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Not to be confused with Otakou.
For the Ōta-ku ward, see Ōta, Tokyo.

The Akihabara neighborhood of Tokyo, a popular gathering site for otaku
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Otaku (おたく/オタク) is a Japanese term for people with obsessive interests, commonly the anime and manga fandom. Its contemporary usage originated with Akio Nakamori's 1983 essay in Manga Burikko.[1][2] Otaku may be used as a pejorative; its negativity stems from the stereotypical view of otaku and the media's reporting on Tsutomu Miyazaki, "The Otaku Murderer", in 1989. According to studies published in 2013, the term has become less negative, and an increasing number of people now self-identify as otaku.[3]

Otaku subculture is a central theme of various anime and manga works, documentaries and academic research. The subculture began in the 1980s as changing social mentalities and the nurturing of otaku traits by Japanese schools combined with the resignation of such individuals to become social outcasts. The subculture's birth coincided with the anime boom, after the release of works such as Mobile Suit Gundam before it branched into Comic Market. The definition of otaku subsequently became more complex, and numerous classifications of otaku emerged. In 2005, the Nomura Research Institute divided otaku into twelve groups and estimated the size and market impact of each of these groups. Other institutions have split it further or focus on a single otaku interest. These publications classify distinct groups including anime, manga, camera, automobile, idol and electronics otaku. The economic impact of otaku has been estimated to be as high as ¥2 trillion ($18 billion).[4]

Etymology

Otaku is derived from a Japanese term for another person's house or family (お宅, otaku). This word is often used metaphorically, as an honorific second-person pronoun. In this usage, its literal translation is "you". For example, in the anime Macross, first aired in 1982, the character Lynn Minmay uses the term this way.[5] The modern slang form, which is distinguished from the older usage by being written only in hiragana (おたく), katakana (オタク or, less frequently, ヲタク) or rarely in rōmaji, first appeared in public discourse in the 1980s, through the work of humorist and essayist Akio Nakamori. His 1983 series An Investigation of "Otaku" (『おたく』の研究, "Otaku" no Kenkyū), printed in the lolicon magazine Manga Burikko, applied the term to unpleasant fans in caricature. Animators Haruhiko Mikimoto and Shōji Kawamori had used the term between themselves as an honorific second-person pronoun since the late 1970s.[5] Supposedly, some fans used it past the point in their relationships where others would have moved on to a less formal style. Because this misuse indicated social awkwardness, Nakamori chose the word itself to label the fans.[5] Morikawa Kaichirō, an author and lecturer at Meiji University, identified this as the origin of its contemporary usage.[6][7]

Another claim for the origin of the term comes from the works of science fiction author Motoko Arai, who used the word in her novels as a second-person pronoun and the readers adopted the term for themselves. However, a different claim points to a 1981 Variety magazine essay.[8][Note 1][9]

In 1989, the case of Tsutomu Miyazaki, "The Otaku Murderer", brought the fandom, very negatively, to national attention.[6] Miyazaki, who randomly chose and murdered four girls, had a collection of 5,763 video tapes, some containing anime and slasher films that were found interspersed with videos and pictures of his victims. Later that year, the contemporary knowledge magazine Bessatsu Takarajima dedicated its 104th issue to the topic of otaku. It was called Otaku no Hon (おたくの本, lit. The Book of Otaku) and delved into the subculture of otaku with 19 articles by otaku insiders, among them Akio Nakamori. This publication has been claimed by scholar Rudyard Pesimo to have popularized the term.[10]

Usage

In modern Japanese slang, the term otaku is mostly equivalent to "geek" or "nerd", but in a more derogatory manner than used in the West.[6] However, it can relate to any fan of any particular theme, topic, hobby or form of entertainment.[6] "When these people are referred to as otaku, they are judged for their behaviors - and people suddenly see an “otaku” as a person unable to relate to reality".[11][12] The word entered English as a loanword from the Japanese language. It is typically used to refer to a fan of anime/manga but can also refer to Japanese video games or Japanese culture in general. The American magazine Otaku USA popularizes and covers these aspects.[13][14] The usage of the word is a source of contention among some fans, owing to its negative connotations and stereotyping of the fandom. Widespread English exposure to the term came in 1988 with the release of Gunbuster, which referred to anime fans as otaku. Gunbuster was released officially in English in March 1990. The term's usage spread throughout rec.arts.anime with discussions about Otaku no Video's portrayal of otaku before its 1994 English release. Positive and negative aspects, including the pejorative usage, were intermixed.[14] The term was also popularized by William Gibson's 1996 novel Idoru, which references otaku.[15]

Sub-culture

Morikawa Kaichirō identifies the subculture as distinctly Japanese, a product of the school system and society. Japanese schools have a class structure which functions as a caste system, but clubs are an exception to the social hierarchy. In these clubs, a student's interests will be recognized and nurtured, catering to the interests of otaku. Secondly, the vertical structure of Japanese society identifies the value of individuals by their success. Until the late 1980s, unathletic and unattractive males focused on academics, hoping to secure a good job and marry to raise their social standing. Those unable to succeed socially focused instead on their interests, often into adulthood, with their lifestyle centering on those interests, furthering the creation of the otaku subculture.[6]

Even prior to the coinage of the term, the stereotypical traits of the subculture were identified in a 1981 issue of Fan Rōdo (Fan road) about "culture clubs".[6] These individuals were drawn to anime, a counter-culture, with the release of hard science fiction works such as Mobile Suit Gundam. These works allowed a congregation and development of obsessive interests that turned anime into a medium for unpopular students, catering to obsessed fans. After these fans discovered Comic Market, the term was used as a self-confirming and self-mocking collective identity.[6]

The 1989 "Otaku Murderer" case gave a negative connotation to the fandom from which it has not fully recovered. The usage of "(interest) otaku", however, is used for teasing or self-deprecation, but the unqualified term remains negative.[6] The identification of otaku turned negative in late 2004 when Kaoru Kobayashi kidnapped, sexually assaulted, and murdered a seven-year-old first-grade student. Japanese journalist Akihiro Ōtani suspected that Kobayashi's crime was committed by a member of the figure moe zoku even before his arrest.[16] Although Kobayashi was not an otaku, the degree of social hostility against otaku increased. Otaku were seen by law enforcement as possible suspects for sex crimes, and local governments called for stricter laws controlling the depiction of eroticism in otaku materials.[17]

Not all attention has been negative. In his book, Otaku, Hiroki Azuma observed: "Between 2001 and 2007, the otaku forms and markets quite rapidly won social recognition in Japan", citing the fact that "[i]n 2003, Hayao Miyazaki won the Academy Award for his Spirited Away; around the same time Takashi Murakami achieved recognition for otaku-like designs; in 2004, the Japanese pavilion in the 2004 International Architecture exhibition of the Venice Biennale (Biennale Architecture) featured “otaku”. In 2005, the word moe - one of the keywords of the present volume - was chosen as one of the top ten “buzzwords of the year."[18] The former Prime Minister of Japan Taro Aso has also claimed to be an otaku, using this subculture to promote Japan in foreign affairs.[19] In 2013, a Japanese study of 137,734 people found that 42.2% self-identify as a type of otaku. This study suggests that the stigma of the word has vanished, and the term has been embraced by many.[3]

Places

The district of Akihabara in Tokyo, where there are maid cafes featuring waitresses who dress up and act like maids or anime characters, is a notable attraction center for otaku. Akihabara also has dozens of stores specializing in anime, manga, retro video games, figurines, card games and other collectibles.[20] Another popular location is Otome Road in Ikebukuro, Tokyo. In Nagoya, students from Nagoya City University started a project on ways to help promote hidden tourist attractions related to the otaku culture to attract more otaku to the city.[21]

Subtypes

There are specific terms for different types of otaku, including Fujoshi (腐女子, lit. "rotten girl"), a self-mockingly pejorative Japanese term for female fans of yaoi, which focuses on homosexual male relationships.[22] Reki-jo are female otaku who are interested in Japanese history. Some terms refer to a location, such as Akiba-kei, a slang term meaning "Akihabara-style" which applies to those familiar with Akihabara's culture. Another is Wotagei or otagei (ヲタ芸 or オタ芸), a type of cheering that is part of Akiba-kei. Other terms, such as Itasha (痛車), literally "painful car", describe vehicles who are decorated with fictional characters, especially bishōjo game or eroge characters.[23][24]

Media

Otaku often participate in self-mocking through the production or interest in humor directed at their subculture. Anime and manga otaku are the subject of numerous self-critical works, such as Otaku no Video, which contains a live-interview mockumentary that pokes fun at the otaku subculture and includes Gainax's own staff as the interviewees.[25] Other works depict otaku subculture less critically, such as Genshiken and Comic Party. A well-known novel-cum-manga-cum-anime is Welcome to the N.H.K., which focuses on the subcultures popular with otaku and highlights other social outcasts such as the hikikomori and NEETs. Works that focus on an otaku character include WataMote, the story of an unattractive and unsociable otome game otaku who exhibits delusions about her social status.[26] Watamote is a self-mocking insight that follows the heroine's delusion and attempts to reform herself only by facing reality with comedic results on the path to popularity. An American documentary, Otaku Unite!, focuses on the American side of the otaku culture.[27]

Types and classification of Japanese otaku

Railfans taking photos of trains at an annual depot open-day event in Tokyo in August 2011

The Nomura Research Institute (NRI) has made two major studies into otaku, the first in 2004 and a revised study with a more specific definition in 2005.[28][29] The 2005 study defines twelve major fields of otaku interests. Of these groups, manga (Japanese comics) was the largest, with 350,000 individuals and ¥83 billion market scale. Idol otaku were the next largest group, with 280,000 individuals and ¥61 billion. Travel otaku with 250,000 individuals and ¥81 billion. PC otaku with 190,000 individuals and ¥36 billion. Video game otaku with 160,000 individuals and ¥21 billion. Automobile otaku with 140,000 individuals and ¥54 billion. Animation (anime) otaku with 110,000 individuals and ¥20 billion. The remaining five categories include Mobile IT equipment otaku, with 70,000 individuals and ¥8 billion; Audio-visual equipment otaku, with 60,000 individuals and ¥12 billion; camera otaku, with 50,000 individuals and ¥18 billion; fashion otaku, with 40,000 individuals and ¥13 billion; and railway otaku, with 20,000 individuals and ¥4 billion.[29] These values were partially released with a much higher estimation in 2004, but this definition focused on the consumerism and not the "unique psychological characteristics" of otaku used in the 2005 study.[28][29]

NRI's 2005 study also put forth five archetypes of otaku. The first is the family-oriented otaku, who has broad interests and is more mature than other otaku; their object of interest is secretive and they are "closet otaku". The second is the serious "leaving my own mark on the world" otaku, with interests in mechanical or business personality fields. The third type is the "media-sensitive multiple interest" otaku, whose diverse interests are shared with others. The fourth type is the "outgoing and assertive otaku", who gain recognition by promoting their hobby. The last is the "fan magazine-obsessed otaku", which is predominately female with a small group of males being the "moe type"; the secret hobby is focused on the production or interest in fan works.[29] The Hamagin Research Institute found that moe-related content was worth ¥88.8 billion ($807 million) in 2005, and one analyst estimated the market could be as much as ¥2 trillion ($18 billion).[4] Japan based Tokyo Otaku Mode a place for news relating to Otaku has been liked on Facebook almost 10 million times.[30]

Other classifications of otaku interests include vocaloid, cosplay, figures and professional wrestling as categorized by the Yano Research Institute. Yano Research reports and tracks market growth and trends in sectors heavily influenced by otaku consumerism. In 2012, it noted around 30% growth in dating sim and online gaming otaku, while vocaloid, cosplay, idols and maid services grew by 10%, confirming its 2011 predictions.[31][32]

See also

References

  1. ^ 『おたく』の研究（１） 街には『おたく』がいっぱい 中森明夫 （1983年6月号） (in Japanese). Burikko.net.
  2. ^ "Otaku Research #1 "This City is Full of Otaku" by Nakamori Akio (Translated by Matt Alt)". Néojaponisme.
  3. ^ a b Michael Jakusoso (27 April 2013). "自分のことを「オタク」と認識してる人10代は62％、70代は23％". Mynavi. Archived from the original on 3 July 2013. Retrieved 4 February 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ a b "Otaku Business Gives Japan's Economy a Lift". Web-Japan.org. 30 August 2005. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
  5. ^ a b c Zhen, Jiang Yu (January 2000). オタク市場の研究 (Otaku Shijou no Kenkyuu) / Targeting Otaku. 野村総合研究所 (Nomura Research Institute) / Shang and Zhou (Chinese Edition). ISBN 978-986-124-768-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h Morikawa, Kaichirō (20 April 2012). "おたく/ Otaku / Geek". Center for Japanese Studies UC Berkeley. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  7. ^ Patrick W. Galbraith (2009). The Otaku Encyclopedia. Kodansha. p. 14.
  8. ^ 19 April 2013. "Οι Οτάκου της Ανδρονίκης Χριστοδούλου". Greece Japan. Retrieved 19 August 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Christodoulou, Androniki. "Otaku Spaces Book". Androniki Christodoulou. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
  10. ^ Pesimo, Rudyard C. (2007). ""Asianizing" Animation in Asia: Digital Content Identity Construction within the Animation Landscapes of Japan and Thailand". Reflections on the Human Condition: Change, Conflict and Modernity. The Nippon Foundation. p. 167.
  11. ^ "Otaku: Is it a dirty word?". cnnblogs.com. 12 September 2011. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
  12. ^ "Japan's 2-D Lovers: Falling In Love with a Body Pillow". gizmodo.com. July 23, 2009. Retrieved August 19, 2013.
  13. ^ "Home - Otaku USA Magazine". Otaku USA. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  14. ^ a b Eng, Lawrence (February 28, 2012). "Chapter 4: Strategies of Engagement: Discovering, Defining, and Describing Otaku Culture in the United States". In Ito, Mizuko; Okabe, Daisuke; Tsuji, Izumi (eds.). Fandom Unbound: Otaku Culture in a Connected World. Yale University Press. pp. 85–104. ISBN 978-0-300-15864-9.
  15. ^ Gibson, William (2001-04-01). "Modern boys and mobile girls". London: The Observer. Retrieved August 19, 2013.
  16. ^ NGO-AMI (2004-12-09). "公開質問状 (Open letter )". NGO-AMI (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2008-05-01. Retrieved 2008-03-04. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ Michael Hoffman (February 6, 2005). "Otaku harassed as sex-crime fears mount". The Japan Times. Archived from the original on December 16, 2007. Retrieved August 19, 2013.
  18. ^ Azuma, Hiroki (April 10, 2009). "Preface". Otaku. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. p. xi. ISBN 978-0816653515. Retrieved January 31, 2014.
  19. ^ "Otaku uses manga and anime to improve Foreign Affairs". 23 August 2008. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
  20. ^ "Akihabara". japanguide.com. July 24, 2013. Retrieved August 19, 2013.
  21. ^ Chunichi Shimbun credited (2013-02-02). "'Cosplay' students promote Nagoya's highlights". The Japan Times. Retrieved 2013-02-08.
  22. ^ Saitō Tamaki (2007). Robot Ghosts and Wired Dreams. University of Minnesota Press. p. 224. ISBN 978-0-8166-4974-7.
  23. ^ Hardigree, Matt (23 July 2009). "Itasha: Japan's Creepiest Car Fetish". Jalopnik. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  24. ^ "Behold. A Fleet of Cars Owned by Nerds". Kotaku. 11 October 2011. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  25. ^ Sevakis, Justin (15 November 2007). "Buried Treasure - In Praise of Nerdiness". Anime News Network. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  26. ^ "Sentai Filmworks Licenses WataMote ~ No Matter How I Look at it, It's You Guys' Fault I'm not Popular!". Anime News Network. 9 July 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  27. ^ Dong, Bamboo (2 March 2004). "Otaku Unite! - Review". Anime News Network. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  28. ^ a b Kitabayashi, Ken (1 December 2004). "The Otaku Group from a Business Perspective: Revaluation of Enthusiastic Consumers" (PDF). Nomura Research Institute. Retrieved 12 August 2013.
  29. ^ a b c d "New Market Scale Estimation for Otaku: Population of 1.72 Million with Market Scale of ¥411 Billion — NRI classifies 5 types of otaku group, proposing a "New 3Cs" marketing frame —". Nomura Research Institute. 6 October 2005. Retrieved 12 August 2013.
  30. ^ Martin, Rick (February 1, 2013). "Tokyo Otaku Mode has 10 million Facebook fans but now what". Startup-dating.com. Retrieved August 19, 2013.
  31. ^ "Otaku Market in Japan: Key Research Findings 2012". Yano Research Institute. October 15, 2012. Retrieved 12 August 2013.
  32. ^ October 26, 2011. "Otaku Market in Japan: Key Research Findings 2011" (PDF). Yano Research. Retrieved 12 August 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

Notes

  1. ^ The source contains an excerpt of the introduction of the book Otaku Spaces by Patrick W. Galbraith. Published Spring 2012, ISBN 978-0-9844576-5-6. This source was not consulted directly for this citation. An except also exists on Androniki Christodoulou's blog, the photographer of the book.
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