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2022 Brazilian coup plot

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Jair Bolsonaro and military authorities in December 2020
Visit of president-elect Lula da Silva to the Superior Court of Justice in December 2022

During and after the 2022 Brazilian presidential election, a network of members of former president Jair Bolsonaro's government and of the Brazilian Armed Forces planned to subvert the transition of power to newly elected president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, arrest Supreme Federal Court (STF) justice Alexandre de Moraes and President of the Federal Senate Rodrigo Pacheco, as well as shut down several government institutions, such as the National Congress, the Superior Electoral Court and the Supreme Federal Court, in an attempt to keep Jair Bolsonaro in power and possibly consolidate his control over the federal government.[1][2] The plans, evidence, and individuals involved in planning a coup d'état were gradually revealed in investigations conducted by public agencies and the press in 2023 and 2024.[3][4]

Bolsonaro has denied any wrongdoing[5] and says he "suffer[s] relentless persecution".[6]

After Bolsonaro supporters stormed the Congress and Supreme Court on 8 January 2023, more than 1,400 people were charged for their alleged role in the riots.[7] Valdemar Costa Neto, head of the Liberal Party, and three aides to Bolsonaro were arrested on 8 February 2024.[8][9]

Context

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Fake news and attempts to discredit the electoral system

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False news (or fake news) was an element with special prominence in the elections in Brazil in 2014, 2018 and 2022, respectively, being used by many sides with the objective of convincing and manipulating the electors and their votes.[10][11] Although fake news is not a new phenomenon, widespread access to digital communication tools and the ease of mass spread of messages gave these false informations, in 2022, an leading role in electoral debates, being the focus of containment actions by courts, legislators and media companies.[12][13]

Evidence

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Coup Draft

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The Federal Police found a draft announcement of a coup in a search of former Justice minister Anderson Torres's home. The document outlined a plan to implement a state of defense (estado de defesa[a]) that would nullify the 2022 election results. It also leveled a series of accusations, such as abuse of power and lack of impartiality,[b] against the Superior Electoral Court (TSE), which had been investigating Bolsonaro and his allies when he was in office.[14]

Anderson Torres' testimony

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Upon his return to Brazil, Anderson Torres was arrested[15] and detained for four months while Supreme Court justice Alexandre de Moraes investigated his role in the riots.[c][16] In his testimony to the Federal Police on 2 February 2023, Torres sought to dismiss the coup draft found in his residence as a document "without legal viability", disposable, according to him. He also stated that it was not he who had placed the draft decree in a folder on his shelf, and that he believed his domestic worker had done so while house cleaning. Torres reaffirmed that he had not drafted the document and did not know who did.[17]

To the accusation of negligence or complicity with the 2022–2023 Brazilian election protests that culminated in the 2023 Brazilian Congress attack on 8 January, Torres, who took office on 2 January as head of security for the Federal District,[18] claimed he had fulfilled all necessary verification and security measures, relying on reports that did not foresee radical actions by Bolsonaro supporters. Since he thought he had fulfilled his duties, he said, he deemed it appropriate to proceed with a planned family trip to the United States, where he stayed in Orlando, the same city as Bolsonaro, with whom he said he had not coordinated his plans, and with whom he additionally claimed he did not meet.[17]

Ricardo Cappelli, the intervenor Lula put in charge of Brasília's public security after the riots, called 8 January "a structured sabotage operation" adding:[18]

"Torres took over as secretary for security (in Brasilia), dismissed the whole chain of command and then took a trip. If that's not sabotage, I don't know what is."[18]

Anderson Torres' cellphone
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Regarding the whereabouts of his phone, Torres claimed to have turned it off after his arrest was ordered, due to the number of calls he received, and lost it shortly afterward. He said he did not know where it was but he said he had not left it in the United States. Torres offered to provide the password to his cloud storage account.[17]

Marcos do Val account

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Ailton Gomes' audio recordings

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Audio recordings from 15 December 2022, of former major and Liberal Party (PL) candidate, Ailton Gomes, record instructions to then-Army Commander Freire Gomes to do "(...) o que tem que fazer" (what needs to be done), setting the deadline for the following day for him to make a statement in support of the coup; otherwise, it added, the statement would come from Jair Bolsonaro.[1]

Bolsonaro's coup meetings

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In a statement proffered as part of a plea deal approved by Justice Alexandre de Moraes, Mauro Cid stated that Jair Bolsonaro met with the commanders of the Armed Forces' three branches to assess the possibility of carrying out a coup, whose draft declaration had been prepared by his advisors, with the purpose of preventing the change of government.[19] The draft was allegedly delivered by Filipe Martins, advisor for international affairs.[20] Its content anticipated the arrest of political opponents and justice Alexandre de Moraes.[21]

The plan was allegedly accepted by the commander of the Brazilian Navy, Admiral Almir Garnier Santos. However, General Marco Antônio Freire Gomes of the Brazilian Army reportedly refused to participate, leading to abandonment. Bolsonaro's defense team has said that the statements are slanderous.[22][23][24][25][26][27]

In addition to the military, Cid would have said that Bolsonaro received, in meetings at the presidential palace, various people with coup plans that involved, among other things, using a misinterpretation of article 142 of the Federal Constitution to entrust the armed forces with exercising the moderating power. Warned about the risks, the then-president would have assumed the sad expression that marked his first public appearance after the end of the elections.[28]

Reactions

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The discovery of the draft caused widespread repercussions in Brazilian politics, society, and judiciary. Jurists debated the inherent illegality of possessing of such a document, regardless of its use or the success of its use.[14] Senator Randolfe Rodrigues called for an inquiry by the Supreme Federal Court into the "attempted coup d'état".[14]

During the media uproar that occurred after the draft's discovery, Torres said on social media that the draft was "most likely" a document that was meant to be discarded and shredded by the Ministry of Justice and Public Security. According to him, the draft was taken without his knowledge and used out of context, fueling "false narratives" against him.[14] Conversely, his lawyers said that the draft had been handed to him by a "citizen", a narrative inconsistent with internal evidence within the document, clearly written by someone very closely following events.[29]

Jair Bolsonaro's defense team moved to exclude the document from a parallel investigation of his attempt to discredit the electoral system. This investigation arose from a speech against the Superior Electoral Court, delivered at a meeting with ambassadors in 2022. The request was denied, and the document remained part of the evidence.[30]

On 30 June 2023, a majority at the Superior Electoral Court declared Jair Bolsonaro ineligible to hold political power until 2030 for his abuse and misuse of communication media during this meeting.[31]

Investigation

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The Federal Police conducted several forensic examinations and investigations regarding the document, to among other things, trace its circulation among government authorities. According to information gathered by investigators, the draft reached Bolsonaro's aides, as well as members of his reelection committee.[32] An analysis of the various fingerprints found on the document was carried out by the Federal Police,[33] furthermore, efforts were made to trace the printer that originated the document through documentoscopy techniques. The forensic examination aims to verify especially if the draft originated from a public agency, given that the forensic technique in use is only effective in tracing medium or large sized printers, and is less accurate for consumer printers.[34]

Operation Tempus Veritatis

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On 8 February 2024, the Federal Police carried out thirty-three search and seizure warrants and four preventive detention warrants in Operation Tempus Veritatis ("hour of truth", in Latin). Former special advisor to Bolsonaro, Filipe G. Martins, retired colonel Marcelo Câmara, and major Rafael Martins were arrested. The targets of the search and seizure measures included the president of the Liberal Party, Valdemar Costa Neto, generals Braga Netto, Augusto Heleno, and Paulo Sérgio Nogueira, admiral Almir Garnier Santos, former minister Anderson Torres, and Bolsonaro himself, who had his passport seized.[35][36]

The following day, on 9 February 2024, a meeting held on 5 July 2022, where then-President Jair Bolsonaro was recorded instructing ministers on the need to act before the elections to avoid a possible “guerrilla” in Brazil, was made public. The video, found on Mauro Cid's computer, was released by journalist Bela Megale, of the newspaper O Globo. Bolsonaro allegedly ordered the dissemination of fraudulent information to try to reverse the situation in the electoral dispute, alleging supposed electoral frauds that were never proven. The meeting also involved other ministers, including the then-Minister of Defense, who reportedly stated that the Superior Electoral Court (TSE) was an “enemy” of the Bolsonarist group. The recording is part of an investigation into an attempted coup involving military personnel and former ministers.[37][38]

During a meeting, the then minister of the Institutional Security Bureau (GSI), General Augusto Heleno, expressed the intention to infiltrate agents from the Brazilian Intelligence Agency (Abin) into both Jair Bolsonaro's and his main opponent Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva's electoral campaigns. Heleno mentioned the importance of acting before the elections as to avoid possible upheavals, using terms such as "turning the table" and highlighting the need for decisive action before the ballot. President Bolsonaro interrupted Heleno expressing concern about leaks and suggested that such matters be discussed in a private meeting.[39]

People involved

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Augusto Heleno (left), Jair Bolsonaro (center) and Walter Braga Netto (right) are among the main figures involved in the possible Coup d'état attempt.

Those being investigated for the possible coup attempt are:[40]

Anderson Torres

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Further information: Anderson Torres

On January 8, 2023, Torres was dismissed from his position as Secretary of Public Security of the Brasilia Federal District due to the 2023 invasion of the Brazilian Congress. The Supreme Court of Brazil also issued an arrest warrant for alleged inaction and collusion with the rioters.[41] Torres denied the allegations. On January 14, 2023, he was arrested upon his return to Brasília.[42]

Mauro Cid

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Further information: Mauro Cid

Mauro Cesar Barbosa Cid, known as Colonel Cid, aide-de-camp to former president Jair Bolsonaro, was preemptively arrested as part of Operation Venire, for collaborating in the falsification of COVID-19 vaccination data in the Ministry of Health system.[43] The seizure of materials at Mauro Cid's house also revealed his collaboration with former major Aylton Gomes [pt] in planning and to recruit military and civilians for the coup.[44]

Aylton Gomes

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Further information (in Portuguese): Aylton Gomes [pt]

Aylton Gomes, an attorney and former major in the Brazilian Army, was a 2022 Liberal Party candidate for state deputy of Rio de Janeiro. He was arrested as part of Operation Venire and identified as one of the leaders of the attempted coup after the Federal Police examined the contents of Mauro Cid's phone. Gomes was responsible for "inciting groups of demonstrators to embrace antidemocratic agendas", according the PF's report, which also highlighted his proximity to the leaders of the 7 September 2021 protests. [pt][1]

Élcio Franco

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Further information (in Portuguese): Élcio Franco [pt]

A former advisor to the Casa Civil [pt] ministry and former number two at the Ministry of Health, Colonel Élcio Franco was accused of plotting to falsify vaccine records. The Federal Police investigation uncovered his coordination with Lieutenant-Colonel Mauro Cid to plan a coup d'état. In audio messages, Franco suggested mobilizing 1,500 men from the Armed Forces to set off the coup.[2]

Cid and Franco discussed which military units and commanders they thought they could count on. They also discussed using special forces (Batalhão de Operações Especiais) to assassinate then-commander Freire Gomes if he showed an unwillingness to support the coup.[2]

Carlos Bolsonaro

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Further information: Carlos Bolsonaro

In early February, police raided the home of Bolsonaro’s son, Carlos, in an investigation into misuse of Brazil’s spy agency for spying on anti-government officials and civilians (such as ministers of the supreme federal court and superior electoral court, as well as federal deputies, senators and others).[5]

Actions

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Protesters invade the National Congress of Brazil

Complicity with the 2023 Brasília Attacks

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Main article: 2023 Brazilian Congress attack
See also: 2022–2023 Brazilian election protests
Protest in front of the Brazilian Army barracks in Ilhéus, Bahia.
  • Former Minister of Justice Anderson Torres was detained due to evidence of complicity with the protests.[14]

Timeline

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2022

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  • December 15: audio recordings between Ailton Gomes and Mauro Cid.
  • July 5: Ministerial reunion where Bolsonaro discussed plans for an possible coup d'état.[45]

2023

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  • January 23: Anderson Torres' first testimony to the Federal Police.[29]
  • February 2: Anderson Torres' second testimony to the Federal Police.[46]

2024

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  • February 8: Operation Tempus Veritatis begins
  • February 9: video is released from the ministries meeting where the coup plan was discussed.[47]

See also

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Notes

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Notes
  1. ^ The "state of defense" (estado de defesa) is defined in Article 136 of the Brazilian Constitution and aims to "preserve or promptly re-establish, in restricted and determined places, public order or social peace threatened by serious and imminent institutional instability or affected by major natural disasters".[14]
  2. ^ Impartiality: that is, "suspeição", a situation provided for in Brazilian law in which a judge has a "subjective relationship" with any of the parties (i.e. friendship, grievances, debt etc.), and thus must abstain from taking part in the trial. The law also provides for cases of "impedimento": when a judge has an "objective relationship" with any of the parties (i.e. kinship).(see ACS (2021)
  3. ^ Brazil has a civil law legal system under which judges play an important role in criminal investigations

References

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  • ACS (26 March 2021). "Suspeição X Impedimento". Tribunal de Justiça do Distrito Federal e dos Territórios (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2024-02-10.
  1. ^ a b c "PF identifica plano de militares do núcleo de Bolsonaro para golpe e prisão de Moraes" [PF identifies military plan from Bolsonaro's core to coup, arrest Moraes]. Metropoles. 16 May 2023. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
  2. ^ a b c "PF flagra ex-assessor da Casa Civil e ex-militar preso tramando golpe de Estado" [PF catches former Civil House advisor and former military officer arrested plotting coup d'état: In audio messages, Colonel Elcio Franco not only demonstrates his knowledge but also gives suggestions on how to mobilize 1,500 men from the Armed Forces for a coup d'état]. O Tempo. 9 May 2023. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
  3. ^ "PF: Áudios de aliados de Bolsonaro evidenciam plano de golpe e prisão de Moraes" [PF: Audios from Bolsonaro's allies reveal coup plan and arrest of Moraes]. O Tempo. 16 May 2023. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
  4. ^ "PF diz que mensagens em celulares de aliados de Bolsonaro evidenciam plano de golpe e prisão de Moraes" ["PF says that messages on cell phones from Bolsonaro's allies show a coup plan and arrest of Moraes"]. O Globo. 16 May 2023. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
  5. ^ a b Rosati, Andrew; Iglesias, Simone (8 February 2024). "Bolsonaro Targeted by Police in Probe Into Alleged Coup Plotters". BNN Bloomberg. Bloomberg L.P. Bloomberg. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
  6. ^ Nicas, Jack (8 February 2024). "Bolsonaro and Allies Planned a Coup, Brazil Police Say". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
  7. ^ Vanessa Buschschlüter (Feb 8, 2024). "Brazil's ex-leader Bolsonaro surrenders passport over coup probe". BBC.
  8. ^ Samantha Pearson; Luciana Magalhaes. "Brazilian Police Target Former President Bolsonaro Over Coup Accusations: Authorities seize Bolsonaro's passport, make four arrests and search homes of his aides as an investigation advances". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
  9. ^ Jeantet, Diane; Biller, David (8 February 2024). "Brazil police investigate ex-President Bolsonaro's top aides over alleged coup plot". AP News. Associated Press. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
  10. ^ "Fake news marcaram as eleições de 2018; relembre as 10 mais emblemáticas". 29 October 2018.
  11. ^ "Ex-aliada de Bolsonaro, Joice detalha à CPMI da Fake News como atua 'gabinete do ódio'". 4 December 2019.
  12. ^ "Mudanças no Facebook fortalecem fake news e influenciadores". 16 January 2018.
  13. ^ "CPI: Especialistas apontam alto custo e dificuldades técnicas no combate a fake news".
  14. ^ a b c d e f "Minuta que previa golpe: entenda o documento encontrado na casa de Torres" [Draft that predicted coup: understand the document found in Torres’ house]. Correio Braziliense. 13 January 2023. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
  15. ^ "Former Brazil justice minister Anderson Torres arrested in riot investigation". Reuters. 14 January 2023.
  16. ^ "Judge frees former justice minister arrested for Brasilia riots". Reuters. 11 May 2023.
  17. ^ a b c "Em depoimento à PF, Anderson Torres diz que minuta do golpe é um documento 'descartável' e 'sem viabilidade jurídica'" [In a statement to the PF, Anderson Torres says that the draft of the coup is a 'disposable' document and 'without legal viability']. G1. 2 February 2023. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
  18. ^ a b c Gabriel Stargardter; Brad Haynes (11 January 2023). "First to fall after Brasilia riots: the Bolsonarista running capital security". Reuters. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
  19. ^ "Em delação, Mauro Cid revela que Bolsonaro consultou militares sobre possível golpe" [In a statement, Mauro Cid reveals that Bolsonaro consulted the military about a possible coup] (in Brazilian Portuguese). G1. 21 September 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
  20. ^ Braga, Laura (2024-02-08). "Preso pela PF, Filipe Martins teria levado minuta do golpe a Bolsonaro" [Arrested by the PF, Filipe Martins allegedly took a draft of the coup to Bolsonaro]. www.metropoles.com (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2024-02-09.
  21. ^ Azevedo, Luiz Felipe (2024-02-08). "Alteração em minuta, reunião golpista: o que pesa contra Bolsonaro na operação da PF que mira ex-presidente e aliados". O Globo (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2024-02-09.
  22. ^ redacaoterra. "Em delação, Mauro Cid afirma que Bolsonaro fez reunião com militares sobre plano de golpe" (in Brazilian Portuguese). Terra. Retrieved 21 September 2023.
  23. ^ Mattos, Caio (21 September 2023). ""Manifestação caluniosa", diz defesa de Bolsonaro sobre delação de Cid". O Antagonista (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 21 September 2023.
  24. ^ "Agenda secreta de Bolsonaro tem reunião com Filipe Martins em 18/12 | Metrópoles". Metrópoles (in Brazilian Portuguese). 21 September 2023. Retrieved 21 September 2023.
  25. ^ Soares, Jussara Clarissa Oliveira. "Bolsonaro reúne QG e avalia ir para o confronto com Mauro Cid, dizem fontes". CNN Brasil. Retrieved 21 September 2023.
  26. ^ "Em delação à PF, Cid descreve reuniões de Bolsonaro com militares para tratar de golpe". G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). 21 September 2023. Retrieved 21 September 2023.
  27. ^ Maia, Elijonas. "Cid diz em delação que Bolsonaro discutiu plano de golpe com cúpula do Exército, Aeronáutica e Marinha". CNN Brasil. Retrieved 21 September 2023.
  28. ^ "Antes de ser preso, Cid disse que generais do Exército alertaram Bolsonaro contra golpe militar". G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). 21 September 2023. Retrieved 21 September 2023.
  29. ^ a b "PF busca provas de que 'minuta do golpe' circulou entre autoridades do governo Bolsonaro" [PF seeks evidence that 'coup draft' circulated among Bolsonaro government authorities]. G1. 2023-01-23. Retrieved 2023-05-16.
  30. ^ "Moraes entregará laudo sobre 'minuta do golpe' quando PF finalizar inspeção" [Moraes will deliver report on 'coup draft' when PF completes inspection]. Uol. 22 March 2023. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
  31. ^ "TSE forma maioria para tornar Bolsonaro inelegível; placar é de 4 a 1" [After Moraes' vote, TSE closes the score at 5 to 2 to condemn Bolsonaro and make him ineligible]. G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). 30 June 2023. Retrieved 30 June 2023.
  32. ^ "PF busca provas de que 'minuta do golpe' circulou entre autoridades do governo Bolsonaro" [PF finds several fingerprints in draft of the scheme seized at Anderson Torres’ house]. G1. 23 January 2023. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
  33. ^ "PF encontra várias digitais em minuta do golpe apreendida na casa de Anderson Torres" [PF finds several fingerprints in draft of the scheme seized at Anderson Torres' house]. G1. 3 February 2023. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
  34. ^ "PF tenta mapear de qual impressora saiu a 'minuta do golpe' apreendida na casa de Torres" [PF tries to map which printer the 'draft of the coup' seized at Torres' house came from]. G1. 15 February 2023. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
  35. ^ "PF mira Bolsonaro, Braga Netto, Valdemar, Paulo Sérgio Nogueira e Anderson Torres em operação sobre tentativa de golpe em 2022" (in Brazilian Portuguese). G1. 8 February 2024. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
  36. ^ "Bolsonaro é alvo da PF e entrega o passaporte" (in Brazilian Portuguese). Uol. 8 February 2024. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
  37. ^ "Em vídeo obtido pela PF, Bolsonaro diz a ministros que Brasil viraria 'grande guerrilha' se reagisse depois das eleições" (in Brazilian Portuguese). g1. 9 February 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
  38. ^ Peduzzi, Pedro; Rodrigues, Alex (2024-02-09). "Em vídeo, Bolsonaro orienta ministros a questionar urnas e Judiciário". Agência Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2024-02-09.
  39. ^ "Em reunião, general Heleno falou em 'virar a mesa' da eleição e infiltrar Abin nas campanhas em 2022" [In a meeting, General Heleno spoke of 'turning the tables' on the election and infiltrating Abin in the campaigns in 2022: Video of the meeting, held in July 2022, was on Mauro Cid's device. When Heleno mentions Abin and the 'risk' of the meeting 'leaking', Bolsonaro interrupts and suggests a private discussion of the topic.] (in Brazilian Portuguese). g1. 9 February 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
  40. ^ Pedro Peduzzi (8 February 2024). "Bolsonaro, military agents under investigation in suspected coup: The Supreme Court has issued arrest and search and seizure warrants". Agência Brasil. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
  41. ^ Elassar, Flora Charner,Marcia Reverdosa,Rodrigo Pedroso,Dakin Andone,Alaa (2023-01-08). "Bolsonaro supporters breach security barriers, break into Brazilian Congress and presidential palace". CNN. Retrieved 2023-01-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  42. ^ "Brazil riots: Brasília's ex-security chief arrested on return to city". BBC News. 2023-01-14. Retrieved 2023-01-15.
  43. ^ "PF prende Mauro Cid, ex-ajudante de Bolsonaro, e faz buscas na casa do ex-presidente" [PF arrests Mauro Cid, Bolsonaro's former assistant, and searches the former president's house]. Metropoles. 3 May 2023. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
  44. ^ "Mauro Cid discutiu golpe de Estado com "01 de Bolsonaro": "Que (o comandante) faça o que tem que fazer"" [Mauro Cid discussed coup d'état with “01 de Bolsonaro”: “Let (the commander) do what he has to do”: According to CNN Brasil, three audios dated December 15 recorded Cid and Ailton Barros. The material is with the Federal Police]. Metropoles. 3 May 2023. Retrieved 16 May 2023. In a statement to the PF, Anderson Torres says that the draft of the coup is a 'disposable' document and 'without legal viability'. Jair Bolsonaro's former minister and former DF security secretary also said that, two days before January 8, he received information that Bolsonaro's demonstrations would not be radical. He is being investigated for omission in acts of vandalism
  45. ^ "Em vídeo obtido pela PF, Bolsonaro diz a ministros que Brasil viraria 'grande guerrilha' se reagisse depois das eleições". 9 February 2024.
  46. ^ "Em depoimento à PF, Anderson Torres diz que minuta do golpe é um documento 'descartável' e 'sem viabilidade jurídica'" [In a statement to the PF, Anderson Torres says that the draft of the coup is a 'disposable' document and 'without legal viability']. G1. 2023-02-02. Retrieved 2023-05-16.
  47. ^ "PF mira Bolsonaro, Braga Netto, Valdemar, Paulo Sérgio Nogueira e Anderson Torres em operação sobre tentativa de golpe em 2022". 8 February 2024.

Further reading

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