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Operation Blue Star

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Operation Blue Star

The aftermath of Operation Blue Star on the Akal Takht
Date3– 6 June 1984
Location
Golden Temple in Amritsar, India
Belligerents
Indian Army
Central Reserve Police Force
Border Security Force
Punjab Police		 Sikh militia
Commanders and leaders
Major General Kuldip Singh Brar
KPS Gill		 Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale
Shabeg Singh
Strength
5000 army troops. of Sikh Light Infantry Regiment, Punjab Regiment, Parachute Regiment and Artillery units
700 jawans of CRPF 4th Battallion and BSF 7th Battallion
150 Jawans of Punjab Armed Police 9th Battallion and officers from Harmandir Police Station.[citation needed]		 3,000[citation needed]
Casualties and losses
83 soldiers killed and 248 injured (officially). Possibly more than 300.[1][2][3]
 492-800 killed[1][2][3]

Operation Blue Star (Template:Lang-pa, Template:Lang-hi (blyū sṭār)) 3– 6 June 1984 was an Indian military operation, ordered by Indira Gandhi, then Prime Minister of India,[4] under the pretext of removing Sikh separatists from the Golden Temple in Amritsar. The activists, led by Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale, were accused of amassing weapons in the Sikh temple.[5]

The operation was carried out by Indian army troops with tanks and armoured vehicles.[6] Militarily successful, the operation aroused immense controversy, and the government's justification for the timing and style of the attack are highly debated.[7] Operation Blue Star was included in the Top 10 Political Disgraces by India Today magazine.[8]

Official reports put the number of deaths among the Indian army at 83 and the number of civilian deaths at 492, though some independent estimates run as high as 1500.[9][10] In addition, the CBI is considered responsible for seizing historical artifacts and manuscripts in the Sikh Reference Library before burning it down.[11]

The military assault led to an uproar amongst Sikhs worldwide and the increased tension following the action led to assaults on members of the Sikh community within India. Some Sikh soldiers in the Indian army mutinied, many Sikhs resigned from armed and civil administrative office and a few returned awards and honors they had received from the Indian government.[12] Four months after the operation, on 31 October 1984, Indira Gandhi was assassinated by two of her Sikh bodyguards in what is viewed as an act of vengeance. Following her assassination, more than 5000 Sikhs were killed in anti-Sikh pogroms.[13] Within the Sikh community itself, Operation Blue Star has taken on considerable historical significance and is often compared to what Sikhs call 'the great massacre', the 1761 slaughter of Sikhs by the Afghan invader Ahmad Shah Abdali.[14]

The Operation

The Indian Army used seven Vijayanta Tanks during the operation[15]

Indira Gandhi first asked Lt. Gen. S.K. Sinha, then Vice-Chief of Indian Army and who was to succeed as the Army chief, to prepare a position paper for assault on the Golden Temple.[16] Lt. Gen. Sinha advised against any such move, given its sacrilegious nature according to Sikh tradition. He suggested the government adopt an alternative solution. A controversial decision was made to replace him with General Arun Shridhar Vaidya as the Chief of the Indian army. General Vaidya, assisted by Lt. Gen. K Sundarji as Vice-Chief, planned and coordinated Operation Blue Star.[16]

On 3 June, a 36-hour curfew was imposed on the state of Punjab with all methods of communication and public travel suspended.[17] Electricity supplies were also interrupted, creating a total blackout and cutting off the state from the rest of India and the world.[18] Complete censorship was enforced on the news media.[18]

The Indian Army stormed the Golden Temple on the night of 5 June under the command of Kuldip Singh Brar. The forces had full control of the Golden Temple by the morning of 7 June. There were casualties among the army, civilians, and Sikhs freedom fighters. Sikh leaders Bhindranwale and Shabeg Singh were killed in the operation.[19]

Operation Blue Star coincided with a Sikh annual festival. Pilgrims, including the elderly and children, were trapped inside the temple when the operation began and many were wounded and killed as a result.[19]

Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale in the Golden Temple

| isbn = 0802137334 }}</ref> Bhindranwale had earlier "taken refuge in"[citation needed] or "taken over"[citation needed] the Golden temple and made it his headquarters in April 1980, when he was accussed for the in the assassination of Nirankari Gurbachan Singh.[20] The Nirankari Baba, also known as Baba Gurbachan Singh, ,  On 13 April 1978, Nirankari's Baba Gurbachan Singh is alleged to have ridiculed 10th Guru Gobind Singh in a Nirankari Convention held in Amritsar. This prompted Akhand Kirtani Jatha to lead a peaceful protest against the actions by Baba Gurbachan Singh Ji. Police and bodyguard of baba responded to the  sikhs by opening fire on them. Amritsar police used guns to fire at the protesters. In the ensuing violence, several people were killed: two of Bhindranwale's followers, thirteen members of the Akhand Kirtani Jatha [21]

In 1982, Bhindranwale and approximately 200 armed followers moved into a guest-house called the Guru Nanak Niwas, in the precinct of the Golden Temple.[22] From here he met and was interviewed by international television crews.[22]

On 23 April 1983, the Punjab Police Deputy Inspector General A. S. Atwal was shot dead as he left the Golden Temple compound. The following day, after the murder, Harchand Singh Longowal (then president of Shiromani Akali Dal) hinted at the involvement of Bhindrawala in the murder.[23]

On 15 December 1983, Bhindranwale was forced to move out of Guru Nanak Niwas house by members of the Babbar Khalsa who acted with Harcharan Singh Longowal's support Longowal by now feared for his own safety. By 1983, the Golden Temple became a fort for a large number of militants.[24]

The Golden Temple compound and some of the surrounding houses were fortified. The Statesman reported on 4 July that light machine-guns and semi-automatic rifles were known to have been brought into the compound. On 1 February 1984, reliable sources have proof that Bhindranwale had suggested to that motorcycles and arms should be purchased .[25] Faced with imminent army action and with the foremost Sikh political organisation, Shiromani Akali Dal (headed by Harchand Singh Longowal), abandoning him, Bhindranwale declared "This bird is alone. There are many hunters after it".[26]

Time magazine reported (about Amritsar) that:[27]

"These days it more closely resembles a city of death. Inside the temple compound, Sikh fanatics wield guns, resisting attack by government security forces. Outside, the security men keep a nervous vigil, all too aware that the bodies of murdered comrades often turn up in the warren of tiny streets around the shrine."

Overview

Operation Blue Star was launched to eliminate Sant Jarnail Singh Ji and his followers who had sought cover in the Amritsar Golden Temple Complex. The Sikh militants within the Harminder Sahib were led by Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale and former Maj. Gen.Shabeg Singh. Maj. Gen. Kuldip Singh Brar had command of the action, operating under Gen. Sunderji.

20:00 hrs - 22:00 hrs

The first element was the destruction of Shabeg Singh's outer defences. Much of this had been completed in the preliminary shelling. Major-General Brar had hoped to force Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale into surrendering, which did not occur. The destroyed defenses included seventeen houses which the police believed Bhindranwale's followers occupied in the alleys surrounding the Golden Temple. Nearby was the Brahmbuta Akhara, a large building housing the headquarters of a Sikh sect. Then there were three main towers which had been fortified to create positions from which Bhindranwale's men could defend. Because the towers rose well above surrounding buildings, they were excellent observation positions for tracking the movement of Indian troops in the narrow alleys surrounding the temple. The tops of these towers were destroyed in the preliminary artillery fire

22:00 hrs–23:30 hrs

Between 10:00 and 10:30 on 5 june commandos from 1st Battalion, the Parachute Regiment, were ordered to run down the steps under the clock tower on to the parikarma, ("pavement"), and move quickly around the edge of the sacred pool to the Akal Takht. As the paratroopers entered the main gateway to the Temple they were gunned down by light machine-gun fire from both sides of the steps. The few commandos who did get down the steps were driven back by a barrage of fire from the building on the south side of the sacred pool. In the control room, a house on the opposite side of the clock-tower, Major-General Brar was waiting with two supporting officers to hear confirmation that the commandos had established positions inside the complex.[28]

The few commandos left regrouped in the square outside and reported back to Maj. Gen. Brar. He ordered them to make another attempt. The commandos were then to be followed by the 10th Battalion of the Guards, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Israr Khan. This second commando attack managed to neutralize the machine-gun posts on both sides of the steps and get down on to the parikarma. They were followed by the Guards who came under heavy fire and were not able to make any progress. They radioed for permission to fire back at the buildings on the other side of the tank. That would have meant that the Golden Temple itself, which is in the middle of the pool, would have been in the line of fire. Brar initially refused, but started to receive reports of heavy casualties from the commander of the Guards.

23:30 hrs - 01:00 hrs

Brar again requested tanks after an APC was destroyed by a rocket fired by a Sikh militant. His request was granted and seven tanks rolled into the Golden Temple complex. They cleared the ramparts and later assaulted the Akal Takht in order to neutralize the militants remaining in the structure. The shelling achieved its objective and the primary target of removing militants from the Akal Takht was achieved by 01:00. However, the secondary objective of removing militants from other neighboring structures went on for a further 24 hours.

Casualties

The Indian Army suffered 83 deaths, which included four officers, four Junior Commissioned Officers and 75 other ranks. 13 Indian Army officers, 16 JCOs and 220 other ranks were injured in the operation. Indian army recorded 492 civilian deaths inside Golden Temple with 433 persons segregated as "separatists" amongst 1592 persons apprehended.[29][30]

The Army placed total casualties at:

  • Military: 2000 killed, 600 wounded
  • Militant Casualties: 492 Killed, 86 wounded.[31]

Other authors have placed the figure at:

  • Military: 500[32]
  • Militant Casualties: 50.[33]

According to some journalists, several Sikh youths were also killed in crossfire from militants.[34] Unofficial casualty figures were much higher.[35]

Aftermath

Main articles: Indira Gandhi assassination and 1984 anti-Sikh riots

An unspecified number of Sikh soldiers resigned from positions across India in protest, with some reports of large-scale pitched battles being fought to bring mutineers under control.[36]

The operation also led to the assassination of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi on 31 October 1984 by two of her Sikh bodyguards,[37] triggering the 1984 anti-Sikh riots. The widespread killing of Sikhs, principally in the national capital Delhi but also in other major cities in North India, led to major divisions between the Sikh community and the Indian Government. The army withdrew from the Golden Temple later in 1984 under pressure from Sikh demands.[38]

General A S Vaidya, the Chief of Army Staff at the time of Operation Blue Star, was assassinated in 1986 in Pune by two Sikhs, Harjinder Singh Jinda and Sukhdev Singh Sukha. Both were sentenced to death, and hanged on 7 October 1992.

Sikh militants continued to use and occupy the temple compound and on 1 May 1986, Indian paramilitary police entered the temple and arrested 200 militants that had occupied the Golden Temple for more than three months.[39] On 2 May 1986 the paramilitary police undertook a 12-hour operation to take control of the Golden Temple at Amritsar from several hundred militants, but almost all the major radical leaders managed to escape.[40]

In June 1990, the Indian government ordered the area surrounding the temple to be vacated by local residents in order to prevent militant activity around the temple.[41]

Criticisms

The use of artillery in the congested inner city of Amritsar proved deadly to many civilian bystanders living near the Golden Temple. The media blackout throughout the Punjab resulted in widespread doubt regarding the official stories and aided the promotion of hearsay and rumour.[42] The operation is criticised on four main grounds, the choice of time of attack by Government, heavy casualty, loss of property, and allegation of human rights violations by Army personnel.

"Last resort"

The attack on Golden Temple was in plans before the armed Sikh militants fortified it.[43] Then GOC of the Indian Army, S. K. Sinha who was sacked at the last moment had criticized the Government's claim that the attack represented a "last resort", stating that the arrest was planned a year and a half prior to the actual day of attack. S. K. Sinha and Mark Tully report that the army had been rehearsing the arrest in a replica of the Golden Temple at a secret location near Chakrata Cantonment in the Doon Valley.[44] In October 1983, the Indian Army selected 600 men from different units and sent them to rehearse the assault on a replica of the Golden temple at a secret training camp in the Chakrata Hills about 150 miles north of Delhi: 2 officers of the RAW, the Indian secret service, were sent to London to seek expertise from the SAS (see the report by Mary Anne Weaver in the Sunday Times 1984)

Timing

The timing of Operation Blue Star coincided with a Sikh religious day, the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev, the founder of the Golden Temple. Sikhs from all over the world visit the temple on this day. In 1736 the Golden Temple was attacked by the Mughal army, resulting in heavy casualties of civilian Sikhs.[45] The attack of Ahmad Shah Abdali on the Golden Temple (Darbar Sahib) also came on Vaisakhi day when Sikhs gather in large numbers in Amritsar. Many Sikhs view the timing and attack by the Indian Army as an attempt to inflict maximum casualties on Sikhs and demoralize them,[46] and the government is in turn blamed for the inflated number of civilian dead for choosing to attack on this day.

The Sikh community's anger and suffering was further increased by comments from leading newspaper editors, such as Ramnath Goenka, terming the operation as "A greater victory than the win over Bangladesh, this is the greatest victory of Mrs. Gandhi".[47]

Media Blackout

Before the attack by army a media blackout was imposed in Punjab.[48] The Times reporter Michael Hamlyn reported that journalists were picked up from their hotels at 5 a.m. in a military bus, taken to the adjoining border of the state of Haryana and "were abandoned there".[48] The main towns in Punjab were put under curfew, transportation was banned, news blackout was imposed and Punjab was "cut off from the outside world".[49] A group of journalists who later tried to drive into Punjab were stopped at the road block at Punjab border and were threatened to be shot if they proceeded.[48] The Indian nationals who worked with the foreign media were also banned.[48] The press criticized these actions by Government as an "obvious attempt to attack the temple without the eyes of foreign press on them".[50] Associated Press reporter Brahma Chellaney, who managed to report on the operation, later faced police intimidation.[51][52]

Human rights

Brahma Chellaney, who was then the South Asia correspondent of the Associated Press, was the only foreign reporter who managed to stay on in Amritsar despite the media blackout.[53] His dispatches, filed by telex, provided the first non-governmental news reports on the bloody operation in Amritsar. His first dispatch, front-paged by the New York Times, The Times of London and The Guardian, reported a death toll about twice of what authorities had admitted. According to the dispatch, about 780 militants and civilians and 400 troops had perished in fierce gunbattles. The high casualty rates among security forces were attributed to “the presence of such sophisticated weapons as medium machine guns and rockets in the terrorists' arsenal.”[54] Mr. Chellaney also reported that “several” suspected Sikh militants had been shot with their hands tied.[55] The dispatch, after its first paragraph reference to “several” such deaths, specified later that “eight to 10” men had been shot in that fashion.[56] In that dispatch, Mr. Chellaney interviewed a doctor who said he was picked up by the army and forced to conduct postmortems despite the fact he had never done any postmortem examination before.[55] The number of casualties reported by Mr. Chellaney were far more than government reports,[57] and the Indian government, which disputed his casualty figures[58] accused him of inflammatory reporting.[59] The Associated Press stood by the reports and figures, the accuracy of which was also "supported by Indian and other press accounts" according to Associated Press; and reports in The Times and The New York Times.[60]

C.K.C Reddy, an Indian journalist writes that the

"Whole of Punjab and especially the Golden Temple Complex was turned into a murderous mouse trap from where people could neither escape nor could they seek succor of any kind. The way the dead bodies were disposed off adds to the suspicions regarding the number and nature of the casualties. The bodies of the victims of military operation in Punjab were unceremoniously destroyed without any attempt to identify them and hand them over to their relatives. The government, after the operation, on the other hand, did every thing in its power to cover up the excesses of the army action. The most disturbing thing about the entire operation was that a whole mass of men, women, and children were ordered to be killed merely on the suspicion that some terrorists were operating from the Golden Temple and other Gurdwaras."[61]

Similar accusations of high handedness on part of Indian Army and allegations of human rights violation by security forces in Operation Blue Star and subsequent military operations in Punjab has been leveled by Justice V.M. Tarkunde,[62] Mary Anne Weaver,[63] human rights lawyer Ram Narayan Kumar,[64] and anthropologists Dr. Cynthia Mahmood.[65][66] and Joyce Pettigrew.[67]

The Indian Army responded to such criticism by simply stating that they "answered the call of duty as disciplined, loyal and dedicated members of the Armed Forces of India....our loyalties are to the nation, the armed forces to which we belong, the uniforms we wear and to the troops we command"[68]

It was later pointed out that the blockade approach taken by Rajiv Gandhi five years later, in Operation Black Thunder when Sikh militants had again taken over the temple complex, was highly successful as they managed to resolve the stand-off peacefully and in hindsight Operation Blue Star could have been averted by using similar blockade tactics. The army responded by stating that "no comparison is possible between the two situations, as "there was no cult figure like Bhindranwale to idolise, and professional military general like Shahbeg Singh to provide for military leadership" and "confidence of militants having been shattered by Operation Blue Star".[68] Further it is pointed out that the militants in the temple were armed with machine guns, anti tank missiles and rocket launchers and that they strongly resisted the army's attempts to dislodge them from the shrine, and appeared to have planned for a long stand-off, having arranged for water to be supplied from wells within the temple compound and had stocked food provisions that could have lasted months.[68]

References

  1. ^ a b Stevens, Williams (30 October 1984). "India is said to drop prosecution of A. P. reporter in Punjab case". New York Times. p. 5. Mr. Chellaney was the only reporter for a foreign agency in Amristar during the Golden Temple assault, although he was not present in the temple. He later filed exclusive reports for the A. P. that were published only outside India. Mr. Chellaney reported a death toll of 1,200 at a time when the Indian Government said the figure was 576. He also reported that 8 to 10 Sikhs had been tied up and shot by soldiers. The Government called his dispatches false and inflammatory. AP defended the accuracy of his reports, which were supported by Indian and other press accounts. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  2. ^ a b "Truth on Trial - in India". New York Times. 23 October 1984. pp. A32. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  3. ^ a b Hamlyn, Michael (12 June 1984). "Amritsar witness puts death toll at 1000". The Times. p. 7. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  4. ^ "Operation BlueStar, 20 Years On". Rediff.com. 6 June 1984. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  5. ^ Operation Bluestar, 5 June 1984[dead link‍]
  6. ^ Ahmad, Ishtiaq (1996). State, Nation, and Ethnicity in the Contemporary South Asia. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 130. ISBN 1855675781. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  7. ^ Praagh, David Van (2003). The Greater game: India's Race With Destiny and China. India: McGill-Queen's University Press (MQUP). ISBN 0773516395. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  8. ^ Gunjeet K. Sra (19 December 2008). "10 Political Disgraces". Indiatoday.digitaltoday.in. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  9. ^ Martha Crenshaw (1995). Terrorism in Context. Penn State Press. p. 385. ISBN 9780271010151. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |length= ignored (help)
  10. ^ Singh, Pritam (2008). TFederalism, Nationalism and Development: India and the Punjab Economy. Routledge. pp. 44. ISBN 9780415456661. Retrieved 29 July 2010.
  11. ^ Kaur, Jaskaran; Crossette, Barbara (2006). Twenty years of impunity: the November 1984 pogroms of Sikhs in India (PDF) (2nd ed.). Portland, OR: Ensaaf. p. 16. ISBN 0-9787073-0-3.
  12. ^ Westerlund, David (1996). Questioning The Secular State: The Worldwide Resurgence of Religion in Politics. C. Hurst & Co. p. 1276. ISBN 1850652414. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  13. ^ Singh, Pritam (2008). TFederalism, Nationalism and Development: India and the Punjab Economy. Routledge. p. 45. ISBN 9780415456661. Retrieved 29 July 2010.
  14. ^ Ram Narayan Kumar; Amrik Singh; Ashok Agrwaal (2003). "Part Two". Reduced to ashes : the insurgency and human rights in Punjab : final report. Vol. One (Final Report ed.). South Asia Forum for Human Rights. p. 35. ISBN 9993353574. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ Singh, Sangat (1992). The Sikhs In History. Uncommon Books. p. 378. ISBN 8190065009. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  16. ^ a b Sharma, Cf. Brig. Man Mohan (1998). What Ails The Indian Army. Trishul Publications. pp. 273–75. ISBN 8185384258. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
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  18. ^ a b Brar, K.S. (1992). Operation Blue Star: True Story. UBS Publishers Distributors (P), Limited. pp. 81–82. ISBN 8174760687. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  19. ^ a b Ahmed, Ishtiaq (1996). State, Nation, and Ethnicity in Contemporary South Asia. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 130. ISBN 1855675781. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  20. ^ India in 1984: Confrontation, Assassination, and Succession, by Robert L. Hardgrave, Jr. Asian Survey, 1985 University of California Press
  21. ^ http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/publication/nightsoffalsehood/falsehood4.htm
  22. ^ a b Singh, Tavleen. "Prophet of Hate:J S Bhindranwale". India Today. Archived from the original on 20 June 2008. Retrieved 22 December 2009.
  23. ^ Longowal said "Whenever the situation becomes ripe for settlement, some violent incident takes place. I know Bhindrawala is behind the murder of the DIG", "(The person behind the murder is) The one who is afraid of losing his seat of power"Indian Express. 27 April 1983. interview with Longowal. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |nopp= ignored (|no-pp= suggested) (help)
  24. ^ Mark Tully and Satish Jacob, Amritsar - Mrs. Gandhi's Last Battle (Calcutta: Rupa & Co. by arrangement with Pan Books, London, 1985)
  25. ^ Kuldip Nayar and Khushwant Singh, Tragedy of Punjab, Vision Books, New Delhi, 1984, page 79.
  26. ^ Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale - Life, Mission, and Martydrom by Ranbir S. Sandhu, May 1997
  27. ^ City of Death, Time, 7 November 1983.
  28. ^ "Indian Army Viewpoint". Sikh.com.au. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  29. ^ "Army reveals startling facts on Bluestar". Tribuneindia.com. 30 May 1984. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  30. ^ "492 civilians died in Bluestar: Brig Rao". Tribuneindia.com. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  31. ^ Brar, K.S. (1992). Operation Blue Star: True Story. UBS Publishers Distributors (P), Limited. p. 124. ISBN 8174760687. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  32. ^ Joshi, Chand (1984). Bhindranwale: Myth and Reality. Vikas. p. 161. ISBN 0706926943. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  33. ^ Singh, Patwant (2000). The Sikhs. Alfred A. Knopf. p. 233. ISBN 0375407286. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  34. ^ Tully, Mark (1985). Amritsar: Mrs. Gandhi's Last Battle. J. Cape. p. 169. ISBN 0224023284. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  35. ^ Video of interview with an Indian Army Officer who explains details of how the Sikhs fought, and the number of casualties.
  36. ^ "General promises to punish Sikh mutineers". Select.nytimes.com. 2 July 1984. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  37. ^ "1984: Indian prime minister shot dead". BBC News. 31 October 1984. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  38. ^ "Sikhs, in rally, press the army to quit temple", Sanjoy Hazarika, The New York Times, 3 September 1984.
  39. ^ "Indian policemen raid Sikh temple", Steven R. Weishan, New York Times, 1 May 1986.
  40. ^ New York Times, 2 May 1986.
  41. ^ "India Uproots Thousands Living Near Sikh Temple", Barbara Crossette, New York Times, 3 June 1990.
  42. ^ Anniversary Issue, India Today, 26 December 2005, p 136.
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  44. ^ Sinha, S. K. (June, 1984). "Bhindranwala did wrong in defacing Golden Temple". The Spokesman. pp. 28, 29. The army action was not a last resort as Prime Minister Indira Gandhi would have us believe. It had been in her mind for more than 18 months. The army had begun rehearsals of a commando attack near Chakrata Cantonment in the Doon Valley, where a complete replica of the Golden Temple complex had been built {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  45. ^ Gyani, Gian SIngh (1923). Twarikh-i-Guru Khalsa. Patiala. p. 18.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  46. ^ Dhillon, Gurdashan Singh. Truth About Punjab (SGPC White Paper). Amristar: Shiromani Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee.
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  49. ^ "Gun battle rages in Sikh holy shrine". The Times. 5 June 1984. p. 1. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  50. ^ Hamlyn, Michael (6 June 1984). "Journalists removed from Amritsar: Army prepares to enter Sikh shrine". The Times. p. 36. Its is also apparent that the Indian authorities wish to invade the temple without the eyes of the foreign press upon them. No foreign correspondent is being allowed into Punjab now." {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  51. ^ Hamlyn, Michael (16 October 1984). "Arrest ordered of journalist who reported temple atrocities". The Times. p. 8. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  52. ^ Stevens, William K. (1984-17-10). "Reporter faces arrest in India". The New York Times. p. 10. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)
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  54. ^ Eric Silver (7 June 1984), Golden Temple Sikhs Surrender, The Guardian
  55. ^ a b Chellaney, Brahma (14 June 1984). "Sikhs in Amritsar 'tied up and shot'". Brahma Chellaney, for the Associated Press, was the only foreign correspondent in Amritsar during the storming of the temple. The Times. p. 1. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  56. ^ Chellaney, Brahma (14 June 1984). "Sikh rebels were shot 'at point-blank range'". Brahma Chellaney, for the Associated Press, was the only foreign correspondent in Amritsar during the storming of the temple. The Times. p. 3. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  57. ^ "Toll in assault on Sikh Temple termed vastly underestimated". Miami Herald. 11 June 1984. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  58. ^ "Indian Police Question Reporter on Amritsar". The New York Times. Associated Press. 24 November 1984. Retrieved 14 January 2009.
  59. ^ "India is set to drop prosecution of AP reporter in Punjab Case". The New York Times, Late City Final Edition. Associated Press. 14 September 1985. p. 5. Retrieved 14 January 2009.
  60. ^ Stevens (30 October 1984). "India is said to drop prosecution of A. P. reporter in Punjab case =". New York Times. p. 5. Mr. Chellaney reported a death toll of 1,200 at a time when the Indian Government said the figure was 576. He also reported that 8 to 10 Sikhs had been tied up and shot by soldiers. The Government called his dispatches false and inflammatory. The A. P. defended the accuracy of his reports, which were supported by Indian and other press accounts. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  61. ^ CKC Reddy, et al., Army Action in Punjab: Prelude & Aftermath, New Delhi: Samata Era Publication, 1984, pp. 46-48
  62. ^ Judge V M Tarkunde, et al., Oppression in Punjab: Report to the Nation, New Delhi: Citizens for Democracy, 1985, pp. 8-10, 18-19
  63. ^ Mary Anne Weaver, The Christian Science Monitor, 15 October 1984)
  64. ^ Ram Narayan Kumar, et al., Reduced to Ashes (Volume One), Asia Forum for Human Rights, Kathmandu, Nepal, May 2003, pp. 75)
  65. ^ I.S. Jaijee, Politics of Genocide:1984-1998, Ajanta Publishers, New Delhi, India
  66. ^ Cynthia Mahmood, Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues with Sikh Militants. University of Pennsylvania Press
  67. ^ Pettigrew, Joyce (1995). The Sikhs of the Punjab: unheard voices of State and Guerilla violence. Zed Books. ISBN 9781856493550. Retrieved 14 July 2010.
  68. ^ a b c Brar, K.S. (1992). Operation Blue Star: True Story. UBS Publishers Distributors (P), Limited. p. 156. ISBN 8174760687. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help) Cite error: The named reference "brar" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).

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