of the Intercession (New York). The Nebraska State Capitol features similar church vocabulary. The plan is a Greek Cross enclosed by a 437-foot (133 m) square. The four transepts radiate from a central domed rotunda, upon which rises the tower with its unarticulated windows and flat surfaces—much like an enlarged steeple.

Construction

In March 1922, the Capitol Commission built an electric railroad spur from Lincoln's Burlington yards.[25] The state-owned line ran along H Street from 7th to 14th Streets and provided an easy means for delivery of construction materials. Then on April 15, 1922, Governor Samuel R. McKelvie ceremonially broke ground, thus beginning a ten-year construction process which occurred in four phases.[26] Building in phases allowed construction to commence before demolition of the old statehouse. With completion of the capitol's initial phase in 1924, state operations moved into the new structure. The old capitol was subsequently razed.[27] On April 23, 1924—just two years into the capitol's construction—Bertram Goodhue died, and his associates formed a firm, Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue Associates, to finish the capitol and other ongoing Goodhue projects. After construction ended in 1932, the Capitol Commission hired Lincoln landscape architect Ernst Herminghaus to design the grounds.[28]

Visual representation of the four phases of construction of the Nebraska State Capitol, 1922-1932.
Capitol Construction, 1922–1932
Phase Years Construction Activity
One 1922–1924 After groundbreaking, the north and south sections of the square base were built around the former capitol allowing state operations to continue inside. This saved the state money in temporary off-campus rental. With completion of first-phase building in late 1924, the state moved its offices from the old capitol to the new. Then in 1925, the previous statehouse was razed.
Two 1925–1928 Construction continued with the completion of the east side of the square base, along with the north, east, and south transepts. The tower was also constructed to the 6th floor—the level above the main rotunda.
Three 1928–1930 The tower was completed. On April 24, 1930, thousands of spectators gathered around the west side of the capitol to watch the ascent of the tower's finial—The Sower.[29]
Four 1930–1932 The west side of the square base and the west transept were completed.

Integrated art program

Bertram Goodhue employed two New York artists, Lee Lawrie and Hildreth Meière, in both the exterior and interior ornamentation of the Nebraska State Capitol. Lawrie, a sculptor, designed all of the engaged relief panels and buttress figures of the exterior, along with interior column capitals, doors, and fireplace surrounds. Meière, a muralist, designed the marble mosaic panels of the floors and the ceramic tile panels of the vaults.

On January 20, 1922, the Capitol Commission requested Goodhue to consult with Dr. Hartley Burr Alexander, of the University of Nebraska's department of philosophy, "to work out the inscriptions to be used on the Capitol Building."[30] In addition to the inscriptions, Alexander began to work closely with Goodhue and Lawrie on the themes of the exterior sculptures. When Goodhue died in 1924, Alexander feared that the thematic development in future portions of the capitol would be inconsistent with the established schemes. He therefore wrote an overarching thematic program, "Nebraska State Capitol: Synopsis of Decorations and Inscriptions," in July 1926.[a][31] Alexander's synopsis thus served as a guide for the remaining interior and exterior decorations, and Alexander was bestowed with the title of Thematic Consultant.

Exterior

Gold-colored dome atop octagonal stone tower; stylized thunderbirds on sides of tower just below dome; bronze statue of someone sowing seed by hand on top
Capitol's drum with band of thunderbird mosaics, gold-tiled dome, and The Sower.

The exterior of the Nebraska State Capitol is architecturally composed of two parts: the three-story, 437-foot (133 m) square base and the 400-foot (120 m) tower. Alexander envisioned the base, with its inner cross, as an emblem of the quarters of the Earth representing the drama of human experience, and he envisioned the tower as Earth's gnomon representing human ideals.[32] The Sower—the 19.5-foot (5.9 m) finial atop the capitol's gold-tiled dome, completes the vertical movement of the exterior symbolism representing agriculture and the "chief purpose in forming society, to sow nobler ideas of living."[33]

Lee Lawrie designed the principle decoration of the exterior representing the history of western law. His best known capitol work,The Sower, is the only work at the capitol that is in the round, or free-standing. The remaining ornamentation is engaged within the building's limestone in bas-relief, pierced, and buttress form. After Lawrie finalized his designs in plaster maquettes, Edward Ardolino Inc. (a stone carving company) employed Alesandro Beretta to execute the carving in situ. Beretta would often take as long as ten weeks per panel and use as many as 70 different tools. He finished the carving on November 19, 1934.[34]

The Main Portal

The main portal introduces the sculpted ornamentation representing the foundation of life on the Great Plains.[35] Two balustrades adorned with relief panels of bison flank the main stairs. The bison represent Plains Indians indigenous to Nebraska, and the principle nations are inscribed within the panels (alphabetically):

19th century European Americans are also represented above the main entrance with the gilded relief, Spirit of the Pioneers. The relief sits directly atop Alexander's inscription: "Salvation of the State is Watchfulness in the Citizen." Additionally, an inscription at the crown of the main portal reads: "Wisdom, Justice, Power, and Mercy, Constant Guardians of the Law." Four buttress figures flank the inscription representing the aforementioned guardians.

Lawrie, Lee. Orestes Before the Areopagites. c. 1924. West facade.
Lawrie, Lee. Solomon, Julius Caesar, Justinian and Charlemagne. 1925.[36] South transept.

The Promenade Circuit

The names of the ninety-three counties of Nebraska are inscribed along the top of the base of the capitol and are loosely grouped by number of letters per name. Directly above the county names, twenty-one panels (eighteen bas-reliefs, three pierced) represent the creation of law.[37] The panels are best observed from the promenade, beginning on the northwest corner of the building:

Ten buttress sculptures along the top of the capitol's south transept represent the great western lawgivers.[38] The buttress figures are depicted in chronological order from west to east and are best observed from the south steps with the exception of the first and the last. The figures of Minos and Napoleon are best observed from the northwest and northeast courtyards respectively:

The Tower

Eight buttress sculptures around the base of the tower represent the ideals of culture.[39] The panels are best observed from within the four courtyards or at a distance from the sidewalk around the building:

Interior

The interior of the Nebraska State Capitol's monumental corridor is architecturally composed of three rooms: Vestibule, Great Hall, and Rotunda. Decorations expanding upon themes of Nebraska are read in a specific sequence beginning at the main, north door. Monumental ornamentation is also found within the Governor's Suite, the Warner Legislative Chamber (former senate), the George W. Norris Legislative Chamber (unicameral), and Memorial Chamber (14th floor).

Hildreth Meière designed the black and white marble mosaic panels of the Great Hall and Rotunda representing the Procession of Life. Working with Alexander, Meière drew her inspiration from the Siena Cathedral after the two toured the cathedral in the summer of 1925.[40]

Meière also drew inspiration from Siena for her ceiling designs of the Vestibule, Great Hall, and Rotunda representing Nature, Man, and Society.[41] In addition to her thematic consultation with Alexander, Meière collaborated closely with the Rafael Guastavino Company of New York to create the elaborate tile vaulting, which is both structural and decorative. The vaults are composed of ceramic and terracotta tile with acoustical properties.

Vestibule

Column capital in Vestibule in Nebraska State Capitol
Persepolis bull capital
The bull details in the column capitals of the Vestibule (left) emulate the Persian bull capitals from ancient Persepolis.

The Vestibule introduces the interior ornamentation of the capitol and represents Gifts of Nature.[33] The sun is the room's central motif and is prominently featured as a medallion within the dome. The dome also incorporates mosaic images of agriculture, flora, and fauna. The vaulting is supported by the largest columns in the capitol—four 25-foot (7.6 m) monoliths of Red Verona marble. The columns' capitals, designed by Lee Lawrie, are vaguely Corinthian and feature bull motifs inspired from ancient Persepolis architecture.

Great Hall

The Great Hall follows the Vestibule and represents Life of Man.[42] Three medallions—Traditions of the Past, Life of the Present, and Ideals of the Future—anchor the mosaic vaulting. Additionally, sixteen mosaic panels within the arches depict scenes of human activity, including an Architect, a Ball Player, and a Scientist.

The Procession of Life begins in the Great Hall's floor with the mosaic Genius of Creative Energy—an Apollo-like figure—surrounded by Cosmic Energy, lightning, moons, orbs, etc. Three tondi (circular) mosaics follow, depicting the Spirit of the Soil, the Spirit of Vegetation, and the Spirit of Animal Life.

The Great Hall also introduces the Nebraska Hall of Fame—a collection of bronze busts of noteworthy Nebraskans. The capitol's Thematic Consultant, Hartley Burr Alexander, is among the 25 current inductees.

Rotunda

Meière, Hildreth. Ammonite and crinoid, floor detail. 1928. Rotunda.

The Rotunda follows the Great Hall and represents Virtues of the State.[43] Eight winged virtues form a celestial rose within the mosaic dome: Temperance, Wisdom, Faith, Justice, Magnanimity, Charity, Hope, and Courage.

The Procession of Life continues in the Rotunda's floor with the mosaic panel Vital Energy, which shows an Eros-like figure with butterflies and pine cones. At the Rotunda's center, four tondi mosaics representing the Genius of Water, the Genius of Fire, the Genius of Air, and the Genius of Earth surround a larger tondo mosaic of Earth as the Life-giver. A mosaic band, or guilloche, interlaces the five tondi and depicts the fossil life of the Great Plains. Meière based the fossil mosaics on scientific illustrations drawn by University of Nebraska geologist Erwin Hinckley Barbour.[44] The Procession of Life concludes at the Rotunda's south entrance with The Family.

Warner Legislative Chamber (east)

The Warner Legislative Chamber is located to the east of the Rotunda and was originally designed for the Nebraska House of Representatives. In 1927, the Capitol Commission concluded that the chamber was of inadequate size for the representative body, so the Goodhue Associates enlarged the original west, senate chamber design (which was not yet constructed) and reassigned it for use by the house.[45] Upon the capitol's completion in 1932, the Capitol Commission thus reassigned the east chamber to the Nebraska Senate. The chamber served the senate during the 1933 and 1935 legislative sessions. With the 1937 inception of the unicameral legislature, the east chamber functioned as a committee hearing room and today serves as a public gathering space. On February 4, 1998, the Ninety-Fifth Nebraska Legislature named the chamber in honor of state senators Charles Warner and Jerome Warner with the passage of Legislative Resolution 322.[46]

The chamber represents Plains Indians—Nebraska's first inhabitants. The chamber's mahogany doors, designed by Lee Lawrie, introduce the theme and depict a woman and a man standing on either side of a tree of life comprising cornstalks. Each door weighs 750 pounds (340 kg), and Lincoln artisan, Keats Lorenz, executed the carving.[47]

Meière designed the mosaic dome to emulate beadwork, and the vaulting depicts four scenes of Indian life. Alexander also shared images of indigenous art with Meière for inspiration, including ledger art by Amos Bad Heart Bull. Meière used one particular drawing depicting a Sun Dance rite for the design of a tapestry above the speaker's niche.[48]

George W. Norris Legislative Chamber (west)

The George W. Norris Legislative Chamber is located to the west of the Rotunda. Upon the chamber's completion in 1932, it served the Nebraska House of Representatives during the 1933 and 1935 legislative sessions. In 1937, the chamber—being the larger of the two legislative halls—began to serve the unicameral legislature. On February 16, 1984, the Eighty-Eighth Nebraska Legislature named the chamber in honor of U.S. Senator George W. Norris with the passage of Legislative Resolution 257.[49]

The chamber represents Euro-American expansion. The chamber's tooled-leather doors, designed by Meière, introduce the themes and depict a tree of life scene styled with Assyrian and Egyptian motifs.

Meière also designed the gold leaf patterns on the walnut-beamed ceiling. The dominant images depict the three Euro-American powers that have claimed the land that is today Nebraska: Spain (castle and lion), France (fleur-de-lis and honey bee), and the United State of America (shield and bald eagle).

Murals

The mural program of the capitol is composed of twenty-one defined murals throughout the monumental hallways and Law Library, and a series of allegorical scenes within the Governor's Suite.

On September 22, 1925, the Capitol Commission accepted proposals by New York artist Augustus Vincent Tack to paint rooms within the Governor's Suite—proposals begun with Bertram Goodhue prior to his death in 1924.[50] Tack completed and installed his series of allegorical figures in November 1927.[51]

On February 21, 1930, the Capitol Commission hired Lincoln artist Elizabeth Dolan to paint a mural on the north wall of the Law Library.[52] Dolan completed The Spirit of the Prairie in August 1930. It is the only mural in the capitol painted in situ.

Apart from the Governor's Suite and the Law Library, Goodhue designed 20 recessed mural spaces for the monumental hallways of the capitol. In May 1933, under ever-worsening economic conditions, the Nebraska Legislature re-appropriated the Capitol Commission's unexpended budget.[53] With depleted funds, the commission resolved to terminate its own existence, leaving the mural project incomplete.

In 1951, the Nebraska Legislature created the Capitol Mural Commission and empowered it to complete the mural program.[54] Over the next 50 years, the Capitol Mural Commission held a series of competitions to select artists for the remaining murals.[55] The commission also used details from Dr. Hartley Burr Alexander's original thematic plan to guide the subject matter of the murals.

Kenneth Evett paints The Labors of the Hand for the Nebraska Capitol rotunda, 1954.
Capitol Murals
Artist Mural Date Location
Charles Clement The U.S. Survey 1966 Great Hall
Elizabeth Dolan The Spirit of the Prairie 1930 Law Library
Kenneth Evett The Labors of the Hand 1954 Rotunda
Kenneth Evett The Labors of the Head 1956 Rotunda
Kenneth Evett The Labors of the Heart 1956 Rotunda
Reinhold Marxhausen The Spirit of Nebraska 1966 Great Hall
Reinhold Marxhausen The Building of the Capitol 1966 Great Hall
F. John Miller The Coming of the Railroad 1966 Great Hall
James Penney The Homesteaders Campfire 1963 Vestibule
James Penney The First Furrow 1963 Vestibule
James Penney The House Raising 1963 Vestibule
Jeanne Reynal The Blizzard of 1888 1965 Great Hall
Jeanne Reynal The Tree Planting 1966 Great Hall
Stephen Roberts The Ideal of International Law 1996 Memorial Chamber
Stephen Roberts The Perils of Fire 1996 Memorial Chamber
Stephen Roberts The Ideal of Freedom 1996 Memorial Chamber
Stephen Roberts The Scourge of Poverty 1996 Memorial Chamber
Stephen Roberts The Ideal of Universal Peace 1996 Memorial Chamber
Stephen Roberts The Scourge of Plague 1996 Memorial Chamber
Stephen Roberts The Ideal of Self-Determination 1996 Memorial Chamber
Stephen Roberts The Scourge of Famine 1996 Memorial Chamber
Augustus Vincent Tack Governor's Suite Series 1927 Governor's Suite

Lincoln Monument

French, Daniel Chester; Bacon, Henry. Lincoln Monument. 1912.
Main article: Abraham Lincoln (1912 statue)

The Lincoln Monument, located on the capitol's west grounds, is composed of the 8.67-foot (2.64 m) bronze statue, Abraham Lincoln, created by Daniel Chester French, and the corresponding granite plinth and stele, designed by architect Henry Bacon.

On February 12, 1908, the Young Men's Republican Club organized the Abraham Lincoln Memorial Association to seek funds for the erection of an Abraham Lincoln statue on the Nebraska State Capitol grounds, and on July 8, 1908, the association invited Frank M. Hall to organize a committee to commission a sculptor.[56] The committee (including Hall, State Auditor Silas Barton, Dr. H.B. Lowry, General Charles F. Manderson, Governor Ashton C. Shallenberger, Addison Waite, and Gurdon Wattles), awarded French the commission on June 24, 1909,[57] and the committee unveiled the monument on September 2, 1912.[56] Bacon and French later collaborated on the Lincoln Memorial (1914-1922) in Washington, D.C.

The Lincoln Monument predates the current statehouse, and the Capitol Commission drew special attention to the monument during the final stage of competition to select an architect for a new capitol in 1920. In a note to the competing architects, the commission wrote, "Solutions should consider this monument and suggest for it a proper part in the ensemble, preferably but not imperatively on the building site proper."[58] Construction of the new capitol commenced in 1922, and the Lincoln Monument remained intact.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nebraska State Capitol.
  • Meière, Hildreth. Virtues of the State. 1928. Rotunda dome.
    Meière, Hildreth. Virtues of the State. 1928. Rotunda dome.
  • Meière, Hildreth. Genius of Fire, floor detail. 1928. Rotunda.
    Meière, Hildreth. Genius of Fire, floor detail. 1928. Rotunda.
  • Meière, Hildreth. Ceiling. 1927. Warner Legislative Chamber (east).
    Meière, Hildreth. Ceiling. 1927. Warner Legislative Chamber (east).
  • Meière, Hildreth. The Council Fire, ceiling detail. 1927. Warner Legislative Chamber (east) Ceiling.
    Meière, Hildreth. The Council Fire, ceiling detail. 1927. Warner Legislative Chamber (east) Ceiling.
  • Lawrie, Lee. Model of Doors. 1929. Warner Legislative Chamber (east).
    Lawrie, Lee. Model of Doors. 1929. Warner Legislative Chamber (east).
  • Lawrie, Lee. Doors. 1929. Warner Legislative Chamber (east).
    Lawrie, Lee. Doors. 1929. Warner Legislative Chamber (east).
  • Meière, Hildreth. Doors. 1932. George W. Norris Legislative Chamber (west).
    Meière, Hildreth. Doors. 1932. George W. Norris Legislative Chamber (west).
  • Memorial Chamber dome.
    Memorial Chamber dome.

Notes

a. ^ McCready reprinted the majority of Alexander's "Nebraska State Capitol: Synopsis of Decorations and Inscriptions" in Appendices V and VI of his 1974 article, “The Nebraska State Capitol: Its Design, Background and Influence."[59]

References

Citations

  1. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. January 23, 2007.
  2. ^ "Nebraska State Capitol" (PDF). National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Retrieved 2016-01-14.
  3. ^ "Capitol to be dressed in green". Lincoln Journal Star. 4 April 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  4. ^ Hoak, Edward Warren; Church, Willis Humphry 2002, p. 115.
  5. ^ "Lincoln Municipal Code: Capitol Environs District (Chapter 27.56)" (PDF). InterLinc. Lincoln, NE: City of Lincoln. Archived from the original on 2 January 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2016.
  6. ^ Sandoz, Mari (1966). Love Song to the Plains (Bison Book ed.). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. p. 151. ISBN 0803251726.
  7. ^ "Capitol Hill", text of historical marker. Nebraska State Historical Society. Retrieved 2014-06-09.
  8. ^ Watkins 1913, p. 8.
  9. ^ "Lincoln." Retrieved 2015-12-18.
  10. ^ Watkins 1913, p. 27.
  11. ^ Watkins 1913, p. 193.
  12. ^ Watkins 1913, p. 209.
  13. ^ Hansen, Matt. "Architectural Fragments of Nebraska's Second State Capitol". Preservation Association of Lincoln Brown Bag Lecture Series. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
  14. ^ a b State of Nebraska (1919). Laws, Resolutions and Memorials. Lincoln, NE: Darius M. Amsberry, Nebraska Secretary of State. pp. 391–92.
  15. ^ "Named to Build New Capitol". Evening State Journal. Lincoln, NE. 21 February 1919. p. A-Three.
  16. ^ State of Nebraska (2015). "Article XIII, § 1". Constitution of the State of Nebraska. Lincoln, NE.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  17. ^ McCready 1974, p. 461.
  18. ^ Nebraska Capitol Commission 1919–1935, p. 3.
  19. ^ Johnson, George E. "Program and Commission Statement". Nebraska State Capitol. Nebraska Capitol Commission, State of Nebraska. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
  20. ^ "Concept and Advisor's Statement". Nebraska State Government. Retrieved 2015-12-19.
  21. ^ Copple 1959, p. 120.
  22. ^ McCready 1974, pp. 335–339.
  23. ^ Nebraska Capitol Commission 1919–1935, p. 57.
  24. ^ Nebraska Capitol Commission 1919–1935, p. 61.
  25. ^ "Progress on Track". The Lincoln Star. Lincoln, NE. 16 March 1922.
  26. ^ "French Hero A City Guest, Present at Breaking of Sod for New State Capitol". Sunday State Journal. Lincoln, NE. 16 April 1922. p. 1.
  27. ^ "Human Flies Climb Dome, Old Capitol Rapidly Being Wrecked". Evening State Journal. 30 April 1925. p. 1.
  28. ^ "Final Work on State Capitol". The Lincoln Star. Lincoln, NE. 29 November 1933.
  29. ^ "Raising the Sower (1930)". Nebraska State Historical Society. April 24, 1930. Retrieved 2014-06-24.
  30. ^ Nebraska Capitol Commission 1919–1935, p. 131.
  31. ^ Zabel, Orville H. (Fall 1981). "History in Stone: The Story in Sculpture on the Exterior of the Nebraska Capitol". Nebraska History. 62 (3): 312. {{cite journal}}: External link in |ref= (help)
  32. ^ Zabel 1981, p. 294.
  33. ^ a b McCready 1974, p. 454.
  34. ^ "Lee Lawrie, Sculptor for Nebraska Capitol, Give Final Approval of Work On Unannounced Visit to City". The Lincoln Star. Lincoln, NE. 20 November 1934. pp. 1, 9.
  35. ^ McCready 1974, p. 451.
  36. ^ "Carved Figures of Lawgivers at New Capitol Near Done". The Lincoln Star. Lincoln, NE. 13 August 1925.
  37. ^ Zabel 1981, pp. 316–345.
  38. ^ Zabel 1981, pp. 346–354.
  39. ^ Zabel 1981, pp. 355–364.
  40. ^ Brawer 2010, p. 25.
  41. ^ Luebke 1990, p. 76.
  42. ^ McCready 1974, p. 455.
  43. ^ McCready 1974, p. 456.
  44. ^ Haller, Robert (2004). Wishart, David (ed.). Encyclopedia of the Great Plains. Lincoln & London: University of Nebraska Press. p. 89.
  45. ^ Nebraska Capitol Commission 1919–1935, p. 609.
  46. ^ State of Nebraska (1998). "Ninety-Fifth Legislature, Second Session". Legislative Journal of the State of Nebraska. 2. Lincoln, NE: 527–29. {{cite journal}}: External link in |ref= (help)
  47. ^ "Sculptor Liked City, Came Back". Sunday Journal and Star. Lincoln, NE. 5 March 1961. p. 1B.
  48. ^ Kinsler, Carolyn. (1999). "Native American Influences in the Nebraska State Capitol." unpublished manuscript, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
  49. ^ State of Nebraska (1984). "Eighty-Eighth Legislature, Second Session". Legislative Journal of the State of Nebraska. 2. Lincoln, NE: 872–73, 987. {{cite journal}}: External link in |ref= (help)
  50. ^ Nebraska Capitol Commission 1919–1935, pp. 476–478.
  51. ^ "Tack Talks on Capitol Murals". The Lincoln State Journal. Lincoln, NE. 22 November 1927.
  52. ^ Nebraska Capitol Commission 1919–1935, p. 787.
  53. ^ State of Nebraska (1933). Session Laws. Lincoln, NE: Harry R. Swanson, Nebraska Secretary of State. p. 110.
  54. ^ State of Nebraska (1951). Laws. Lincoln, NE: James S. Pitlenger, Nebraska Secretary of State. p. 848.
  55. ^ Luebke 1974, p. 88.
  56. ^ a b "Unveil Lincoln Statue at Capitol Grounds". The Lincoln Daily News. Lincoln, NE. 2 September 1912. pp. Eight–B.
  57. ^ "French, Most Famous American Sculptor, to Design Abraham Lincoln Statue". Nebraska State Journal. Lincoln, NE. 25 June 1909. p. 8.
  58. ^ McCready 1974, p. 436.
  59. ^ McCready 1974, pp. 451–458.

Sources

  • Brawer, Catherine Coleman (2010). Walls Speak: The Narrative Art of Hildreth Meière. St. Bonaventure, NY: St. Bonaventure University. pp. 20–39. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Brown, Elinor L. (1965). Architectural Wonder of the World: Nebraska's State Capitol Building. Ceresco, NE: Midwest Publishing Company. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Copple, Neale (1959). Tower on the Plains: Lincoln's Centennial History, 1859-1959. Lincoln, NE: Lincoln Centennial Commission Publishers. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Grossman, Elizabeth G (3 September 1986). "Two Postwar Competitions: The Nebraska State Capitol and the Kansas City Liberty Memorial". The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 45 (3): 244–269. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Hoak, Edward Warren; Church, Willis Humphry (2002). Masterpieces of American Architecture: Museums, Libraries, Churches and Other Public Buildings. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, Inc. pp. 115–125. ISBN 0486422313. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Luebke, Frederick C., ed. (1990). A Harmony of the Arts: The Nebraska State Capitol. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • McCready, Eric Scott (Fall 1974). "The Nebraska State Capitol: Its Design, Background and Influence" (PDF). Nebraska History. 55 (3): 325–461. Retrieved 7 January 2016. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Nebraska Capitol Commission (1919–1935). Nebraska Capitol Commission Minutes. Nebraska Office of the Capitol Commission: Nebraska Capitol Collections. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Nelson, Leonard R. (1931). Nebraska's Memorial Capitol. Lincoln, NE: Woodruff Printing Company. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Watkins, Albert (1913). History of Nebraska: From the Earliest Exploration of the Trans-Mississippi Region. Vol. III (First ed.). Lincoln, NE: Western Publishing and Engraving Company. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Whitaker, Charles Harris and Hartley Burr Alexander. The Architectural Sculpture of the State Capitol at Lincoln, Nebraska, Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue: architect, Lee Lawrie: sculptor, architects after Mr. Goodhue's death in 1924: Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue associates. New York: Press of the American Institute of Architects, 1926. 16 pp.; 45 illustrations.
  • Zabel, Orville H. (Fall 1981). "History in Stone: The Story in Sculpture on the Exterior of the Nebraska Capitol" (PDF). Nebraska History. 62 (3): 285–372. Retrieved 7 January 2016. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
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