Proto-Loloish language
The Proto-Loloish language is the reconstructed ancestor of the Loloish languages. Reconstructions include those of David Bradley (1979), James Matisoff (2003), and Ziwo Lama (2012).
Bradley (1979)
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Matisoff (2003)
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Li (2011)
Li Yongsui (2011) reconstructs Proto-Lolo-Burmese (Proto-Mian-Yi 缅彝) based on 30 languages.
Lama (2012)
Lama (2012) reconstructs 37 consonants for Proto-Loloish (which he calls Proto-Nisoic), 7 of which (marked in green) can occur as syllable finals. The glides /w/ and /j/ occur medially.
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Alveolo-palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stops | Voiceless | p | t | ts | tɕ | k | ʔ | ||||||
| Voiceless aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | tsʰ | tɕʰ | kʰ | h | |||||||
| Voiced | b | d | dz | dʑ | ɡ | ||||||||
| Prenasalized | mb | nd | ndz | ȵdʑ | ŋɡ | ||||||||
| Fricatives | Voiceless | s | x | ||||||||||
| Voiced | z | ʑ | ɣ | ||||||||||
| Nasals | Voiced | m | n | ȵ | ŋ | ||||||||
| Liquids and Glides |
Voiced | -w- | l | r | -j- | ||||||||
- Vowels (8): /i/, /y/, /ɯ/, /u/, /e/, /o/, /ɔ/, /a/
- Tones (5): 1, 2, 3, H, L[clarification needed]
References and notes
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- Bradley, David. 1979. Proto-Loloish. London: Curzon Press. ISBN 978-0-7007-0128-5.
- Lama, Ziwo Qiu-Fuyuan. 2012. Subgrouping Of Nisoic (Yi) Languages: A Study From The Perspectives Of Shared Innovation And Phylogenetic Estimation. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Texas at Arlington.
- Li Yongsui [李永燧]. 2011. Burmo-Yi Phonology [缅彝语音韵学]. Beijing: China Social Sciences Academy Press.
- Matisoff, James. 2003. Handbook of Proto-Tibeto-Burman: System and Philosophy of Sino-Tibetan Reconstruction. University of California publications in linguistics, v. 135. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-09843-5.